The document discusses the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) in India. It summarizes that NPCDCS aims to prevent and control four major non-communicable diseases through strengthening infrastructure, human resource development, health promotion, early diagnosis, and management/referral. It also briefly outlines the burden and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, highlighting they are a leading cause of death in India and globally.
National programme for prevention and control of cancer npcdcsanjalatchi
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A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another. NCDs include Parkinson's disease, autoimmune diseases, strokes, most heart diseases, most cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others.
National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stro...Vivek Varat
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Government of India initiated a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) during 2010-11 after integrating the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) with (NPDCS).
National programme for prevention and control of cancer npcdcsanjalatchi
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A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another. NCDs include Parkinson's disease, autoimmune diseases, strokes, most heart diseases, most cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others.
National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stro...Vivek Varat
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Government of India initiated a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) during 2010-11 after integrating the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) with (NPDCS).
National programme for prevention and control of cancer, diabetes, CVDs and s...Dr Lipilekha Patnaik
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NCDs are surpassing the burden of communicable diseases in India, need for National Programme on Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke was envisaged.
Epidemiology of Chronic Non- communicable diseases and ConditionsSheetal Singh
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This presentation focuses on the most prevailing Non- Communicable diseases of the world. It includes the problem, causes, risk factors, prevention and worldwide statistics of each disease.
National programme for prevention and control of cancer, diabetes, CVDs and s...Dr Lipilekha Patnaik
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NCDs are surpassing the burden of communicable diseases in India, need for National Programme on Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke was envisaged.
Epidemiology of Chronic Non- communicable diseases and ConditionsSheetal Singh
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This presentation focuses on the most prevailing Non- Communicable diseases of the world. It includes the problem, causes, risk factors, prevention and worldwide statistics of each disease.
Prof. DR. Dr. Rochmad Romdoni, SpJP(K), FINASIM, FIHA, FAsCC. 3rd Pekanbaru Cardiology Update, August 24th 2013. Pangeran Hotel Pekanbaru. Learn more at PerkiPekanbaru.com
Epidemiology of chronic non communicable diseases.pptxRomy Markose
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Epidemiology of chronic non communicable diseases is the 5th unit in community health nursing subject of 2nd year BSc Nursing students according to their curriculum. this ppt helps to understand regarding the condition, etiological factors, risk factors, signs & symptoms, management at each health care level & prevention.
A Study on Food Habits and Social Habits as Risk Factors among Patients Under...ijtsrd
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AIM A study on food habits and social habits as risk factors among patients undergoing Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty PTCA OBJECTIVE To know the association of food habits and social habits as risk factors for PTCA. To observe various co morbidities among the patients To study the bio chemical parameters in patients such as heamoglobin, PVC, platelet count, bilirubin levels. To observe various social habits in the patient, such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Food consumption pattern. METHODOLOGY The sample population n = 60 of 28 80 years of age were chosen from a multi speciality hospital in Hyderabad. All the patients were of different age groups, sex, socio economic status, ethnicity with different co morbidities. A pre tested format consisting of patients profile, subjective data, objective data, biochemical data, medications and 24 hour dietary recall followed by medical nutrition therapy during the hospital stay. RESULTS Among n=60 subjects from 28 80 years of age, the detailed study identified the common risk factors with respect to cardiovascular diseases. The study showed a higher percentage of age from 28 70 years and is mostly in males. Majority of the patients are with increased BMI and are alcholics smokers. Obesity, Hypertension and Diabetes are predominant and dietary patterns recorded are mostly non vegetarians with high calorie, high fat and high protein consumption. CONCLUSION From the result it is very clear that majority of the patients studied with cardiovascular diseases belong to the age group 28 70 years and is mostly seen in males. Majority of them are accompanied with co morbidities with obesity, hypertension and diabetic. And predominantly follow a high calorie and high fat diet .Thus leading to a conclusion that consumption of high calorie and high fat food, presence of co morbidities and smoking could be the risk factors of PTCA. Mrs. Meena Kumari | Mrs. Y. V. Phani Kumari | Gwyneth Madhulika Bashapaga | Ittamala Jaya Rachel ""A Study on Food Habits and Social Habits as Risk Factors among Patients Undergoing Percatenous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23372.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23372/a-study-on-food-habits-and-social-habits-as-risk-factors-among-patients-undergoing-percatenous-transluminal-coronary-angioplasty-ptca/mrs-meena-kumari
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
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From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
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Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave â alongside...ILC- UK
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The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
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Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
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This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
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M Capital Group (âMCGâ) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, âDespite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.â
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (âMTIâ) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patientâs body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
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According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
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This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Contact Now 89011**83002 Dehradun âall Girls By Full Service âall Girl In De...
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Npcdcs for Ncd team 2021- Jagadish Nuchin
1. National Programme for Prevention
and Control of Cancer, Diabetes,
CVDs and Stroke.
Dr. Jagadish Nuchin
MD,MBA
District Surveillance Officer and Programme
Officer for NCD
NCD cell, DSU, Gadag
SHIVA
NPCDCS
2. ī Burden of NCD in the world and India
īRisk factors
ī Four major NCDs
īPrevention
īNPCDCS
2
Today weâre going to discussâĻ
3. NCDs
ī Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) refer to those
conditions which are chronic, evolve slowly, and
progress relentlessly.
ī Person is unaware of the disease unless or otherwise
examined (A silent killer of people)
ī Cause premature morbidity, dysfunction, and reduced
quality of life
ī The World Health Organization (WHO) defines NCDs as
including chronic diseases (principally cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, cancer, and asthma/chronic respiratory
disease), injuries, and mental health.
ī This does not include all chronic diseases, such as those
of an infectious nature (HIV/AIDS).
ī All are largely preventable.
ī NCDs are not only a health problem but an economic
and development challenge as well.
4. īAlso known as lifestyle diseases, tend to appear
at middle age and progress over a span of
decades, resulting at the end in considerable
morbidity, disability and mortality. ( 21st century
diseases or Diseases of Modern Civilisation)
ī The country is experiencing a rapid health
transition 1) epidemiological 2) demographic
transitions and 3)Nutritional Transition, with a
rising burden of Non-Communicable
Diseases(NCDs) and a rising old age population.
ī 1) Epidemiological transition is the process of
changes in the disease patterns as societies
develop.
ī 2) Demographic transition-as societies grow
increasingly wealthy, the tendency of the birth
5. 3. Nutrition transition- increased consumption of
unhealthy foods compounded with increased
prevalence of overweight inmiddle to low income
countries
10. Key facts-WHO-June 2018
âĸ Tobacco use, physical inactivity, the harmful
use of alcohol and unhealthy diets all increase
the risk of dying from an NCD.
âĸ Onset of NCDs is 10 years earlier in LMICs than
high income countries
âĸ Early detection by screening, change in the life
style followed by treatment of NCDs, as well as
palliative care, are key components of the
response to NCDs.
âĸ More than 20% of the adult population have at
least one chronic disease
âĸ More than 10% have more than one chronic
disease
11. Key facts-WHO-June 2018- World scenario
âĸ Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 4.1
Crore people each year, equivalent to 71% of
all deaths globally.
âĸ One of the most serious concerns is that it
affects the people in their most productive
years (35-64 Years)
âĸ Of these "premature" deaths, over 85% are
estimated to occur in low- and middle-
income countries.
âĸ In developed countries nearly 70- 80% of the
NCD mortality occurs after 70 years of age
12. īŧPeople of all age groups, regions and countries
are affected by NCDs.
īŧChildren, adults and the elderly are all
vulnerable to the risk factors contributing to
NCDs, whether from unhealthy diets, physical
inactivity, exposure to tobacco smoke or the
harmful use of alcohol.
īŧIndia is one of the developing countries which
has witnessed a 'double burdenâ.
13. World Scenario
Total births per
year
14 Crores
Total Deaths per 6 Crores
Total NCD deaths
(71%)
Nearly 4.1 crore
80% of the NCD
deaths in the world is
due to these major
diseases
17. Main cause of Death Worldwide
(Projected by 2030)
37%
31%
22%
5% 5%
CVDs
Other Chronic
Diseases
Cancer
Injury
Communicable
diseases
18. Indian scenario
âĸ In the Hospitals in 2004- NCD burden
accounts for 35% of all outpatient and
40% ( Expected to reach 70% by 2020) of
inpatient hospitalization bed-days.
âĸ NCDs have been estimated to reduce the
economic growth by about 5-10% of GDP.
19. Impact of NCDs on Economic Growth
īŧ Increased expenditures on the part of the
health system, individuals, and households
īŧ Increased rates of early retirement
īŧ Reduced productivity
īŧ Less available labour and increased ratio of
dependents to workers
21. Total Births/year 2.5 Crores
Total deaths/year 1 Crore
Birth rate 17.64 births/1,000 population
Death rate 7.3 deaths/1,000 population
Life expectancy 69.7 years
Total deaths due to NCDs 67 lakh
Indian scenario
Statistics
22. Prevalence of Common NCDs in India
NCDs Prevalence per 1000 population
Ischemic heart disease 37
Stroke 1.54
Hypertension 159.5
Diabetes 62.47
Cancer 1.9
23. Analytic Epidemiology.
Classification of Risk Factors
Major modifiable risk factors
- Heavy alcohol use
- Tobacco use
- Physical inactivity
- Unhealthy diet
Other modifiable risk factors
- Low socioeconomic status
- Mental ill health (depression)
- Psychosocial stress
- High blood pressure/DM
- Obesity
- Abnormal blood lipids
- Use of certain medication
Non-modifiable risk factors
- Age
- Heredity or family history
- Gender
- Ethnicity or race
âNovelâ risk factors
- Excess homocysteine in blood
- Inflammatory markers (C-reactive
protein)
- Abnormal blood coagulation
(elevated blood levels of
fibrinogen)
25. Alcohol
īThe harmful use of alcohol is one of the worldâs
leading risk factors for illness, disability and death.
īIt is a primary cause of more than 200 diseases and
injuries
īIt globally results in approximately 33 lakhs (5.9% of all
deaths) deaths each year, greater than HIV/AIDS,
violence or tuberculosis.
īGlobally, alcohol consumption is estimated to cause more than
10% of the burden of noncommunicable diseases, including
cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatitis, cancers (oral and pharynx,
larynx, oesophagus, liver, colorectal), haemorrhagic stroke and
hypertension.
īTraffic accidents, mental disorders, depression or memory loss.
26. Since 2010, the consumption level in
the European Region has decreased
by 12%, while consumption levels
have increased by almost 30% in the
South-East Asia Region during the
same period.
Despite the reduction, levels in consumption in the
European Region, remained the highest in the world in
2016, at 9.8 litres of pure alcohol per person aged 15
years or older.
27.
28. ī Globally in 2016, 28% of all adults aged 18 years and
older were insufficiently physically active â defined
as not meeting the WHO recommendation to
perform at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity
physical activity per week, or the equivalent.
High-income countries had more than double the
prevalence of physical inactivity (37%) than low-
income countries (16%) in 2016.
Physical Inactivity
29. īA lack of physical activity is one of the
leading causes of preventable death worldwide.
īSitting still may cause premature death.
īThe risk is higher among those who sit still more
than 5 hours per day.
īThe more still, the higher risk of chronic diseases.
īPeople who sit more than 4 hours per day have
a 40 percent higher risk than those that sit lesser
than 4 hours per day.
ī However, those who exercise at least 4 hours per week are as
healthy as those that sit lesser than 4 hours per day.
31. Urbanisation in India
Urbanization processes have amplified lifestyle risk factors for
NCDs (including unhealthy diets, tobacco use, harmful alcohol
intake, and physical inactivity), especially among individuals of
low and middle social economic status.
32. Strategy for NCD surveillance
Disease
Outcomes
īĒ Heart disease
īĒ Stroke
īĒ Diabetes
īĒ Cancer
īĒ Respiratory
Physiological RF
īĒ BMI
īĒ Blood pressure
īĒ Blood glucose
īĒ Cholesterol
Behavioral RF
īĒ Tobacco
īĒ Alcohol
īĒ Physical
inactivity
īĒ Nutrition
The causal chain explains the risk factor approach for surveillance of
non communicable diseases
33.
34. There are Four Major Groups of Non-Communicable
Diseases;
Four major lifestyles related risk factors
Modifiable causative risk factors
Tobacco use Unhealthy diets
Physical
inactivity
Harmful use of
alcohol
Noncommunicable
diseases
Heart disease
and stroke īŧ īŧ īŧ īŧ
Diabetes
īŧ īŧ īŧ īŧ
Cancers
īŧ īŧ īŧ īŧ
Chronic lung
disease īŧ
35. NPCDCS
In order to prevent and control major NCDs, the
National Programme for Prevention and Control of
Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke
(NPCDCS) was launched in 2010 with focus on
a. Strengthening infrastructure
b. Human resource development
c. Health promotion-Lifestyle
d. Early diagnosis
e. Management and referral.
36. Cardio Vascular Diseases (CVDs)
There has been an increase in CVD morbidity
and mortality: in age-group of 30-44 years.
1. Coronary heart disease
(CHD, ischemic heart
disease, heart attack,
myocardial infarction,
angina pectoris)
39. World scenario of CVDs
âĸ CVDs include CHDs, diseases of the blood vessels supplying to brain,
diseases of the peripheral arteries , RHDs and Congenital Heart
diseases.
âĸ CVDs are the number one cause of death in the
world
âĸ An estimated 1.8 Crore people died in 2016
âĸ This represented 31% of all global deaths
âĸ Of these deaths, 85% are due to heart attacks and
Stroke
âĸ 80% of CVDs and Stroke are preventable
40. Indian scenario
īIn India, CVDs are responsible for 24% of all deaths,
i.e., 24 lakh
īApproximately 1 in 4 deaths in the India is due to CVD.
īThe prevalence of coronary heart disease is reported to
be between 2-4% in urban India and 1-2% in rural India.
īPrevalence of hypertension in India is 25% in urban and
10% in rural inhabitants.
īPrevalence of dyslipidemia (abnormal amount of lipids)
is about 37.5% among adults of 15 to 64 years of age.
īThere are 20 lakh stroke cases are there in India
41. Congenital Heart Diseases
âĸ Reported birth prevalence of CHD varies
widely among studies worldwide. The
estimate of 8 per 1,000 live births is generally
accepted as the best approximation
42. RHDs- WHO-2014
ī RHD is responsible for about 233,000 deaths
annually.
īAt least 1.56 Crore people are estimated to be
currently affected by RHD with a significant number
of them requiring repeated hospitalization and,
often unaffordable, heart surgery in the next five to
20 years.
īThe worst affected areas are sub-Saharan Africa,
south-central Asia, the Pacific and indigenous
populations of Australia and New Zealand.
īUp to 1 per cent of all schoolchildren in Africa, Asia,
the Eastern Mediterranean region, and Latin
America show signs of the disease.
43. RHD in India
âĸ The overall prevalence estimated to be about
1.5-2/1000 in all age groups, in India (total
population about 1.3 billion) suggests that
there are about 2.0 to 2.5 million patients of
RHD in the country. (1/5th of them are severly
affected
44. Cancer
World-
ī Cancer, the second leading cause of preventable
death in the world.
ī Each year 1.25 Crore new cases of cancer occur in
the world.
ī Each year 90 lakh (22% of NCD deaths) people die
due to cancer in the world
India-
India has the third-highest number of cancer cases in the
world.
ī Each year 15-16 lakh new cancer patients are detected in
India (Cancer Registry)
ī There are 25 lakh cancer patients are there in India
ī Each year 8-9 lakh people die of cancer in India
ī That means every case of cancer dies within (approx) 2-4
years of diagnosis.
ī Age group affected: 60-70% in 35-64 years
ī Tobacco related cancers about 40 %
ī 2/3rd cases are in advanced stage at the time of diagnosis
45. Common Cancers in India are
ī Breast, uterine cervix & oral cavity in females
ī Oral cavity, lung & oesophagus in males
ī 1 in 9 Indians will develop cancer during their lifetime (0-74 years of
age).Jul 16, 2020.
ī National Cancer Control Programme (1975-76), an on-
going programme, has been integrated under NPCDCS.
46. âĸ Breast cancer
âĸ Breast cancer is on the rise, both in rural and urban India.
âĸ A 2018 report of Breast Cancer statistics recorded 1,62,468 new
registered cases and 87,090 reported deaths.
âĸ Cancer survival becomes more difficult in higher stages of its growth,
and more than 50% of Indian women suffer from stage 3 and 4 of
breast cancer.
âĸ Cervical cancer
âĸ Every year in India, 122,844 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer
and 67,477 die from the disease.
âĸ Oral cancer
âĸ In India, around 77,000 new cases and 52,000 deaths are reported
annually, which is approximately one-fourth of global incidences
âĸ In India, 20 per 100000 population are affected by oral cancer which
accounts for about 30% of all types of cancer.
âĸ Over 5 people in India die every hour everyday because of oral cancer
and the same number of people die from cancer in oropharynx and
hypo pharynx.
47. Cancer Risk Factors
ī Age â incidence increases with age
ī Sex â significant differences among sexes, e.g. breast cancer
ī Race â skin color, diet, custom
ī Occupational â petrochemical workers with higher rates of bladder
cancer
ī Family history â those with family history of breast cancer and
colorectal cancer have increased risk of developing these
ī Socio â economic status- Contemporary data indicate lower rates of
lung, stomach, liver, cervical, esophageal, and oropharyngeal cancer
and higher rates of breast cancer and melanoma at higher SES levels
ī Lifestyle â smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, betel nut chewing,
diet, sexual activity and sun exposure are associated with cancer
49. HEALTH PROMOTION (REDUCING CANCER RISK)
âĸIncrease consumption of fresh vegetables
(especially those of the cabbage family) since
studies show that roughage and vitamin â rich
foods help prevent certain types of cancer
âĸIncrease fiber intake. This reduces the risk for
breast, prostate and colon cancer
âĸIncrease intake of food rich in Vitamin C (E.g.
citrus fruits and broccoli). This protects
against stomach and esophageal cancer
âĸPractice weight control. Obesity is linked to
cancer of the uterus, gallbladder, breast and
colon
âĸReduce intake of dietary fat since a high â fat
diet increase the risk for breast, colon and
prostate cancer
âĸPractice moderate consumption of salt â cured
smoked and nitrate â cured food. These are
linked to esophageal and gastric cancers
âĸStop smoking cigarettes and cigars
âĸReduce alcohol intake. Large amount of alcohol
intake increases the risk of liver cancer
âĸ avoid over expoure to the sun, wear
protective clothing and use sunscreen to
prevent skin damage from ultraviolet rays which
increases the risk of skin cancer
50. CANCER PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION
TYPE PREVENTION DETECTION
LUNG Do not smoke None
UTERINE CERVIX Having one sexual partner
lower risk; clean safe sex
Regular pap smear every 1 â 4
years
LIVER Vaccination versus Hepatitis B
virus; minimal alcohol intake;
avoid moldy foods
None
COLON/RECTUM Prudent diet of a variety of
foods also with high fiber and
low fat intake
Regular medical check up after
40 years of age, yearly occult
blood test in stools; digital
rectal exam; sigmoidoscopy
MOUTH Avoid smoking tobacco and
betel nut chewing; modify
consumption of alcohol; cavity
and dental hygiene
Thorough dental check â ups
each year
51. CANCER PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION
TYPE PREVENTION DETECTION
BREAST No conclusive evidence Monthly self â exam, 7 to 10
days after the first day of
menses; mammography for
high risk groups or for
females >50 years old
SKIN Avoid excessive sun exposure Skin self - examination
PROSTATE No conclusive evidence Digital transrectal exam for
early diagnosis
52. Diabetes Mellitus
ī A group of metabolic
diseases characterized by
hyperglycemia resulting from
defects of insulin secretion,
insulin action or both of
these.
ī Symptoms
53. Two Major Classifications of DM
âĸ Type 1 â previously referred to as
IDDM
â Develops during childhood or
adolescence and affects about 10%
of all diabetic patients.
â Sufferer require a lifetime of insulin
injection for survival since their
pancreas cannot produce insulin
âĸ Type II â referred as NIDDM
â Comprises about 90% of all
diabetic patients who are mostly
overweight or obese.
â They usually have insulin resistance
â Frequently undiagnosed for many
years because hyperglycemia
develop gradually, thus making the
symptoms go unnoticed
â Type 2 diabetes is on rise among
children/adolescents with obesity
ī The other type is Gestational Diabetes- Pre existing and true GDM
ī Prevalence- 10% of all pregnancies
ī Mother, new-born and child
54. Diabetes data
World-
īLeading cause of renal failure, heart attacks, stroke,
blindness and lower limb amputation (more than
that due to any accidents)
ī46.3 Crore people are living with diabetes in the
world
ī The number of people afflicted with the disease
has been rising at a rate of 1 Crore per year globally.
īOne in 2 do not know that they are suffering from
Diabetes
ī16 lakh deaths occur directly due to DM
īWorld Diabetic day- November 14th
55.
56. Indian scenario
īŧ India is âDiabetes Capitalâ of the
world.
īŧ Cases are being found increasingly
in developing countries.
īŧ In India,7.7 Crore people (6%) are
there with DM next only to China
īŧ One in six in the world is an Indian
59. Risk Factors for DM
ī Family history of diabetes
ī Obesity
ī Age >45 years old
ī Previously identified impaired fasting glucose or impaired
glucose tolerance
ī Hypertension >140/90mmHg ( Same underlying cause,
more complications, if they coexist)
ī HDL cholesterol level <35mg/dl and/or triglyceride level
>250mg/dl
ī History of gestational diabetes or delivery of babies over 9
lbs (4.08 Kg).
60.
61. Nutrition Management
īŧ Maintain body weight
īŧ Restrictions on fats and oils
īŧ Avoid simple sugar like cakes and chocolates.
īŧ Instead, have complex carbohydrates like Ragi, Wheat, unpolished rice,
cereals and fresh fruits
īŧ Do not skip or delay meals. It causes fluctuations in blood sugar levels-
Fixed meal time
īŧ Eat more fiber â rich foods like vegetables-Normalizes bowel movements.
īŧ Cut down on salt
īŧ Avoid alcohol.
īŧ Dietary potassium lowers the risk
īŧ Regular frequent intake of fruits and vegetables- protective against
hypertension
īŧ
62. Prevalence of hypertension in India is
The Silent killer
âĸ You can have high blood
pressure (hypertension) for
years without any
symptoms.
âĸ Even without symptoms,
damage to blood vessels
and your heart continues
and can be detected.
âĸ Uncontrolled high blood
pressure increases your
risk of serious health
problems, including heart
attack and stroke.
63. 1.Primary
īļ Chronic high blood
pressure without a source
or associated with any
other disease
īļ Most common form
of hypertension
2. Secondary
īļ Elevation of blood
pressure associated with
another disease such as
kidney disease
64. Classification of blood pressure in Adults
(> or = 18 years)
classification Systolic Blood
Pressure ( mmHg)
Diastolic blood
Pressure (mmHg)
Normal <120 And < 80
Prehypertension 120-139 OR 80-89
Stage 1
Hypertension
140-159 OR 90-99
Stage 2
Hypertension
> Or = 160 OR > Or = 100
In Screening programme individuals with a Blood
Pressure of 140/90 mmHg must be referred to a
Medical Officer
65.
66. Obesity
ī Overweight and obesity are
defined as "abnormal or
excessive fat accumulation that
may impair healthâ
ī Obesity is the second-leading
cause of preventable death in
the U.S, surpassed only by
Tobacco consumption.
ī At least 300,000 Americans die
each year as a result of factors
attributed to obesity, American
Obesity Association
67. īIndia has 3rd highest number of obese adults next only to
USA and China.
ī4 % of Indian children and adolescents are obese.
īPrevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing faster in
India than worldâs average
īPrevalence of overweight is increased from 8.4% in 2008 to
15.5% in 2015
īPrevalence of obesity is increased from 2.2% in 2008 to 5.1
in 2015
68.
69.
70. ENERGY BALANCE
īŧEnergy in = calories consumed per day.
īŧEnergy out = basal metabolic rate (BMR) +
thermic effect of foods or Specific dynamic
action)+ physical activity per day.
īŧ Energy balance = energy in â energy out.
īŧSmall increments in calories consumed per day
or week can contribute to weight gain over time.
īŧFor easier calculations, normal BMR for an adult
is fixed as 24 kcal/ kg body weight/day.
71. WHO facts
ī Worldwide obesity has more than doubled since 1980.
ī In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were
overweight. Of these over 60 Crore were obese.
ī 39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight in
2014, and 13% were obese.
ī Overweight and obesity are linked to more deaths worldwide
than underweight.
ī Most of the world's population live in countries where
overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight.
ī 4.2 Crore children under the age of 5 were overweight or
obese in 2013.
ī Obesity is preventable.
ī Even in developing countries (LMICs) the problem of obesity
is on rise
72.
73.
74.
75. CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY
The activity level may be divided into 3
groupsâsedentary, moderate and heavy.
Additional calories are to be added for each
category:
For sedentary work, +30% of BMR;
For moderate work, +40% of BMR; and
For heavy work, +50% of BMR should be
added .
iv. Requirement for energy
During pregnancy is +300 kcal/day, and
During lactation is + 500 kcal/day, in addition
to the basic requirements.
76. REQUIREMENT
FOR A 55 KG PERSON, DOING
MODERATE WORK
1)For BMR = 24 Ã 55 kg = 1320 kcal
2)+ For activity = 40% ofBMR =528 kcal
3)Subtotal =1320+528=1848 kcal
4)+Need for SDA=1848 Ã 10% =184 kcal
5)Total = 1848 + 184 = 2032 kcal
77.
78. Physical activity
âĸ Physical activity is any body movement.
âĸ Exercise consists of activities that are
planned and structured, and that maintain
or improve one or more of the
components of physical fitness.
âĸ Physical activity suggests a wide variety of
activities that promote health and well-
being.
79. Exercise
âĸ Lowers blood glucose by increasing the
uptake of glucose by body muscles and
by improving insulin utilization
âĸ Increases the insulin secretion
âĸ Improves circulation and muscle tone
âĸ Exercise should be done
at least 5 times a week
for at least 30 minutes
each session
âĸ For children- 60 minutes
per day
80. Physical activity
īPhysical activity is defined by its duration,
intensity, and frequency
Duration is the amount of time spent
participating in a physical activity session
Intensity is the rate of energy expenditure
Frequency is the number of physical activity
sessions during a specific time period (e.g. one
week).
81. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
âĸ There are different levels of physical activity.
A. Light Physical Activity
B. Moderate Physical Activity
C. Vigorous Physical Activity
82. LIGHT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
âĸ Walking normally, where your heart beats
normally
âĸ Does not contribute to health benefits
âĸ Examples:
īļSlow walk
īļGardening
īļHouse cleaning
īļCaring for children
83. MODERATE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
âĸ Walking quickly, when you feel your heart beat
faster than normal and sweat
âĸ You should be able to maintain a conversation
while walking.
âĸ Examples:
īWalking quickly
īYoga
īRiding a bicycle
īDancing
84. VIGOROUS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
âĸ Walking at a fast pace, you should feel your
heart beat strongly and sweat
âĸ It will be difficult to talk.
âĸ Examples:
īWalking quickly &
carrying weights
īAerobics, Zumba
īPlaying soccer
85. BENEFITS
A) Lowers the risk of:
1. Premature Death
2. Type 2 Diabetes
3. Colon Cancer
4. Breast Cancer
5. Arterial Hypertension
6. CHD
7. Cerebral-Vascular Accident
87. BENEFITS
C) Weight Loss
īŧEspecially when combined
with a diet low in calories
D) Prevention of Falls-
Strengthens bones
E) Reduce Stress
F) Reduce Depression
88. Goal
âĸ 5 times a week,30 minutes per day
This is just an example of how you can burn so many calories in a week. We can plan as per
your wish
This amount may not seem like much, but if you walked five days a week, within one year
you would burn over 32,000 calories which would burn off more than 5 kg of fat.
30 minutes of brisk means, 3,000 steps, taken at the 100-steps-per-minute pace.
89. âĸ You will lose weight
when the calories
you eat in food and
drinks are less than those
you burn or use.
90. Obesity is a major risk factor for a
number of serious health conditions,
including:
Coronary heart disease.
Cancer.
Diabetes.
Fatty liver disease.
Gallbladder disease.
High blood pressure..
Osteoarthritis.
Stroke.
Sleep apnea and other breathing problems.
Polycystic Ovarian
Disease
91. âĸ The WHO definition is:
īļBMI provides the most useful
population-level measure of
overweight and obesity as it is
the same for both sexes and for
all ages of adults.
īļ However, it should be
considered as a rough guide
because it may not correspond
to the same degree of fatness in
different individuals.
A BMI greater than or equal to 25 is overweight
A BMI greater than or equal to 30 is obesity
92. BMI Classification
Less than 18.5 Underweight
18.5â24.9 Normal weight
25.0â29.9 Overweight
30.0â34.9 Class I obesity
35.0â39.9 Class II obesity
> 40 Class III obesity
93. You have a higher risk
of health problems if
your waist size is:
more than 94cm (37
inches) in case of
males. more
than 80cm (31.5
inches) in case of
females.
Waist Circumference
94. Waist-Hip Ratio
īWaistâhip ratio (WHR) is the ratio of
the circumference of the waist to
that of the hip.
īMeasured simply at the smallest
circumference of the natural waist,
usually just above the belly button,
and the hip circumference be
measured at its widest part of the
buttocks or hip.
95. Intervention Points for NCD Prevention-
Primordial ( Nutritional)
Tertiary
Secondary
Primary
Before
disease
occurs After disease
occurs but
before
patient
notices
symptoms
After disease occurs
and symptoms arise
Goal:
prevent disease
from occurring
Goal:
diagnose and
treat disease
early
Goal:
Prevent damage,
prevent
complications,
rehabilitate
96. 25 By 25
World Health Organisation has
pledged to reduce premature
deaths from non-communicable
diseases by 25% by 2025.
97. 97
Source of icons: World Heart Federation Champion Advocates Programme
Global NCD
Targets