Niosomes are novel drug delivery vesicles made of non-ionic surfactants that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They have a similar bilayer structure to liposomes but are more stable and less expensive. Niosomes can improve the therapeutic performance of drugs by protecting drugs from degradation and restricting effects to target cells. Various preparation methods are used to produce niosomes of different sizes and lamellarity that can be used to deliver drugs through different routes of administration like oral, parenteral, topical to treat diseases like cancer, infections and more.
novel drug delivery system is a system that uses different carriers to deliver the drug to the specific site of action , here is a presentation that discuss the types of carrier and their
pharmaceutical application
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
Implants are cylindrical, monolithic devices of millimeter or centimeter dimensions, implanted into the subcutaneous or intramuscular tissue by an minor surgical incision or injected through a large bore needle; and release the incorporated drug in a controlled manner, allowing the adjustment of release rates over extended periods of time, ranging from several days up to one year.
novel drug delivery system is a system that uses different carriers to deliver the drug to the specific site of action , here is a presentation that discuss the types of carrier and their
pharmaceutical application
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
Implants are cylindrical, monolithic devices of millimeter or centimeter dimensions, implanted into the subcutaneous or intramuscular tissue by an minor surgical incision or injected through a large bore needle; and release the incorporated drug in a controlled manner, allowing the adjustment of release rates over extended periods of time, ranging from several days up to one year.
Pharmacosomes are the colloidal dispersions of drugs covalently bound to lipids, and may exist as ultrafine vesicular, micellar, or hexagonal aggregates, depending on the chemical structure of drug-lipid complex.
Introduction
Structure
Niosomes Vs. Liposome
Advantages & Disadvantages
Properties of Niosomes
Method of Manufacturing
Evaluation of Niosomes
Applications
Marketed products
Introduction
Need of Nanosuspension
Advantages of Nanosuspension
Disadvantages of Nanosuspension
Method Of Preparation
Formulation Considerations
Characterization of Nanosuspension
Current Marketed Formulations
Pharmaceutical Applications
This presentation consists of various recent types of niosomes, their preparation , uses, comparison with liposomes, Future trends an recent advances in niosomes. it also explains various application of niosomes.
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
Introduction to colon drug delivery,Anatomy n physiology of colon,Factors affectind colon DDS,Limitations,Advantages,Approches to colon DDS,Evaluation of CDDS
Pharmacosomes are the colloidal dispersions of drugs covalently bound to lipids, and may exist as ultrafine vesicular, micellar, or hexagonal aggregates, depending on the chemical structure of drug-lipid complex.
Introduction
Structure
Niosomes Vs. Liposome
Advantages & Disadvantages
Properties of Niosomes
Method of Manufacturing
Evaluation of Niosomes
Applications
Marketed products
Introduction
Need of Nanosuspension
Advantages of Nanosuspension
Disadvantages of Nanosuspension
Method Of Preparation
Formulation Considerations
Characterization of Nanosuspension
Current Marketed Formulations
Pharmaceutical Applications
This presentation consists of various recent types of niosomes, their preparation , uses, comparison with liposomes, Future trends an recent advances in niosomes. it also explains various application of niosomes.
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
Introduction to colon drug delivery,Anatomy n physiology of colon,Factors affectind colon DDS,Limitations,Advantages,Approches to colon DDS,Evaluation of CDDS
Niosomes, Aquasomes, Phytosomes,Electrosomes Molecular pharmaceutics (MPH 201T) PRESENTATION BY- NARAYAN R KOTE M PHARM [PHARMACEUTICS] ROLL NO. 8 GUIDANCE BY :- Dr . TIWARI S. S
CONTENTS
NIOSOMES
AQUASOMES
PHYTOSOMES
ELECTROSOMES
NIOSOMES
Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system, in which the medication is encapsulated in a vesicle. The vesicle is composed of a bilayer of non-ionic surface active agents and hence the name niosomes.
The niosomes are very small, and microscopic in size.
Their size lies in the nanometric scale. Although structurally similar to liposomes, they offer several advantages over them.
Niosomes have recently been shown to greatly increase transdermal drug delivery and also can be used in targeted drug delivery, and thus increased study in these structures can provide new methods for drug delivery.
STRUCTURE OF NIOSOMES
Structurally, niosomes are similar to liposomes, in that they are also made up of a bilayer.
However, the bilayer in the case of niosomes is made up of non-ionic surface active agents rather than phospholipids as seen in the case of liposomes.
Most surface active agents when immersed in water yield micellar structures however some surfactants can yield bilayer vesicles which are niosomes.
STRUCTURE OF NIOSOMES
Structurally, niosomes are similar to liposomes, in that they are also made up of a bilayer.
However, the bilayer in the case of niosomes is made up of non-ionic surface active agents rather than phospholipids as seen in the case of liposomes.
Most surface active agents when immersed in water yield micellar structures however some surfactants can yield bilayer vesicles which are niosomes.
APPLICATION OF NIOSOMES
Drug Targetting
One of the most useful aspects of niosomes is their ability to target drugs.
Niosomes can be used to target drugs to the reticuloendothelial system.It can be achieved by coating with polymer e.g. PEG.
In Diagnosis
Niosomes have also been used as carriers for iobitridol, a diagnostic agent used for X-ray imaging.
Anti-neoplastic Treatment
Most antineoplastic drugs cause severe side effects.
Niosomes can alter the metabolism; prolong circulation and half life of the drug, thus decreasing the side effects of the drugs.
Niosomes, is decreased rate of proliferation of tumor and higher plasma levels accompanied by slower elimination.Leishmaniasis :-
Leishmaniasis is a disease in which a parasite of the genus Leishmania invades the cells of the liver and spleen.
Use of niosomes in tests conducted showed that it was possible to administer higher levels of the drug without the triggering of the side effects, and thus allowed greater efficacy in treatment.
Delivery of Peptide Drugs:-
Oral peptide drug delivery has long been faced with a challenge of bypassing the enzymes which would breakdown the peptide.
Use of niosomes to successfully protect the peptides from gastrointestinal peptide breakdown is being investigated.
In an in-vitro study conducted by ODDS.
Niosomes is under the Novel drug delivery system. In which the drug are enclosed in the bilayer vesicle which is made up of the phospholipid. Niosomes are the similar to the liposomes both are made up of the bilayer of phospholipid. But in niosomes several advantages of over the liposomes.
Niosomes :it is A Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS) advantages and dissadvatages ,structures of niosomes,methods of preparation along with applications of niosomes
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. • Niosomes are novel drug delivery system in which both hydrophilic
and hydrophobic drug is encapsulated in a vesicle. This are non-ionic
surfactant vesicles, which are biodegradable , relatively non-toxic ,
more stable, inexpensive and alternative to liposome.
• They present a structure similar to liposomes they can represent
alternative to vesicular system with respect to liposomes.
3. • Niosomes basically made of non – ionic surfactant which provide
advantages over the phospholipids because they are more
economical and are chemically more stable as they are not easily
hydrolysed or oxidized during storage.
• The vesicles forming amphiphile is a non-ionic surfactant stabilized by
addition of cholesterol and small amount of anionic surfactant such
as dicetyl phosphate
4. • Similar to liposomes, in that they are also made up of a bilayer.
• However, the bilayer in the case of Niosomes is made up of non-ionic
• Surface active agents rather than phospholipids.
• Vesicle holds hydrophilic drugs within the space enclosed in the
vesicle, while hydrophobic drugs are embedded within the bilayer
itself.
• Niosomes vesicle would consist of a vesicle forming amphiphile
• i.e.a non-ionic surfactant such as Span- 60, which is usually stabilized
by the addition of cholesterol.
5. made of uncharged single chain
made of neutral or charged double
In both basic unit of assembly is Amphiphiles, but they
phospholipids in liposomes and nonionic surfactants in
niosomes.
Both can entrap hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.
Both have same physical properties but differ in their chemical
composition.
Niosomes has higher chemical stability than liposomes.
Niosomes
surfactant molecules
Liposomes
chain phospholipids.
6. They are osmotically active and stable.
They increase the stability of the entrapped drug.
The vesicle suspension being water based offers greater
patient compliance over oil based systems
Since the structure of the niosome offers place to
accommodate hydrophilic, lipophilic as well as ampiphilic
drug moieties, they can be used for a variety of drugs.
The vesicles can act as a depot to release the drug slowly and
of controlled release.
Biodegradable, non-immunogenic and biocompatible.
Advantagesofniosomes:
6
7. Improve the therapeutic performance of the drug molecules by
Delayed clearance from the circulation
Protecting the drug from biological environment
Restricting effects to target cells
Niosomal dispersion in an aqueous phase can be emulsified in a nonaqueous
phase to
Regulate the delivery rate of drug
Administer normal vesicle in external non-aqueous phase.
Handling and storage of surfactants requires no special conditions.
Bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs is increased.
Targeted to the site of action by oral, parenteralas well as topical
routes.
ADVANTAGES OF NIOSOMES
DELIVERY SYSTEM
8. Aggregation (Some charged molecules are added to
niosomes to increase stability of niosomes by electrostatic
repulsion which prevents coalescence.
The negatively charged molecules used are diacetyl
phosphate (DCP) and phosphotidic acid. These charged
molecule sare used mainly to prevent aggregation of
niosomes) Fusion(due to repulsive force it can
avoided)
9. Leaking of entrappeddrug
Hydrolysis of encapsulated drugs
which limiting the shelf life of the
dispersion.
Leaking of entrappeddrug
Hydrolysis of encapsulated drugs
which limiting the shelf life of the
dispersion.
10. Disadvantage of niosomes
The aqueous suspension , of niosomes may have
10
to fusion , aggregation ,limited shelf life due
leaking of entrapped drugs , and hydrolysis of
encapsulated drugs.
The methods of preparation of multilamellar vesicles
such as extrusion , sonication, are time consuming
specliazed equipment forand may require
processing .
11. According to the nature of lamellarity
1. Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size.
2. Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size
3. Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.
According to the size
1. Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm)
2. Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm)
3. Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
TYPES OF NIOSOMES
12. Cholesterol and Non ionic surfactants are the two
major components used for the preparation of
niosomes.
Cholesterol provides rigidity and proper shape. The
surfactants play a
major role in the formation of niosomes.
Components of niosomes:
62
13. • Cholesterol provides rigidity and proper shape.
• Reduces leakage of drug from the Niosome
• Strengthen the non-polar tail of the non-ionic surfactant
• Increase in the entrapment efficiency
14. The surfactants play a major role in the formation of niosomes.
non-ionic surfactants like spans(span
20,40,60,85,80), tweens (tween 20,40,60,80) are
generally used for the preparation of Niosomes.
Few other surfactants that are reported to form niosomes are as
follows:
Ether linked surfactant Di-alkyl
chain surfactant Ester linked
Sorbitan Esters
Poly-sorbates
Components of niosomes:
15. METHODS OF PREPARATION
(Madhav NVS, 2011)
Film Method
Ether Injection Method
Sonication
Reverse Phase Evaporation
Heating Method
Microfluidization
Multiple Membrane Extrusion Method
Transmembrane pH gradient (inside acidic) Drug
Uptake Process (remote Loading)
The “Bubble” Method
Formation of Niosomes from Proniosomes
16. •Mixture of
Surfactant and
Cholesterol
Dissolved in an
organic solvent
in a round-
bottomed flask.
(e.g. diethyl
ether,
chloroform, etc.)
solvent is•organic
removed by low
pressure/vacuum at
room temperature
example
using a
rotary
evaporator.
• The resultant
dry surfactant
film is hydrated
by agitation at
50–60°C
Multilamellar
vesicles
(MLV) are
formed
FILM METHOD
• Also known as hand shaking method
18. • The drug can be added to aqueous phase if hydrophilic and can be
dissolved in organic solvent with other component if hydrophobic.
19. A solution of the surfactant is
made by dissolving it in diethyl
ether.
This solution is then introduced using an
injection (14 gauge needle) into warm water
or aqueous media containing the drug
maintained at 60°C.
Vaporization of the ether
leads to the formation of
single layered vesicles.
• The particle size of the Niosomes formed depend on the
conditions used, and can range anywhere between 50-1000
μm.
ETHER INJECTION METHOD
Figure 7: Steps of Ether injection method (Madhav NVS, 2011)
21. The mixture is
probe sonicated
at 60°C for 3
minutes using a
sonicator with a
titanium probe to
yield Niosomes.
Added to the
surfactant/
cholesterol
mixture in a
10 ml glass
vial
Aliquot
of drug
solution
in buffer
SONICATION
Figure 8: Sonication method
22. Creation of a solution
of cholesterol and
surfactant (1:1 ratio)
in a mixture of ether
and chloroform
An aqueous phase
containing the drug
to be loaded is
added to this
Resulting two
phases are
sonicated at 4-
5°C
A clear gel is
formed which is
further sonicated
after the addition
phosphate
saline
of
buffered
(PBS)
Temperature is
raised to 40°C and
pressure is reduced
to remove the
organic phase
Viscous Niosome
suspension is formed
which can be diluted
with PBS and heated
on a water bath at
60°C for 10 minutes
to yield Niosomes
REVERSE PHASE EVAPORATION
23. Non-toxic, Scalable and one-step method.
HEATING METHOD
Mixtures of non-ionic
surfactant, cholesterol
and/or charge inducing
molecules are added to an
aqueous medium e.g.
buffer, distilled H2O, etc
• In the presence of a
Polyol such as glycerol.
The mixture is
heated while
stirring at low
shear forces
• Until vesicles are
formed
24. • Charge inducing molecule Some charged molecules are added to
niosomes to increase stability . Charge-inducing components like
charged phospholipids, and non-ionic surfactant .
25. Good method for controlling Niosomes size.
MULTIPLE MEMBRANE EXTRUSION
METHOD
Mixture of surfactant, cholesterol and
dicetyl phosphate in chloroform is made
into thin film by evaporation
The film is hydrated with aqueous drug
solution
Resultant suspension is extruded through
polycarbonate membranes which are
placed in series for upto 8 passages
Figure 10: Multiple membrane
extrusion method (Madhav NVS, 2011)
27. NIOSOME DELIVERYAPPLICATIONS
Niosomes as Drug Carriers
Diagnostic imaging with Niosomes:
Niosomes can act as carriers for radiopharmaceuticals
and site specific vehicles for spleen and liver imaging.
29. • In Oncology:
• Most–anti neoplastic drug cause severe side effects. Niosomes can
alter the metabolism , prolong circulation and half life of drug , thus
decreasing the side effects of drug.
• Various anticancer drugs like MTX(methotrexate),can be encapsulated
inside the niosomes and they can be easily delivered to the tumor
cells due to small size.
30. • Targeting of bioactive agents:
• To Reticulo-endothelial system (RES)
• The cells of RES preferentially take up the vesicles .
• To organs other than RES
31. Ophthalmic drug delivery
Delivery of peptide drugs
Immunological application of Niosomes
Delivery system for the vasoactive intestinalpeptide
(VIP)
Niosomes as carriers for Hemoglobin
Niosomal vaccines
NIOSOME DELIVERYAPPLICATIONS
32. • Transdermal delivery of drugs by Niosomes:
• They have application in topical and transdermal products both
containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. An increase in the
penetration rate is achieved by transdermal delivery incorporated in
niosomes. The intracellular route is the main route of vesicle
penetration across the skin. Ex: erythromycin
33. • In the treatment of Lieshmaniasis:
• Niosomes are used for drug targeting in treatment of diseases in
which the organism resides in the RES. Lieshmaniasis is a disease in
which parasite invades the cells of liver and spleen. Niosomes are
used for the delivery of stilbogluconate, an anti-leishmaniasis agent
to visceral organs.
34. • In the delivery of peptide drugs
• As immunological adjuvants:
• The ability of niosomes to enhance antibody production.
• Niosomes as pulmonary drug delivery system.
• They improved oral bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs