The document summarizes information presented in a seminar on halophiles. It defines halophiles as organisms that can live in high salt concentrations. It discusses where halophiles are found, how they are classified, and examples like archaea, Halobacterium, and Dunaliella salina. It explains the mechanisms halophiles use to survive in high salt, including osmoregulation, accumulating compatible solutes, and taking in salt. It also outlines their applications in industries like cosmetics, food coloring, and wastewater treatment.

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PT. RAVISHANKAR SHUKLA
UNIVERSITY raipur (C.G.)
SEMINAR ON
HALOPHILES
PRESENTED BY
NARAYAN SINGH RAJPOOT
GUIDED BY
Dr. KAMLESH SHUKLA
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2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• HABITAT
• CLASSIFICATION
• ARCHAEBACTERIAL GROUP
 WHAT DO ARCHAEBACTERIAL EAT
 DIGESTION
 EXCRETION
 CIRCULATION
 RESPIRATION
 LIFE CYCLE
• CATEGORIZATION
• MECHANISM
 OSMOREGULATION
 COMPATIBLE SOLUTE STRATEGY
 SALT-IN STRATEGY
• HALOBACTERIUM
• DUNALIELLA SALINA
• APPLICATION
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCE
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3. INTRODUCTION
• The word ‘HALOPHILE’ means “Salt loving” in Greek.
• Halophiles are organism that live in high salt
concentration.
• Most of the halophiles belong to the domain Archea.
Eg- Salinibacter ruber
• They include mainly Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
microorganism.
• There are eukaryotic halophiles such as Dunaliella
salina (Algae) and Wallemia icthyophaga (Fungus)
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4. HABITAT
• Halophiles can be found anywhere with a
concentration of salt.
• These are found in
salt lakes,
salt marshes,
subterranean salt deposits,
dry soils,
salted meats and hypersaline seas etc.
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6. CLASSIFICATION
• R.H Whittaker in 1969, an American taxonomist
divided all organism into five kingdom
 MONERA
 PROTISTA
 FUNGI
 PLANTAE
 ANIMALIA
• The monera includes all prokyrotes, they are basically
unicellular organism.
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KINGDOM MONERA
ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA
AUTOTROPHS
OR
HETEROTROPHS
1. METHANOGENS
2. THEROACIDOPHILES
3. HALOPHILES

8. ARCHAEBACTERIAL GROUPS
• METHANOGENS-
Anarobic bacteria that get energy by turning H₂ and
CO₂ into methane (CH₄). Eg- Methanococcus.
• THERMOACIDOPHILES-
Live in extremely hot, acid environments.
Eg- Thermococcus.
• HALOPHILES-
Live in extremely high salt concentration
environments. Eg- Halobacterium.
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9. WHAT DO ARCHAEBACTERIAL EAT ?
Archaebacteria do not actually eat
anything because archaebacteria are
considered to be chemosynthetic
organism. Being a chemosynthetic
organism means that they get
energy from absorbing certain
chemicals.
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10. DIGESTION
• Archaebacteria digest their food through
endosytosis which is extracellular and
nutrients are absorbed into the cell
directly through the membrane.
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11. EXCRETION
• Archaebacteria exceate waste through
diffussion.
• They release waste particles throgh their cell
membrane as a liquid or a gas, methanogens
produce methane gas as waste product.
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12. CIRCULATION
• Archaebacteria do not have or need a
circulatory system because they are
single cell organisms and they can get
nutrient directly through the cell
membrane.
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13. RESPIRATION
• Like humans, bacteria need to breathe. In
some cases, bacteria use oxygen to breath.
The two types are aerobic and anarobic
respiration. Aerobic respiration require
oxygen. Anarobic respiration do not require
any oxygen.
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14. LIFE CYCLE
• Archaebacteria reproduce asexually and
undergo binary fission to create new cells.
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15. CATEGORIZATION
• Halophilic organism can be grouped into three categories on
the basis of requirements of NaCl –
• Slightly halophiles - Slight halophiles grow best in concentrations of salt
around 2% to 5%. An example of a slight halophiles are Erythrobacter
flavus, Staphylococcus aureus etc.
• Moderate halophiles- Moderate halophiles grow best in concentrations of
salt around 5% to 20%. An example of a moderate halophiles are
Desulphovibro, Desulphocell etc.
• Extreme halophiles- Extreme halophiles grow best in concentrations of
salt around 20% to 30%. An example of a extreme halophiles are
Salinibacter ruber, Halobacterium salinarum etc.
 Some extreme halophiles can live in 35% salt.This is extreme compared to
seawater which is only 3% salt.
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16. MECHANISM
They are mainly three types-
Osmoregulation
Compatible Solute strategy
Salt in strategy
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17. OSMOREGULATION
• Halophiles maintain an internal osmotic
potential that equals their external
environment.
• Osmosis is the process in which water moves
from an area of high concentration to an area
of low concentration.
• As salinity increases in the environment its
osmotic potential decreases.
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18. COMPATIBLE SOLUTE STRATEGY
• In the “compatible solute” strategy cells
maintain low concentrations of salt in their
cytoplasm by balancing osmotic potential with
organic, compatible solutes.
• They do this by the synthesis or uptake of
compatible solutes- glycerol, sugars, amino
acids.
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19. SALT-IN STRATEGY
• This “salt-in” strategy is primarily used by aerobic,
extremely halophilic archaea and aenarobic bacteria.
• They maintain osmotically equivalent internal
concentrations by accumulating high concentrations
of potassium chloride.
• Potassium ions are enter the cell and sodium ions
are out. Chloride enters the cell against the
membrane potential via cotransport with sodium
ions.
• To use this strategy all enzymes and structural cell
components must be adapted to high salt
concentrations to ensure proper cell function.
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20. HALOBACTERIUM: AN EXAMPLE OF EXTREME
HALOPHILE
 Halobacterium are members of the halophile group
in the domain Archaea.
 They require salt concentrations between 15% to
35% to live.
 They use the “salt-in” strategy.
 Halobacterium have been found in the Great Salt
Lake as well as the Sea.
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21. 1O/11/2017
HALOBACTERIUM
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22. DUNALIELLA SALINA
• Dunaliella salina is a type of halophile algae.
• Widely found in sea salt fields.
• Known for it’s antioxidant activity.
• It’s ability to create large amount of carotenoids.
• To survive, these organism have high concentrations
of β-carotene to protect against the light and high
concentrations of glycerol to provide protection
against osmotic pressure.
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DUNALIELLA SALINA

24. APPLICATION
• Halophilic bacteria are used in cosmatics.
• Used as food coloring pigments in food
industry.
• Halophiles are used to increase the area of
petrolium.
• Used to remove toxic materials such as lead,
phosphorous and cadmium from
contaminated materials.
• Treatment of waste water.
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25. CONCLUSION
• Halophiles are the organisms which have adapted to
harsh, hypersaline conditions.
• Halophiles are salt tolerant organism.
• They are widespread and found in both domains.
• The “salt-in” strategy uses less energy but requires
intracellular adaptations. Only a few prokaryotic uses
it.
• All other halophiles use the “compatible solute”
strategy that is energy expensive but does not
require special adaptations.
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26. REFERENCE
• Brock- Biology of microorganism 13th edition.
• Microbiology – L.M. Prescott
• www.google.com
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THANK YOU
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