NFC (Near Field Communication) is a short-range wireless communication technology that allows data exchange between devices over short distances typically less than 20 cm. It uses radio frequency identification (RFID) standards to establish communication by bringing two enabled devices in close proximity. Common applications of NFC include contactless payment, data sharing and connectivity with smart posters, tags, or cards. Security is a concern for NFC since communications can potentially be intercepted, though using higher-level encryption protocols can help address this.

1. NFC Overview Author: Quốc Minh Đức Since: 2008 Aug

2. Agenda Introduction Basic Features Related Technologies Applications Security Aspects

3. Introduction – what is NFC? N ear F ield C ommunication Short-range wireless communication technology. Created by NFC Forum ( Philips, Sony, Nokia,... ) ‏ Standard, extends ISO-14443 (proximity card) Contactless Radio-frequency Identification ( RFID ) Primarily aimed at usage in mobile phones As smart cards/readers (identification, financial, location,...)

4. Agenda Introduction Basic Features Related Technologies Applications Security Aspects

5. Basic Features – short range wireless Operating range < 20 cm IrDA : max range ~ 1-5m Blue-tooth : max range 10m (class 2), 100m (class 3) Data-rate : 106, 212, 424 kbps (NFCIP-1) , 848, 1696 kbps (NFCIP-2) ‏ IrDA : 9600 baud (Serial-IR), 1.152 Mbps (Medium-IR), 4 Mbps (Fast-IR) Blue-tooth : 1 Mbps (version 1.2), 3 Mbps (version 2)

6. Basic Features – RFID, contactless RFID : auto identification method using RF-waves Operating frequency : 13.56 MHz (+/- 7 kHz) “ Contactless technology” : short distance communication between devices not physically connected NFC communication is triggered when two NFC-compliant devices are brought into close proximity ( good: about 1-4 cm )

7. Basic Features – standardized Incoporated proximity & vicinity card ( ISO-15693 ) ‏ ISO/IEC approved 2003 December ( ISO-18092 ) Later, ECMA approved NFCIP-1 ( ECMA-340 ) and NFCIP-2 ( ECMA-352 / ISO-21481) NFC Forum currently about 140 members . Defined a common data format : NFC Data Exchange Format .

8. Basic Features – communication modes Passive: The Initiator device provides a carrier field (RF) and the Target device answers by modulating existing field. Target device may draw power from the Initiator -provided electromagnetic field (thus called a transponder ). Active: Both Initiator and Target device communicate by alternately generating their own (RF) field. A device deactivates its RF field while it is waiting for data.

9. Agenda Introduction Basic Features Related Technologies Applications Security Aspects

10. Related technologies – RFID RFID stands for R adio F requency ID entification Auto identification system . Transmits the ID of an object ( Tag ) wirelessly by radio waves (to Reader s) . NFC and RFID may share same standard ( as ProximityCard - ISO14443 ) in communication . But NFC operating range is much shorter than RFID range.

11. Related technologies – RFID RFID Tag contains at least 2 parts: IC & antenna IC : stores and processes information, modulate and demodulate a (RF) signal Antenna : receiving and transmitting the signal. Tag classification : passive, semi-passive, active.

12. Related technologies – Smart card Pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits Contact smart cards: have a small chip on the front . When inserted into a reader, the chip makes contact with electrical connectors.

13. Related technologies – Smart card Contactless smart cards: the chip communicates with the card reader through RFID induction technology.

14. Related technologies – Contactless MIFARE : the most widely installed contactless smart card, by NXP Semiconductor . FeliCa : contactless smart card system, by Sony . Primarily used in electronic money cards (such as Octopus card in HongKong) .

15. Related technologies – MIFARE MIFARE Ultralight : has one-time-programmable ROM ‏ MIFARE Standard : 1k, 4k . MIFARE DESFire : 2k, 4k , 8k, SAM, ... Security by cryptography: DES , 3-DES , AES , ... Use multi-keys and multi-sectors to enhance security MIFARE Pro : Dual-interface (hybrid) : contact and contactless .

16. Agenda Introduction Basic Features Related Technologies Applications Security Aspects

17. Applications – brief usages Card Emulation Allows NFC-handset behave as a standard smart card . Supported by JavaME Contactless Communication API s ( JSR-257 ) . Read/Write Allows application transmit NFC-Forum defined messages . Peer-to-peer Device-to-device link level communication .

18. Applications – even offline

19. Applications – primarily for cell phones Nokia 6131: first NFC phone ( emulate MIFARE 4k card )

20. Applications – basic ones

21. Applications – more common

22. Applications – multipurpose

23. Agenda Introduction Basic Features Related Technologies Applications Security Aspects

24. Security aspects Despite short range, NFC alone does not ensure secure communications . For security, applications have to use higher-level protocol (SSL) . Eavesdropping : The RF signal for the wireless data transfer can be picked up with antennas Data modification : possible, e.g. with an RFID jammer Relay attack : forward request of the reader to the victim and relay back its answer to the reader in real time

25. Q & A References : www.nfc-forum.org/specs/ www.gsmworld.com/documents/nfc_services_0207.pdf www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-340.htm www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-352.htm www.crypto.rub.de/imperia/md/content/seminare/itsss07/ www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=257 Thank you :-)

26. Bonus – NFC Forum main members