Neurology mnd for 5th year 2011
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Motor neuron disease (MND), also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. It leads to muscle weakness and atrophy as motor neurons die. There is no known cure, and the disease is eventually fatal, with death usually from respiratory failure or infection within 3-5 years of diagnosis. Riluzole is the only approved treatment shown to modestly prolong survival. Symptomatic treatments can help manage symptoms like excessive saliva or emotional lability.
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Motor neurons are neurons that control muscles and glands. Their cell bodies are located in the brainstem or spinal cord, and their axons project to muscles. Motor neuron disease (MND) refers to conditions where motor neurons degenerate, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. The most common type is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), where both upper and lower motor neurons are affected. In ALS, muscles weaken and waste away as motor neurons die, and symptoms may include limb weakness, bulbar problems like slurred speech, and respiratory issues. The disease progresses as motor neurons continue to deteriorate over time.
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1. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive motor neuron disease that affects both upper and lower motor neurons.
2. ALS is defined by evidence of both lower motor neuron degeneration causing weakness, wasting, and fasciculations and upper motor neuron involvement shown by spasticity and increased reflexes.
3. Riluzole is the only FDA-approved drug shown to modestly slow disease progression in ALS patients, extending survival by a few months. Edaravone was also approved in 2017 as an antioxidant therapy.
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1. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects upper and lower motor neurons.
2. The disease causes muscle weakness, disability, and eventually death, with annual incidence rates of 1-3 cases per 100,000 people.
3. While ALS is typically a sporadic disease, about 10% of cases are familial or genetic. The disease progresses relentlessly over time, typically beginning in the limbs or bulbar region and spreading to other areas.
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Motor neuron disease (MND) refers to conditions characterized by degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of MND and involves both upper and lower motor neurons. ALS is clinically defined based on involvement of motor neurons and includes features such as muscle weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, and stiffness. The pathology of ALS involves degeneration and death of motor neurons in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord leading to muscle denervation and atrophy. While the cause of ALS is largely unknown, factors such as oxidative stress, protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and glutamate excitotoxicity are hypothesized to contribute to motor neuron de
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1. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive motor neuron disease that affects both upper and lower motor neurons.
2. ALS is defined by evidence of both lower motor neuron degeneration causing weakness, wasting, and fasciculations and upper motor neuron involvement shown by spasticity and increased reflexes.
3. Riluzole is the only FDA-approved drug shown to modestly slow disease progression in ALS patients, extending survival by a few months. Edaravone was also approved in 2017 as an antioxidant therapy.
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1. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects upper and lower motor neurons.
2. The disease causes muscle weakness, disability, and eventually death, with annual incidence rates of 1-3 cases per 100,000 people.
3. While ALS is typically a sporadic disease, about 10% of cases are familial or genetic. The disease progresses relentlessly over time, typically beginning in the limbs or bulbar region and spreading to other areas.
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Motor neuron diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders that affect motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to progressive muscle weakness. The most common type is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which affects both upper and lower motor neurons. Symptoms start in one area, such as weakness in the arms or slurred speech, and gradually spread. As motor neurons die, muscles waste away and it becomes difficult to move, swallow, breathe and speak. There is no cure and the cause is largely unknown, though some risk factors include age, sex, family history and head trauma. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and maximizing function and comfort through supportive care, devices, therapy and medications like riluzole.
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Motor neuron disease (MND), also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. It leads to muscle weakness and atrophy due to the degeneration of motor neurons. The majority of cases have no clear cause, though some are genetic. There is currently no cure for MND, but riluzole has been shown to modestly extend survival. Symptomatic treatments can help address problems like excessive saliva or emotional lability. Prognosis is generally poor, as most patients die within 3-5 years of diagnosis due to respiratory failure or other complications.
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1. Motor neuron disease (ALS/MND) is a progressive disorder causing degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex.
2. It typically causes muscle weakness and wasting as well as speech and swallowing difficulties. Symptoms start focally and spread, with eventual widespread involvement.
3. The only approved treatment is riluzole, which may modestly prolong survival. Otherwise, management focuses on supportive care, physical/occupational therapy, and assistive devices to preserve quality of life.
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ALS is a neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. It causes progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. There is currently no cure, and the average survival time is 3-5 years from symptom onset. Riluzole is the only approved treatment shown to modestly prolong survival. Supportive care focuses on managing symptoms like spasticity, secretions, and respiratory failure to prolong function and quality of life. The ice bucket challenge raised significant funds for ALS research. Diagnosis requires ruling out other causes and demonstrating both upper and lower motor neuron signs that progress over time.
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- Diagnosis involves assessing for signs of both upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction via clinical exam, electrodiagnostic testing, and ruling out other potential causes.
- Symptoms vary depending on site of onset but commonly include limb weakness, bulbar dysfunction, and respiratory impairment. Disease progression eventually involves multiple regions.
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Motor neuron disease (MND), also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. It leads to muscle weakness and atrophy due to the degeneration of motor neurons. The majority of cases have no clear cause, though some are genetic. There is currently no cure for MND, but riluzole has been shown to modestly extend survival. Symptomatic treatments can help address problems like excessive saliva or emotional lability. Prognosis is generally poor, as most patients die within 3-5 years of diagnosis due to respiratory failure or other complications.
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Motor neuron disease is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by degradation of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. It has an incidence of 2 per 100,000 people and prevalence of 6 per 100,000. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, and certain gene mutations. The pathophysiology involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, proteasome inhibition, and microvascular impairment. Clinically, it presents with muscle weakness, cramps, stiffness, and atrophy. Investigations include EMG, NCV, CSF analysis and imaging. Treatment focuses on symptom management with medications, nutrition, and respiratory support.
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Motor neuron diseases involve the degeneration and death of motor neurons. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common and devastating form of motor neuron disease. It is characterized by the progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and eventually paralysis. There is no cure for ALS, though some treatments can prolong survival.
Clin Neuro Mnd Davidson06.
1. Motor neuron disease (ALS/MND) is a progressive disorder causing degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex.
2. It typically causes muscle weakness and wasting as well as speech and swallowing difficulties. Symptoms start focally and spread, with eventual widespread involvement.
3. The only approved treatment is riluzole, which may modestly prolong survival. Otherwise, management focuses on supportive care, physical/occupational therapy, and assistive devices to preserve quality of life.
ALS - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ALS is a neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. It causes progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. There is currently no cure, and the average survival time is 3-5 years from symptom onset. Riluzole is the only approved treatment shown to modestly prolong survival. Supportive care focuses on managing symptoms like spasticity, secretions, and respiratory failure to prolong function and quality of life. The ice bucket challenge raised significant funds for ALS research. Diagnosis requires ruling out other causes and demonstrating both upper and lower motor neuron signs that progress over time.
Diagnosis and clinical management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2)
This document provides an overview of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including its diagnosis, clinical presentation, disease course, treatment and management. Some key points:
- ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons, leading to weakness. Median survival is 2-4 years from symptom onset.
- Diagnosis involves assessing for signs of both upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction via clinical exam, electrodiagnostic testing, and ruling out other potential causes.
- Symptoms vary depending on site of onset but commonly include limb weakness, bulbar dysfunction, and respiratory impairment. Disease progression eventually involves multiple regions.
- Currently the only FDA-approved treatments are riluzole, which extends survival
Movemet disorders
This document provides an overview of various movement disorders including dystonia, chorea, ballismus, athetosis, tics, myoclonus, and Wilson's disease. It discusses the epidemiology, classification, etiology, clinical features, pathophysiology, investigations and treatment of each disorder. The classifications are based on factors like age of onset, distribution of symptoms, underlying etiology. Primary and secondary dystonias are described. Common types of chorea like Huntington's chorea are outlined. The document provides detailed information on different types of these movement disorders for healthcare professionals.
Progressive Spastic Paraparesis
The document describes the case of a 47-year-old man presenting with progressive leg weakness over 2.5-3 years. His father had a similar progressive gait difficulty from age 40 until death at 70. Examination found spastic paraparesis, increased tone and reflexes in the legs. Imaging and tests ruled out common causes. The likely diagnosis is hereditary spastic paraparesis, supported by the positive family history. Genetic testing found a novel mutation in the SPG4 gene associated with this condition.
Hereditary spastic paraplegia
Walking aids
Occupational Therapy
To learn how to use assistive devices like
canes, walkers, or wheelchairs
To learn techniques to help with daily
activities like dressing, bathing, etc.
Braces or splints to prevent contractures
Adaptive equipment to help with tasks
Surgery
Counseling
Selective dorsal rhizotomy to reduce leg
spasticity
To help cope with the emotional impact and
adjust to physical changes
Orthopedic surgery for contractures or
deformities
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- Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, smoking, obesity.
- Symptoms can include weakness, numbness, vision issues, speech problems.
- Recovery is assessed based on severity, duration, and affected brain region. Complications can include contractures, seizures, DVT.
Cerebrovascular disease (CVA / Stroke)
1) The document discusses strokes (cerebrovascular accidents or CVAs), their causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
2) Strokes are caused by disturbances in the vascular system and can be ischemic (caused by clot or blockage) or hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding).
3) Common symptoms of strokes include weakness or numbness on one side of the body, speech problems, and visual issues. The specific symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected.
Upper and lower motor neuron
Upper motor neurons originate in the brain and convey signals for voluntary movement through descending pathways to lower motor neurons. Lower motor neurons originate in the spinal cord and brainstem and directly innervate skeletal muscles. An upper motor neuron lesion causes spastic weakness without atrophy while a lower motor neuron lesion causes flaccid paralysis with atrophy.
STROKE LECTURE By Arlyn M. Valencia, M.D. Associate Professo University Of Ne...
STROKE LECTURE By Arlyn M. Valencia, M.D. Associate Professo University Of Ne...Arlyn Valencia, M.D.
A detailed lecture on stroke epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, latest treatment strategies.Central Nervous System.ppt
The nervous system consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. Neurons transmit nerve impulses through electrical and chemical signals. The neuron has a cell body, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which transmits signals. Schwann cells wrap around axons and form myelin sheaths to insulate axons. Myelin allows faster impulse transmission. The nervous system regulates sensation, movement, and organ function through sensory, motor and interneurons. Nerve impulses rely on ion exchange and travel through the nervous system via pathways and reflex arcs.
Stroke Presentation Ms
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, causing brain cells to die. It is a medical emergency. There are two main types of strokes: ischemic, caused by a blockage in a blood vessel, and hemorrhagic, caused by a ruptured blood vessel. Symptoms vary depending on the affected area of the brain but can include paralysis, confusion, and headaches. Diagnostic tests including CT scans and MRI images are used to determine the type and location of the stroke. Treatment options depend on the type of stroke but may include clot-busting drugs or surgery to repair damaged blood vessels. Prevention is key through controlling risk factors like high blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking.
Git j club psc16.
Possible causes of primary sclerosing cholangitis are unclear but may involve genetic and environmental factors. It is characterized by persistent inflammation and fibrosis of the bile ducts. There is no effective medical therapy, and the disease can progress to end-stage liver disease requiring transplantation. It is strongly associated with inflammatory bowel disease and carries an increased risk of colon, bile duct, and gallbladder cancers.
Stroke syndromes
This document provides an overview of stroke syndromes caused by occlusion of arteries in the brain. It describes the classification of strokes as affecting either the anterior or posterior circulation. For anterior circulation strokes, it details the territories supplied and clinical syndromes caused by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, and anterior choroidal artery. For posterior circulation strokes, it outlines the arteries involved and syndromes related to vertebral, basilar, and posterior cerebral artery occlusions such as lateral medullary syndrome and lateral pontine syndromes. Diagrams are included to illustrate the vascular anatomy and clinical findings.
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Med j club mm covid20
- Coronaviruses typically cause common colds but SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV can cause pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and caused a global pandemic.
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- 9. MND (ALS):
- 14. Clinical features: course Signs Signs Symptoms often begin focally in one part & spread gradually but eventually become widespread
- 15. Clinical features: involvement patterns Signs Signs 1.Progressive muscular atrophy Predominantly spinal motor neurons affected Weakness / wasting of distal limb muscles at first Fasciculation in muscles Tendon reflexes may be absent
- 18. DD: Signs Signs
- 27. TYPES OF SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY Good Facial / bulbar weakness, proximal limb weakness, gynaecomastia X-linked Adult life, males only Bulbospinal Good, seldom disabling Distal weakness and wasting of hands and feet Autosomal dominant Early adult life Distal forms Slowly progressive disability Proximal weakness and wasting, EMG shows denervation Autosomal recessive Childhood, adolescence Kugelberg-Welander Poor Severe muscle-wasting/weakness Autosomal recessive Infancy Werdnig-Hoffmann Prognosis Features Inheritance Onset Type