1. The document discusses the neurobiology of psychopathic behavior, examining historical understandings, diagnostic criteria, and brain-based theories.
2. Key areas of the brain implicated in psychopathy include reduced gray matter in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus abnormalities, and dysfunction in the limbic system and basal ganglia.
3. Neurochemical factors like lower cortisol and higher testosterone levels may also contribute to psychopathic traits. Genetic factors such as variants in the SNAP-25 and MAO-A genes have been linked to aggression and antisocial personality disorder.
Presentation on Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar I Disorder, etc.
Presentation for doctoral program class at Saybrook University, San Francisco. Fall 2009
Impulse-control disorders (ICDs) are psychological disorders characterized by the repeated inability to refrain from performing a particular action that is harmful either to oneself or others.
The individual fails to resist performing a potentially harmful act and it is usually accompanied by a sense of tension or arousal before committing the act and a sense of relief or pleasure when it is committed.
The hallmark in describing any of the ICDs is a tendency to gratify an immediate desire or impulse regardless of the consequences to one's self or to others.
7 types of people successful people avoidEllory Wells
Have you ever met someone who was "toxic?" Not every personality type is one that you should keep around.
Have you ever met someone who was "a little too happy?" Not every world-view will help you and I become successful people.
If you agree with Napoleon Hill when he says that our personalities and levels of personal growth are influenced by the people we do hang out with, don't we also have to agree there are certain types of people we should not hang out with?
Presentation on Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar I Disorder, etc.
Presentation for doctoral program class at Saybrook University, San Francisco. Fall 2009
Impulse-control disorders (ICDs) are psychological disorders characterized by the repeated inability to refrain from performing a particular action that is harmful either to oneself or others.
The individual fails to resist performing a potentially harmful act and it is usually accompanied by a sense of tension or arousal before committing the act and a sense of relief or pleasure when it is committed.
The hallmark in describing any of the ICDs is a tendency to gratify an immediate desire or impulse regardless of the consequences to one's self or to others.
7 types of people successful people avoidEllory Wells
Have you ever met someone who was "toxic?" Not every personality type is one that you should keep around.
Have you ever met someone who was "a little too happy?" Not every world-view will help you and I become successful people.
If you agree with Napoleon Hill when he says that our personalities and levels of personal growth are influenced by the people we do hang out with, don't we also have to agree there are certain types of people we should not hang out with?
Feelings and empathy in organisational behaviourAbhishek kyal
This is brief presentation about individual about there feelings and empathy, their behavior and response to the situation and prepare your action accordingly.
To be a teacher is more than give instructions, you have to understand students ways of learning, infer what it happens inside their minds, it is to understand their role as a student.
Chris Weiss: Loving The Dark Triad – Or, Why Jerks Will Always Be With UsIgnite Vegas
The Dark Triad of personalities is a group of three personality traits: narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Typically not the sort of person you’d want to hang out with – so why are these traits not only present, but even common among humankind?
This presentation explores neuroscience from critical perspectives. It expands brain-centred neuroscience by incorporating research findings from somatic psychology and contemporary genetics.
London iCAAD 2019 - Daniel Souery - A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC APPROACH FOR PSYCHIATRI...iCAADEvents
Diagnostic approaches applied in psychiatry are often criticized and deemed unsatisfactory because of their relative lack of reliability and validity. One reason for this complexity lies in the purely symptomatic approach to diagnosis. This approach also results in misdiagnosis, difficulties and high risk of aberrant therapeutic choices. The problem is also the source of great difficulty in differentiating the normal from the pathological in situations of emotional and psychological distress that should not be the subject of a psychiatric diagnosis.
Psychology - Understanding of human bhehaviourmohitschool26
psychology is a very vast topic, understanding behaviour of humans and animals is psychology, understanding of feeling like why i an feeling this what an i thinking and soo on.
This presentation initial and brief introduction about psychology those people who start reading /studying psychology, this presentation really help to clear initial concept of the students.
This ppt presentation discusses about the various models of mental illness. I found it useful to download as it gives a fair idea about various models which are generally not found in books.
Seven Perspectives of Psychology – Terms ChecklistPsychodynami.docxklinda1
Seven Perspectives of Psychology – Terms Checklist
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic
The psychodynamic approach was promoted by Sigmund Freud, who believed that many of our impulses are driven by sex. Freud, who was medically trained in neurology, developed a theory of personality that made the assumption that human motivation was propelled by conflicts between instinctual, mostly unconscious, psychological forces. He called these intrapsychic elements the id, ego and superego.
This psychodynamic theory caught on like wild fire and due to its explanatory power for human behavior, became very popular over the following century. Freud's therapeutic method, called psychoanalysis, was developed to identify the underlying conflicts between intrapsychic structures and resolve them by bringing them to consciousness. Insight therapy was one term used to describe Freud's treatment approach. Freud also contributed the first developmental theory of human personality. It suggests that human development progresses through psychosexual stages. Each stage is characterized by specific behavioral and psychodynamic developments and challenges.
Although Freud thought of himself as a scientist, and he was indeed very thorough in recording his methods and outcomes, he did not practice scientific methods. Psychoanalytic theory was developed through case study analysis, a qualitative, not scientific, method.
There are a lot of jokes about Freud and his now mostly outdated theories. But have you ever thought that something about who you are today comes from your experiences as a child? Say, you blame your smoking habit on an oral fixation that stems from being weaned from breastfeeding too early as a baby. Well, that also comes from Freud's theories, and it was an idea that revolutionized how we see ourselves.
Psychologists in this school of thought believe that unconscious drives and experiences from early childhood are at the root of your behaviors and that conflict arises when societal restrictions are placed on these urges.
Other psychodynamic theories arose, like those of Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, Margaret Mahler, and famous developmentalists like Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, but all made the same basic assumption: There is a dynamic mind, conscious and unconscious, that influences the behavior of humans. Elements of the unconscious psyche interact to produce motives for behavior and thought processes.
Describe how the following concepts are linked to your thoughts, feelings and behaviors in your life event:
· The Unconscious – Id, Ego, Superego
· Stages of Psychosexual development – Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oedipus complex, Electra complex, identification, fixation
· Dreams – manifest and latent content
· Defense Mechanisms – repression, regression, displacement, denial, sublimation, projection. rationalization, reaction formation
· Inferiority complex
· Collective unconscious
Behavioral
In an attempt to bring scientific metho.
psychopathology of learners in classroom education
Today, 12:32 PM
describing challenges of inclusive classrooms and understanding psychopath learners in order to accomodate them in classroom education
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
3. Introduction
• The word ‘personality’ refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviour
that makes each of us the individuals that we are
• Personality doesn’t change very much, but it does develop as we go through
different experiences in life, and as our circumstances change. So, as we mature
with time, our thinking, feelings and behaviour all change
• Personality disorders (PDs) are considered chronic conditions that emerge in late
adolescence, and typically carry pervasive implications for self- and/or
interpersonal functioning (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013; Skodol,
2012)
5. Historical Overview:
• First described a group of patients afflicted
with mania sans délire (insanity without
delirium)
• The term was used to describe individuals
who had no intellectual problems but a
profound deficit in behaviour typified by
marked cruelty, antisocial acts, alcohol and
drug use, irresponsibility, and immorality
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
6. Julius Koch (1841-1908)
• Coined the term psychopastiche, or
psychopath, in 1888
• Koch claimed that psychopathy arose
from a flaw in one’s constitution at birth
Historical Overview:
7. Diagnostic Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder in
DSM-V:
1. Failure to obey laws and norms by engaging in behaviour which results in
criminal arrest, or would warrant criminal arrest
2. Lying, deception, and manipulation, for profit or self-amusement
3. Impulsive behaviour
4. Irritability and aggression, manifested as frequently assaults others, or
engages in fighting
5 Blatantly disregards safety of self and others
6 A pattern of irresponsibility and
7. Lack of remorse for actions (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
8. Who are Psychopaths?
• Conduct disorder is a childhood behaviour disorder that is characterized by
persistent aggressive or antisocial behaviour that disrupts the child’s
environment and impairs his or her functioning – Macdonald Triad
• Psychopathic traits consist of a callous–unemotional component and an
impulsive–antisocial component, which are associated with two core
impairments:
reduced empathic response to the distress of other individuals;
deficits in decision making and in reinforcement learning
9. • Empathy: ‘‘An affective response more appropriate to someone else’s situation
than to one’s own’’ (Hoffman, 1987)
• Callousness: Omission of caring feelings or behaviours in contexts where others
generally experience those feelings or behaviours
Brain regions associated with experience sharing and mentalizing
-- Nature Neuroscience 15, 675–680 (2012)
10. Traits of a Psychopath:
• repeatedly engages in a wide range of irresponsible, unethical or criminal activities
for personal gain
• has a constant need for stimulation and lacks any realistic long term goals
• lacks empathy or remorse and tends to blame others for his unscrupulous activities
• will appear superficially charming, but also glib and shallow with a grandiose sense
of self-worth
• promiscuous sexual behaviour, many short-term marriages, adultery and so forth are
common
11. Snakes in suits:
• Across all races, cultures and ethnic groups ; Male : Female 4:1
• 1% of general population aged 18 and above and 10-20 % of prisoners
• Most psychopaths as : Least psychopaths as:
• It is twice as common as schizophrenia, anorexia, bipolar disorder, and paranoia
• Recidivism 4-8 times the rate compared to other offenders
CEO
Lawyer
Media (T.V / Radio)
Salesperson
Surgeon
Journalist
Police officer
Care aide
Nurse
Therapist
Craftsperson
Beautician
Charity worker
Teacher
12. Types:
• Primary Psychopathy:
constitutional deficit that leads to callous and manipulative behaviour,
superficial relations, and a lack of negative affect such as guilt, fear or anxiety;
they plan their behaviour and socially rank themselves higher than others
• Secondary Psychopathy:
develops from environmental causes, such as parental abuse or rejection,
resulting in an underlying emotional problem associated with neuroticism,
impulsivity, aggression and emotional reactivity
13. Evolution of Psychopathy
Frequency- dependent selection:
Psychopaths have evolved to take the advantage of the fact that most people are
cooperators
Thus psychopathy represents an alternative strategy that is successful only at a
particular low relative frequency in the population
If there are too many cheaters , non-psychopaths become very vigilant and
cheating opportunities disappear
17. The Social Brain:
• Empathy connects neurocircuitry for social behaviour, physical pain, and the
ability to represent both the self and another
• Functional neuroimaging studies in humans document a Empathy Circuit
including :
Anterior insula
Anterior cingulate cortex
Supplementary motor area
Amygdala
Brainstem
Periaqueductal gray – that responds to the perception of others’ distress
18. Role of Cortex :
• The prefrontal cortex is an area of the brain that is important for reasoning,
inhibition of behaviour, social emotions, empathy, attention, and executive
functions
Mirror ‘Gandhi/ Dalai Lama’ Neuron System
Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC)
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC)
Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)
21. Role of vmPFC:
connecting past decisions or outcomes with new decisions one might be
considering/ contemplating (e.g., pursuing a reward). This includes involvement
in extinguishing past behaviours and learning from experience
strongly associated with assigning value to an action or goal of a certain
behaviour or decision. This assists in the process of making a choice between
different rewards by weighing which would be better
regulating role within the emotional (limbic) system of the brain. Therefore, it is
suspected to be involved in the control or regulation of emotions, notably
negative emotions
22. enables individuals to adapt their behaviour in response to unexpected rewards
or adversities
enables individuals to anticipate whether some course of action will evoke
positive or negative emotions, both immediately and in the future
when the OFC is activated, individuals choose the courses of action that tend to
be rewarded, rather than punished, by other people
OFC facilitates the Theory of Mind capacity – Affective ToM
Role of OFC:
24. • Unique position in the brain, with connections to both the “emotional” limbic
system and the “cognitive” prefrontal cortex
• empathy for pain activates neural structures that are also involved in the direct
experience of pain—such as the anterior insula and the ACC
• Detection of errors
• Detection of conflicts
• Reward based learning Theory
• Emotional regulation
Role of ACC:
Von Economo neuron Pyramidal neuron
25. Low activity in depressed subjects
High activity in normal subjects
recollecting sad events
--Principles of Neural Science, 5th Edn
27. Prefrontal lesions can lead to a form of acquired psychopathy
1. Cortical Abnormalities:
28. Pattern of percent gray matter local difference (left panel) and statistical
significance (right panel) of the cerebral cortex in psychopathy versus controls
-- Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 193 (2011) 85–92
29. Reduced PFC gray matter volume and reduced Autonomic activity in Psychopaths
PFC Gray matter volume Heart Rate
PFC White matter volume Skin conductance
-- Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000 (57), 119–127
30. vmPFC dysfunction:
Focal vmPFC lesions
personality changes (lack of empathy, irresponsibility,
and poor decision making)
Pseudopsychopathy
32. Reduced Prefrontal Metabolism in Psychopaths
Control Psychopath
Illustration of cortical deficits in one
psychopath (right) relative to one control (left)
Prefrontal gyri/occipital ratios for cortical
peel technique.
-- Biol Psychiatry 1994 (36) 365-373
n = 22
34. Amygdala:
• Amygdala deals with emotion, memory, fear, anger, and pleasure
• Reward learning, social interaction, and moral emotion and reasoning, where
the ability to recognize the emotions signalled by facial expressions is crucial
for making advantageous decisions in a complex social environment
• Evidence from Kluver – Bucy Syndrome
35. -- Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009; 66(9): 986–994
Psychopathic individuals were found to
show bilateral amygdala volume
reductions compared with controls.
n = 86
-- J Abnorm Psychol. 2010; 119(4): 863–874.
n = 16
Positive association between right
amygdala activity and violation severity
ratings present in nonsychopaths
36. Deformations within the Amygdala in Psychopaths
Regional atrophy in amygdala structure in the vicinity of the basolateral, lateral,
central, and cortical nuclei in individuals with psychopathy
-- Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Sep; 66(9): 986–994
40. 4. Cerebellar Dysfunctions:
Positive regression within prisoners between scores of Factor 1 (PCL-R) and
gray matter volume of the right cerebellar hemisphere.
-- Neuroscience Volume 308, 12 November 2015, Pages 194–201
Control = 40
Psychopaths = 37
43. Role of Cortisol and Testosterone:
HPA and HPG maintain an appropriate balance between withdrawing in the presence of
fearful or threatening stimuli, and approaching in the presence of rewarding stimuli
44. Average salivary cortisol (lg/dl) levels by group and gender
Males Females
16
13
11 15
9
1416
14
-- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 47:1 (2006), pp 30–36
45. Testosterone shifts the balance between sensitivity for punishment
and reward in healthy young women
-- Psychoneuroendocrinology, Volume 29, Issue 7, 2004, 937–943
46. High testosterone/cortisol ratio
communication between emotional (sub-cortical, amygdala) and cognitive (cortical,
OMPFC) systems is diminished
emotional information from the amygdala cannot adequately reach the cortex, and
therefore cannot be used to avert the basic motivational, reward driven
reactions
violence inhibition mechanism doesn't function properly
47. Salivary α- amylase:
Males scoring low in psychopathy demonstrated a significant increase in sAA
levels following the social stress task whereas individuals scoring high in
psychopathy did not
-- Psychoneuroendocrinology, Volume 54, 2015, 14–23
n = 158
51. Role of SNAP-25 gene:
MnlI T/T and DdeI T/T genotypes were more frequently present in male subjects with
APD than in controls
-- Can J Psychiatry. 2011 Jun; 56(6): 341–347
52. MAOA gene is knocked out in mice
highly aggressive, becoming ‘‘knock-out’’ fighters themselves
Knock the gene back in, and they return to their normal behaviour patterns
(Cases et al., 1995)
Role of MAO-A gene:
-- Science 297, 851 (2002)