This document provides an overview of network topologies and technologies. It describes common physical topologies including bus, star, ring, and point-to-point. Logical topologies determine how data travels between devices and can mimic the physical topology or operate differently using switches. Popular network technologies are also examined, particularly Ethernet, wireless LANs, and Token Ring. Ethernet remains the most widely used LAN technology and comes in various speeds and media types.
Wide area networks connect local area networks over long distances using transmission technologies and devices. Common WAN connection methods include circuit-switched networks like ISDN, leased lines using T-carrier or SONET technologies, packet-switched networks like Frame Relay and ATM, and VPNs over the public Internet. Remote access allows connections from outside the LAN using dial-up, VPNs, or remote desktop applications. Cloud computing provides hosted applications, platforms, and infrastructure over the Internet on a pay-as-you-go basis.
The document provides an overview of network reference models and standards, specifically explaining the OSI reference model and IEEE 802 networking model. The OSI model is a seven-layer framework for networking that separates functions into the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The IEEE 802 standards define networking interfaces and cabling to ensure compatibility between devices.
This document discusses network media for wired and wireless networking. It describes the primary types of wired network media, including copper-based twisted-pair cable and fiber-optic cables. Characteristics like bandwidth, maximum segment length, interference susceptibility, cable grade, and cost are important criteria for choosing network media. The document focuses on unshielded twisted-pair cable, describing cable categories and components of a structured UTP cable plant.
This document provides an overview of network protocols and the TCP/IP model. It describes the purpose of network protocols and the layered architecture of TCP/IP, with protocols operating at different layers to enable communication. The layers include the network access, internet, transport and application layers. Key protocols discussed include IP, ARP, ICMP, TCP and UDP, with explanations of their functions in routing packets, resolving addresses, error checking, and reliable vs. connectionless delivery.
This chapter discusses network hardware in depth, including switches, routers, wireless access points, and network interface cards. It describes the operation and advanced features of switches, such as creating the switching table, frame forwarding methods, and features like VLANs and port security. For routers, it explains routing tables, routing protocols, and access control lists. It also covers wireless security options, advanced wireless settings, and bus and feature options for network interface cards.
The document describes various network hardware components. It explains that repeaters and hubs receive and retransmit signals to extend network reach, while switches determine destination ports by reading addresses. Wireless access points function similarly to hubs to connect wireless devices. Network interface cards mediate the connection between computers and networks by assembling and transmitting signals. Routers connect local area networks and forward packets between networks using IP addresses and routing tables.
This document provides an overview of chapter 1 from the Network+ Guide to Networks, 6th Edition. It introduces networking concepts such as peer-to-peer and client/server networks. Peer-to-peer networks allow direct communication between equal nodes, while client/server networks use a centralized server to manage shared resources. The document also discusses common network types like LANs, MANs, and WANs and elements of client/server networks including clients, servers, network cards, and protocols. Finally, it outlines several common uses for networks such as file and print sharing, remote access services, and email communication.
The document discusses troubleshooting and support for computer networks. It describes the benefits of documenting a network, including making equipment changes easier and aiding troubleshooting. It outlines the problem-solving process, including defining the problem, gathering information, considering causes, testing solutions, and preventing future issues. Common troubleshooting tools are also described, such as ping, trace route, network monitors, and cable testers.
Wide area networks connect local area networks over long distances using transmission technologies and devices. Common WAN connection methods include circuit-switched networks like ISDN, leased lines using T-carrier or SONET technologies, packet-switched networks like Frame Relay and ATM, and VPNs over the public Internet. Remote access allows connections from outside the LAN using dial-up, VPNs, or remote desktop applications. Cloud computing provides hosted applications, platforms, and infrastructure over the Internet on a pay-as-you-go basis.
The document provides an overview of network reference models and standards, specifically explaining the OSI reference model and IEEE 802 networking model. The OSI model is a seven-layer framework for networking that separates functions into the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The IEEE 802 standards define networking interfaces and cabling to ensure compatibility between devices.
This document discusses network media for wired and wireless networking. It describes the primary types of wired network media, including copper-based twisted-pair cable and fiber-optic cables. Characteristics like bandwidth, maximum segment length, interference susceptibility, cable grade, and cost are important criteria for choosing network media. The document focuses on unshielded twisted-pair cable, describing cable categories and components of a structured UTP cable plant.
This document provides an overview of network protocols and the TCP/IP model. It describes the purpose of network protocols and the layered architecture of TCP/IP, with protocols operating at different layers to enable communication. The layers include the network access, internet, transport and application layers. Key protocols discussed include IP, ARP, ICMP, TCP and UDP, with explanations of their functions in routing packets, resolving addresses, error checking, and reliable vs. connectionless delivery.
This chapter discusses network hardware in depth, including switches, routers, wireless access points, and network interface cards. It describes the operation and advanced features of switches, such as creating the switching table, frame forwarding methods, and features like VLANs and port security. For routers, it explains routing tables, routing protocols, and access control lists. It also covers wireless security options, advanced wireless settings, and bus and feature options for network interface cards.
The document describes various network hardware components. It explains that repeaters and hubs receive and retransmit signals to extend network reach, while switches determine destination ports by reading addresses. Wireless access points function similarly to hubs to connect wireless devices. Network interface cards mediate the connection between computers and networks by assembling and transmitting signals. Routers connect local area networks and forward packets between networks using IP addresses and routing tables.
This document provides an overview of chapter 1 from the Network+ Guide to Networks, 6th Edition. It introduces networking concepts such as peer-to-peer and client/server networks. Peer-to-peer networks allow direct communication between equal nodes, while client/server networks use a centralized server to manage shared resources. The document also discusses common network types like LANs, MANs, and WANs and elements of client/server networks including clients, servers, network cards, and protocols. Finally, it outlines several common uses for networks such as file and print sharing, remote access services, and email communication.
The document discusses troubleshooting and support for computer networks. It describes the benefits of documenting a network, including making equipment changes easier and aiding troubleshooting. It outlines the problem-solving process, including defining the problem, gathering information, considering causes, testing solutions, and preventing future issues. Common troubleshooting tools are also described, such as ping, trace route, network monitors, and cable testers.
This document provides an overview of network operating systems and their components. It describes how network OSs allow computers to perform tasks like file sharing, email, and web browsing. It distinguishes between client OSs, which are optimized for end users, and server OSs, which provide infrastructure services and centralized resources. Server OSs incorporate features like user management, security policies, file storage, DHCP, DNS, and fault tolerance. The document also introduces virtualization and how it allows multiple guest operating systems to run simultaneously on a single physical computer.
This document provides an overview of various networking components and devices, including hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and more. It describes the purpose and basic functions of each device. Hubs broadcast data to all ports, while switches only send data to the destination port, providing better performance. Switches can also operate in full-duplex mode for double the data throughput of half-duplex connections. The document provides details on ports, cables, speeds, and considerations for working with hubs and switches.
Networks connect computers and other devices together to allow sharing of resources and data. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building, wide area networks (WANs) spanning geographical locations, and wireless local area networks (WLANs). Networks use various technologies like copper cabling, fiber optic cabling, and wireless to transmit data. They provide benefits such as reduced costs, increased communication and collaboration, and centralized administration.
This chapter discusses supporting small business networks. It explains that small business networks typically have less than 200 computers across one or two locations with modest technology needs. The chapter covers selecting network equipment for small businesses, including servers, desktops, switches, wireless access points and routers. It also discusses options for sharing files and other resources like printers for small business networks using Windows HomeGroups, Windows domains, Linux, and network attached storage devices.
Introduction to Computer Networks Lecture slides pptOsama Yousaf
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses network types including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers common network devices like hubs, switches, routers and network interface cards. Additionally, it examines network topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), and the differences between baseband and broadband transmission. The document serves as a high-level introduction to foundational networking topics.
The document provides an overview of chapter 1 in a networking essentials textbook. It covers basic computer components and operations, networking fundamentals such as packets and frames, and common network terms. The chapter objectives are listed and the presentation slides cover input/output components, storage, processing, how the operating system interfaces with hardware, and examples of local area networks, wide area networks, and internetworks.
This document discusses network protocols and structure. It defines what a network protocol is and describes some common protocols like Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. It also discusses different types of network models and structures including local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), home area networks (HANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks, metropolitan area networks, virtual private networks (VPNs), backbone networks, and global area networks (GANs). Finally, it covers different network topologies like bus, star, mesh, and ring topologies.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes network criteria like performance and reliability. It discusses physical network structures like point-to-point, multipoint, mesh, star, bus and ring topologies. It also defines categories of networks such as local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). A key point is that the TCP/IP protocol suite, which controls the Internet, is organized into five layers: application, transport, internet, network interface and physical. The layers are described along with how a message travels through them.
This document provides information about network topologies and media access methods. It begins by defining a network topology as the physical layout of computers on a network. The four primary network topologies are then described as star, bus, ring, and mesh. Communication methods for bus, ring, and star topologies are explained. Hybrid topologies that combine elements of different primary topologies are also introduced. The document concludes by discussing two common media access methods: CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA.
This chapter discusses network security and introduces key concepts such as developing a network security policy, securing physical access to network equipment, and securing network data. It covers determining elements of a security policy, developing password requirements, restricting user access, implementing authentication and authorization, and using tools like encryption, firewalls, and virtual private networks to enhance security. The goal is to help readers understand how to secure a network from both physical and digital threats.
A communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system created by linking two or more computers and establishing standards, or protocols, so that they can work together
This document provides an overview of an Internetworking course, including details about the instructor, course objectives, synopsis, and teaching plan. The course covers topics such as addressing, binding, routing, Internet protocols, and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It focuses on networking fundamentals like layers, encapsulation, naming, and functions of common protocols. The teaching plan outlines chapters on introduction/overview, underlying network technologies, and TCP/IP architecture.
Introduction to computer networks for performance venuesartsit
This document introduces computer networks for performance venues. It discusses terminology like LANs, WLANs, and WANs. Devices like switches and routers are also covered. VLANs are explained as a way to segment one physical network into multiple virtual networks using a managed switch or router. This allows sharing of cables while keeping traffic separate. VLANs provide security benefits and reduce infrastructure needs by limiting traffic crossing between segments. The document provides an example network architecture showing how VLANs can isolate lighting, sound, and internet systems on their own virtual networks for a performance venue.
Network components include nodes, links, clients, servers, and other devices that connect and allow communication between systems. Key components discussed include network interface cards, hubs, bridges, routers, switches, gateways, and wireless devices. Various media are used to physically transmit data between nodes on a network.
The document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It defines what a network is and describes different network topologies like bus, ring, star, mesh, tree and hybrid topologies. It also discusses network components such as network interface cards, hubs, switches, cables, routers and modems. Additionally, it covers data communication types including simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex communication.
This document discusses selecting technologies and devices for campus network designs. It covers considerations for the physical cabling plant design including centralized vs distributed topologies. Common media types are discussed such as copper, optical fiber, and wireless. Specific technologies like Ethernet variants and their characteristics are outlined. Selection criteria for internetworking devices that will make up the campus network are presented, including processing power, port counts, latency, throughput and support/quality factors. The document provides guidance on evaluating options for building out the physical implementation of a previously designed logical campus network.
This document provides an overview of server management and administration topics, including:
1) Managing user and group accounts, including creating accounts in Windows domains and Linux. Groups are used to organize users and assign permissions.
2) Configuring storage and file systems, such as volumes, partitions, and different file system types (FAT, NTFS, Linux). Permissions are set on files, folders and shares to control access.
3) Monitoring system performance and reliability using tools in Windows Server like Event Viewer, Performance Monitor, and Windows System Resource Manager.
This document discusses network architecture and design. It covers component architectures including addressing/routing, network management, performance, and security architectures. It describes common addressing mechanisms like sub-netting, super-netting, dynamic addressing, private vs public addressing, VLANs, IPv4 vs IPv6, and network address translation. For routing, it discusses strategies like unicast, broadcast, multicast, anycast and geocast as well as routing protocols like BGP, mobile IP, and IGP confederations. The document provides an overview of network architecture concepts.
The chapter discusses different components and architectures for backbone networks. It describes switches, routers, and gateways that can be used in backbone networks. It outlines common backbone architectures including switched, routed, and virtual LAN (VLAN) backbones. Switched backbones are most popular and use switches to interconnect local area networks (LANs) instead of routers. VLANs assign computers to network segments through software rather than hardware. The chapter provides examples of how different backbone designs are implemented in organizations and their advantages.
Switching: means receiving data on a certain port and forwarding it to appropriate port transparently, just care about the next hop, so it is a layer 2 action.
Examples of Layer 2 devices: NIC, Bridge and Switch.
Hierarchical network design with access, distribution and core layers.
The benefits of the hierarchical network design.
Understanding hierarchical network design principles such as network diameter, bandwidth aggregation and redundancy.
The definition converged network.
Understanding different switch features:
1. Form Factors (Fixed, Modular and Stackable)
2. Performance (Port Density)
3. Performance (Forwarding Rates & Link Aggregation)
4. Power over Ethernet
5. L3 Functions
Access Layer Switch Features.
Distribution Layer Switch Features.
Core Layer Switch Features
Features of Cisco Catalyst Switches
The document discusses network topologies and their characteristics. It describes physical and logical topologies. Common topologies include mesh, star, bus, ring, tree and hybrid configurations. Mesh provides redundancy but is expensive to implement while star is popular for its ease of installation and fault isolation. Bus uses the least cabling but a single break disables the network. Ring passes signals in one direction making it susceptible to breaks. Hybrid combines different topologies to balance advantages and disadvantages. The optimal topology depends on factors like cost, growth and cable requirements.
This document provides an overview of network operating systems and their components. It describes how network OSs allow computers to perform tasks like file sharing, email, and web browsing. It distinguishes between client OSs, which are optimized for end users, and server OSs, which provide infrastructure services and centralized resources. Server OSs incorporate features like user management, security policies, file storage, DHCP, DNS, and fault tolerance. The document also introduces virtualization and how it allows multiple guest operating systems to run simultaneously on a single physical computer.
This document provides an overview of various networking components and devices, including hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and more. It describes the purpose and basic functions of each device. Hubs broadcast data to all ports, while switches only send data to the destination port, providing better performance. Switches can also operate in full-duplex mode for double the data throughput of half-duplex connections. The document provides details on ports, cables, speeds, and considerations for working with hubs and switches.
Networks connect computers and other devices together to allow sharing of resources and data. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building, wide area networks (WANs) spanning geographical locations, and wireless local area networks (WLANs). Networks use various technologies like copper cabling, fiber optic cabling, and wireless to transmit data. They provide benefits such as reduced costs, increased communication and collaboration, and centralized administration.
This chapter discusses supporting small business networks. It explains that small business networks typically have less than 200 computers across one or two locations with modest technology needs. The chapter covers selecting network equipment for small businesses, including servers, desktops, switches, wireless access points and routers. It also discusses options for sharing files and other resources like printers for small business networks using Windows HomeGroups, Windows domains, Linux, and network attached storage devices.
Introduction to Computer Networks Lecture slides pptOsama Yousaf
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses network types including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers common network devices like hubs, switches, routers and network interface cards. Additionally, it examines network topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), and the differences between baseband and broadband transmission. The document serves as a high-level introduction to foundational networking topics.
The document provides an overview of chapter 1 in a networking essentials textbook. It covers basic computer components and operations, networking fundamentals such as packets and frames, and common network terms. The chapter objectives are listed and the presentation slides cover input/output components, storage, processing, how the operating system interfaces with hardware, and examples of local area networks, wide area networks, and internetworks.
This document discusses network protocols and structure. It defines what a network protocol is and describes some common protocols like Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. It also discusses different types of network models and structures including local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), home area networks (HANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks, metropolitan area networks, virtual private networks (VPNs), backbone networks, and global area networks (GANs). Finally, it covers different network topologies like bus, star, mesh, and ring topologies.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It describes network criteria like performance and reliability. It discusses physical network structures like point-to-point, multipoint, mesh, star, bus and ring topologies. It also defines categories of networks such as local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). A key point is that the TCP/IP protocol suite, which controls the Internet, is organized into five layers: application, transport, internet, network interface and physical. The layers are described along with how a message travels through them.
This document provides information about network topologies and media access methods. It begins by defining a network topology as the physical layout of computers on a network. The four primary network topologies are then described as star, bus, ring, and mesh. Communication methods for bus, ring, and star topologies are explained. Hybrid topologies that combine elements of different primary topologies are also introduced. The document concludes by discussing two common media access methods: CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA.
This chapter discusses network security and introduces key concepts such as developing a network security policy, securing physical access to network equipment, and securing network data. It covers determining elements of a security policy, developing password requirements, restricting user access, implementing authentication and authorization, and using tools like encryption, firewalls, and virtual private networks to enhance security. The goal is to help readers understand how to secure a network from both physical and digital threats.
A communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system created by linking two or more computers and establishing standards, or protocols, so that they can work together
This document provides an overview of an Internetworking course, including details about the instructor, course objectives, synopsis, and teaching plan. The course covers topics such as addressing, binding, routing, Internet protocols, and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It focuses on networking fundamentals like layers, encapsulation, naming, and functions of common protocols. The teaching plan outlines chapters on introduction/overview, underlying network technologies, and TCP/IP architecture.
Introduction to computer networks for performance venuesartsit
This document introduces computer networks for performance venues. It discusses terminology like LANs, WLANs, and WANs. Devices like switches and routers are also covered. VLANs are explained as a way to segment one physical network into multiple virtual networks using a managed switch or router. This allows sharing of cables while keeping traffic separate. VLANs provide security benefits and reduce infrastructure needs by limiting traffic crossing between segments. The document provides an example network architecture showing how VLANs can isolate lighting, sound, and internet systems on their own virtual networks for a performance venue.
Network components include nodes, links, clients, servers, and other devices that connect and allow communication between systems. Key components discussed include network interface cards, hubs, bridges, routers, switches, gateways, and wireless devices. Various media are used to physically transmit data between nodes on a network.
The document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It defines what a network is and describes different network topologies like bus, ring, star, mesh, tree and hybrid topologies. It also discusses network components such as network interface cards, hubs, switches, cables, routers and modems. Additionally, it covers data communication types including simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex communication.
This document discusses selecting technologies and devices for campus network designs. It covers considerations for the physical cabling plant design including centralized vs distributed topologies. Common media types are discussed such as copper, optical fiber, and wireless. Specific technologies like Ethernet variants and their characteristics are outlined. Selection criteria for internetworking devices that will make up the campus network are presented, including processing power, port counts, latency, throughput and support/quality factors. The document provides guidance on evaluating options for building out the physical implementation of a previously designed logical campus network.
This document provides an overview of server management and administration topics, including:
1) Managing user and group accounts, including creating accounts in Windows domains and Linux. Groups are used to organize users and assign permissions.
2) Configuring storage and file systems, such as volumes, partitions, and different file system types (FAT, NTFS, Linux). Permissions are set on files, folders and shares to control access.
3) Monitoring system performance and reliability using tools in Windows Server like Event Viewer, Performance Monitor, and Windows System Resource Manager.
This document discusses network architecture and design. It covers component architectures including addressing/routing, network management, performance, and security architectures. It describes common addressing mechanisms like sub-netting, super-netting, dynamic addressing, private vs public addressing, VLANs, IPv4 vs IPv6, and network address translation. For routing, it discusses strategies like unicast, broadcast, multicast, anycast and geocast as well as routing protocols like BGP, mobile IP, and IGP confederations. The document provides an overview of network architecture concepts.
The chapter discusses different components and architectures for backbone networks. It describes switches, routers, and gateways that can be used in backbone networks. It outlines common backbone architectures including switched, routed, and virtual LAN (VLAN) backbones. Switched backbones are most popular and use switches to interconnect local area networks (LANs) instead of routers. VLANs assign computers to network segments through software rather than hardware. The chapter provides examples of how different backbone designs are implemented in organizations and their advantages.
Switching: means receiving data on a certain port and forwarding it to appropriate port transparently, just care about the next hop, so it is a layer 2 action.
Examples of Layer 2 devices: NIC, Bridge and Switch.
Hierarchical network design with access, distribution and core layers.
The benefits of the hierarchical network design.
Understanding hierarchical network design principles such as network diameter, bandwidth aggregation and redundancy.
The definition converged network.
Understanding different switch features:
1. Form Factors (Fixed, Modular and Stackable)
2. Performance (Port Density)
3. Performance (Forwarding Rates & Link Aggregation)
4. Power over Ethernet
5. L3 Functions
Access Layer Switch Features.
Distribution Layer Switch Features.
Core Layer Switch Features
Features of Cisco Catalyst Switches
The document discusses network topologies and their characteristics. It describes physical and logical topologies. Common topologies include mesh, star, bus, ring, tree and hybrid configurations. Mesh provides redundancy but is expensive to implement while star is popular for its ease of installation and fault isolation. Bus uses the least cabling but a single break disables the network. Ring passes signals in one direction making it susceptible to breaks. Hybrid combines different topologies to balance advantages and disadvantages. The optimal topology depends on factors like cost, growth and cable requirements.
The document discusses network topologies and connecting devices. It defines network topology and describes common topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid. It also defines network devices like hubs, switches, routers, repeaters, bridges, and gateways and discusses their functions.
Farman Ullah presented on network topology for his Parallel and Distributed Computing class. He discussed the different types of network topologies including bus, ring, tree, mesh, star, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, he described the basic structure and provided examples of advantages and disadvantages. Topologies vary in how the nodes are arranged and connected, which impacts properties like speed, reliability, ease of use and maintenance.
This document provides information about local area networks (LANs), including their design, topologies, transmission media, and protocols. It discusses common LAN applications and topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh. Specific protocols covered include Ethernet, token ring, and spanning tree. Bridges are described as a way to interconnect multiple LANs. Factors in choosing a topology and transmission medium are also summarized.
This document presents information about different network topologies. It discusses mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it describes the basic structure, advantages, disadvantages, and examples of applications. The key points are that different topologies connect devices in different patterns, and choosing a topology depends on factors like costs, cable lengths needed, ability to expand the network, and cable types available. A mesh provides the most robust connections but is most expensive, while a bus or star topology may be more affordable options.
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module IV) Fundamentals in Networking
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is a computer network?
Types of computer networks
Personal Area Network
Local Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
Wide Area Network
Networking Topologies
Physical Topologies
Physical Point to Point
Physical Bus Topology
Physical Ring Topology
Physical Star Topology
Physical Mesh Topology
Physical Tree Topology
Physical Hybrid topology
Logical Topologies
Ethernet
Local Talk
Token Ring
FDDI
ATM
Transmission Media
Networking Cables
Coaxial Cables
Twisted Pair Cables
Fiber Optic Cables
Network Devices
NIC-Network interface card
Hub
Network Switch
Router
Bridge
IP Address
Activities
INTERNET NETWORK TOPOLOGY PRESENTATION POWERPOINT (ADITYA).pptxSuratSingh18
Network topologies define the layout of connections between nodes in a computer network. The physical topology refers to the actual layout of cables and connections, while the logical topology defines how data is transmitted. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree. Each has advantages and disadvantages depending on the network size and needs. The bus topology is inexpensive but has limitations on cable length and number of devices. Star topology is robust but requires more cable and hardware. Ring topology has no central point of failure but a single fault disables the whole network. Mesh networks are highly redundant but also complex and expensive to implement.
The document discusses different network topologies including physical, logical, bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid topologies. It provides details on the characteristics of each topology such as how computers connect, advantages, disadvantages, and examples. Bus topology involves computers connecting to a shared central cable. Star topology uses a central switching device. Ring topology forms a circular connection between computers. Mesh topology connects each device point-to-point. Tree topology combines star and bus topologies hierarchically. Hybrid topology mixes characteristics of other topologies.
The document discusses network fundamentals related to physical layer standards and components. It describes how physical connections are established using wired or wireless network interface cards. The key components discussed are network devices like hosts, switches, and communication links using various media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless. It also covers the standards for physical components, encoding, and signaling used to transmit data over these different media types at the physical layer. Common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh and hybrid configurations are also summarized.
Network Topology In Computer Network 6-Types of topologies.pdfsunil shukla
The term Network Topology in computer network refers to the means a network is set out, either physically or logically.
Two or a lot of network devices are connected with 2 or a lot of links type a topology. The Topology is the geometric illustration of the link of all the links and linking devices usually known as nodes to every difference.
Network topology defines the physical or logical arrangement of links in an exceedingly network.
These are 5 labels describe however the devices in an exceedingly network square measure interconnected instead of their physical arrangement.
The document discusses different network topologies including bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid topologies. It describes the key characteristics of each topology such as their advantages and disadvantages. It also defines common networking devices like hubs, switches, routers, repeaters, and brouters explaining their basic functions.
Network topologies define how devices are connected in a network. There are five basic network topologies: bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid. The bus topology connects all devices to a single cable or backbone. The star topology connects all devices to a central device like a hub or switch. The ring topology connects devices in a closed loop so that data travels from one device to the next. The mesh topology fully interconnects all devices for redundancy. The hybrid topology combines two or more topologies to balance reliability and flexibility.
The document discusses different types of network topologies: bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid. It provides details on each topology type, including their advantages and disadvantages. The types of network topologies covered are those commonly used in computer networks and include bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid configurations. Advantages and disadvantages are provided for each topology type. References are listed at the end from websites and a computer networking textbook.
There are four basic network topologies: mesh, star, bus, and ring. A mesh topology has dedicated links between all devices but requires a large amount of cabling. A star topology is less expensive but relies on a central hub. A bus topology uses less cabling but is difficult to troubleshoot. A ring topology can be disabled by a single broken connection. The TCP/IP model has four layers - link, internet, transport, and application - which handle physical transmission, routing, error-free delivery, and user communication respectively.
The document discusses network topologies and router configuration. It covers different network topologies like bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid and describes their characteristics and advantages/disadvantages. It also discusses static and dynamic routing and how routers are configured for static and dynamic routing. The document aims to help students understand different network topologies and how to determine the appropriate one for different environments as well as the basics of router configuration.
Network topology (Details Descriptions with Examples)Abdullah Moin
Geometric representation of how the computers are connected to each other is known as topology. There are five types of topology – Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring and Hybrid.
The document discusses different types of line configurations, network topologies, and transmission modes. There are two line configurations: point-to-point, which provides a dedicated link between two devices, and multipoint, which allows more than two devices to share a single link. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh. Transmission modes include simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. The document also defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
Planning and safety precautions are required for patient transfers between surfaces. Transfers can involve one, two, or three persons and different techniques depending on the patient's abilities and location. The occupational therapist teaches safe transfer methods and ensures protection of the patient and caregivers. Factors like strength, balance, and endurance impact a patient's independence in transfers.
This document provides an overview of server management and administration topics including:
1. Managing user and group accounts, including creating accounts in Windows and Linux. Groups are used to organize users and assign permissions.
2. Configuring storage and file systems such as NTFS and Linux partitions. NTFS permissions control file access on Windows servers.
3. Sharing files and printers using protocols like SMB and setting share permissions in Windows. Tools for sharing resources in Windows and Linux are described.
4. Monitoring system performance and reliability using tools in Windows Server like Event Viewer, Performance Monitor, and Windows System Resource Manager.
Judicial review allows courts to examine agency decisions and provide remedies if a person believes they have been injured by an agency. Before seeking judicial review, one must complete all agency appeal processes. Judicial review is not automatic and standards govern access to it. Courts can review agencies by statutes that create the agency or establish judicial review. Several barriers like no provision for review or preclusion of review exist. Procedures like standing, ripeness, exhaustion of remedies, and primary jurisdiction must also be followed to seek judicial review. The scope of review is limited but exceptions exist like reviewing issues de novo rather than just the agency record.
An administrative agency hearing is a proceeding where the agency investigates facts and enforces liabilities under existing laws. It is similar to a civil or criminal trial, with procedures set by agency statutes and administrative procedure acts. Hearings are typically held after other dispute resolution processes are exhausted or a claimant alleges a rights violation. While agencies have discretion over hearing procedures, courts require notice, a hearing, and findings to support decisions. Key hearing stages include pre-hearing procedures, presentation of evidence, findings, and a written decision stating the legal or factual basis.
Majority of agency decisions are informal and made through discretion. Claims for governmental benefits or services are initiated by clients through applications for licenses, claims, or employer arbitrations. Licenses are permissions granted by agencies and have standards in rules for issuance. Claims seek to restore rights or supply relief. Arbitration involves a third party decision while mediation aims to help disputing parties voluntarily agree. Settlements during hearings can resolve disputes without appeals. Advisory opinions clarify rules for the public or specific businesses. Courts give deference to agency procedures but ensure fair hearings without bias.
Chapter 6.investigations and information planningAPSU
Investigations are processes agencies use to gather information to assist with decision making. Agencies must collect information reasonably and in the public interest, and individuals have some protections for privileged information. While agencies have powers to demand records and conduct inspections, the 4th and 5th Amendments provide some protections for private information. Agencies can use procedures like search warrants, subpoenas, and grants of immunity to compel information gathering within legal limits.
The document discusses agency rules and regulations. It explains that rules are established by agencies to implement enabling statutes and solve problems of public concern. There are different types of rulemaking procedures, including informal which allows public comments, and formal which involves evidentiary hearings. Rules implement legislative goals and are directed towards the future, while decisions resolve specific disputes. The requirements for federal and state rulemaking are outlined.
The chapter discusses client rights when dealing with government agencies. It explains that clients have due process protections under the 5th and 14th Amendments in agency actions. Specifically, agencies must provide notice of hearings to clients, including details of charges and time and place of hearings, and clients have the right to be heard and receive a fair decision. The chapter also discusses how sovereign immunity protects some agency actions and personnel from legal claims.
Agency discretion refers to the power of administrative agencies to make choices among different policy options when applying laws to individual cases. Some level of discretion is necessary because laws may not address every situation. Safeguards against abuse of discretion include constitutional protections, statutes that define an agency's mission, and political and judicial oversight. Courts generally uphold an agency's discretion but will intervene if the agency's actions are deemed arbitrary, capricious or an abuse of power based on the circumstances of the case.
The document summarizes the development of administrative law in the United States from 1776 to present. It discusses key milestones like the creation of agencies like the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887 and expansion of agency power during the New Deal. It also covers the delegation doctrine, which allows Congress to delegate legislative powers to agencies, and important court cases like Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan and A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States that struck down unlimited delegations that lacked standards. The principles of separation of powers and federalism are also discussed in relation to administrative agencies.
Administrative law governs administrative agencies and defines their powers and legal limits. Agencies are created by legislatures to administer laws in areas requiring expertise like environmental protection. Administrative authority comes from enabling acts that define an agency's role and delegate powers from legislatures. There are different types of administrative laws including substantive laws protecting rights and procedural laws defining legal processes. Agencies have powers granted by their enabling statutes like setting standards, making rules and regulations, and deciding cases. Agencies can be regulatory, social welfare, independent, or executive depending on their functions and organization.
This document discusses the role of transportation in supply chain management. It makes three key points:
1. Transportation is a critical link in the supply chain that helps integrate supply chain activities and allows organizations to be more efficient. Effective transportation fosters improved supply chain integration.
2. Transportation bridges the gap between where goods are produced and where they are demanded, fulfilling a fundamental economic role. It also influences the location of economic activity and production facilities.
3. The concept of supply chain management has evolved over time from physical distribution to integrated logistics to the current focus on managing the entire extended enterprise and integrating transportation with product and information flows.
The document discusses key concepts in supply chain management. It outlines five major external forces driving change, including globalization and technology. It traces the evolution of supply chain management from physical distribution to integrated logistics management. Major issues facing supply chains are identified as networks and complexity, inventory deployment, technology challenges, transportation management, and security concerns. Efficient supply chains impact key financial metrics like cash flow, working capital, and return on investment.
The document provides an overview of the horticulture field, including its major divisions and specialized areas. It discusses pomology, olericulture, floriculture, and the landscape and nursery industry. Additional topics covered include how to select a suitable job, creating an effective resume, interview preparation, the importance of research, and future trends in the industry such as concerns over the environment.
The document discusses strategies for effective time management. It recommends making schedules and to-do lists, prioritizing tasks, scheduling downtime, and being flexible. It notes reasons for procrastination like perfectionism and provides strategies to overcome it like breaking large tasks into smaller parts. Other time traps to avoid are taking on too much and letting social time interfere. Scheduling allows planning to make the best use of time and avoid overcommitting. Suggestions include reviewing goals, eliminating unnecessary tasks, taking advantage of natural cycles, learning to say no, and rewarding effective time management.
This document summarizes findings from multiple studies that compared online, blended, and face-to-face learning environments. Some key findings include:
- Students in online conditions performed modestly better than those learning the same material through face-to-face instruction. Blended and purely online environments had similar learning outcomes.
- Asynchronous online instruction was found to be superior to synchronous instruction. Advantages were also found for online assessments and writing assignments.
- Instructor involvement was found to be a strong mediating factor for blended learning. Self-assessment questions also improved student learning.
The document discusses differences between digital natives and digital immigrants. Digital natives, who have grown up with technology their whole lives, process information differently than previous generations. They prefer graphics over text, multitasking, social networking and frequent rewards. This creates challenges for digital immigrant instructors whose teaching style does not align with how digital natives learn best.
The document discusses differences between digital natives and digital immigrants. Digital natives, who have grown up with technology their whole lives, process information differently than previous generations. They prefer graphics over text, multitasking, social networking and frequent rewards. This creates challenges for digital immigrant instructors whose teaching style does not align with how digital natives learn best.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria