Network topologies define the layout of connections between nodes in a computer network. The physical topology refers to the actual layout of cables and connections, while the logical topology defines how data is transmitted. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree. Each has advantages and disadvantages depending on the network size and needs. The bus topology is inexpensive but has limitations on cable length and number of devices. Star topology is robust but requires more cable and hardware. Ring topology has no central point of failure but a single fault disables the whole network. Mesh networks are highly redundant but also complex and expensive to implement.

2. NETWORK

3. "Internet Network Topologies."— Presentation transcript:
• What is a network topology? A network topology
is the physical and logical arrangement of nodes
and connections in a network. Nodes usually
include devices such as switches, routers and
software with switch and router features. Network
topologies are often represented as a graph.
• When you have two or more computers
connected to each other, you have a network.The
purpose of a network is to enable the sharing of
files and information between multiple
systems.The Internet could be described as a
global network of networks.Computer networks
can be connected through cables, such as
Ethernet cables or phone lines, or wirelessly,
using wireless networking cards that send and
receive data through the air.

4. What is Topology Physical
Network topology Physical is the topological structure of a network and depicted physically . It is an
application of graph theory wherein communicating devices are modeled as nodes and the connections
between the devices are modeled as links or lines between the nodes. Physical topology is the placement
of the various components of a network (e.g., device location and cable installation).Physical topology
refers to the interconnected structure of a local area network (LAN). The method employed to connect the
physical devices on the network with the cables, and the type of cabling used, all constitute the physical
topology.
Examples of network topologies are found in local area networks (LAN), a common computer network
installation. Any given node in the LAN has one or more physical links to other devices in the network;
graphically mapping these links results in a geometric shape that can be used to describe the physical
topology of the network. A wide variety of physical topologies have been used in LANs, including ring, bus,
mesh and star.

5. Types of physical topologies
Linear Bus Topology: A single cable to which all network nodes are directly connected. The cable has
terminators at each end to prevent the loss of signal.
Star Topology: A topology with a single access point or a switch at the center of the topology; all the other
nodes are connected directly to this point.
Mesh topology is a type of network topology in which all devices in the network are interconnected. In a
mesh topology, data can be transmitted by routing (sent the shortest distance) and flooding (sent to all
devices).
Tree (Extended Star) Topology: A combination of both the star and the linear bus topologies. This topology
has multiple access points connected to the linear bus, while the nodes are connected to their respective
access points.

6. Logical Topology and Types
The logical topology defines how the data should transfer. Contrast this to the physical topology, which
consists of the layout of cables, network devices and wiring.
Two of the most common logical topologies are:
Bus topology: Ethernet uses the logical bus topology to transfer data. Under a bus topology a node
broadcasts the data to the entire network. All other nodes on the network hear the data and check if the
data is intended for them.
Ring topology: In this topology, only one node can be allowed to transfer the data in a network at a given
time. This mechanism is achieved by token (the node having token only can transmit the data in a network)
and hence the collision can be avoided in a network

7. How Bus Topology Works ?
• In a bus topology , all nodes in the network are
connected directly to a central cable that runs up
and down the network - this cable is known as the
backbone . Data is sent up and down the
backbone until it reaches the correct node.
• In Bus topology data is transmitted only in one
direction. Here, the node that transmits data is
known as Host. All the computers connected in
the network will receive all the network traffic.
Each node is given equal priority for data
transmission.
• Bus topology is a simple and cost-effective
network configuration that is well-suited to small
networks, such as home or small office networks.
However, it has its limitations, such as a limited
cable length, a single point of failure, and a limited
number of devices that can be connected.

8. A Adantages and Disadvantage of Bus Topology
opology
The advantages of bus topology include the following.
Bus topology is a simple topology, used to connect computers or peripherals within a linear manner.
Simple to understand
Expanding this topology is easy by connecting two cables.
If the network is small then this topology works efficiently
As compared to other topologies, this is very cost-effective.
As compared to a star topology, the required cable length is less
Connecting or disconnecting the devices within Disadvantages
The disadvantages of bus topology include the following.
For large networks, this kind of topology is not applicable
This kind of topology is extremely slow as compared to others
Identifying the problems within the network is difficult
Troubleshooting the issues for each device is difficult
The entire network will split into two parts or damage if the cable gets damaged.
At both ends of the cable, terminators are necessary
The network gets slow once extra devices are connectedis very easy without disturbing other devices.

9. Applications of Bus Topology
• Bus network topologies are used
when a small, cheap and often
temporary network is needed that
does not rely on very high data-
transfer speeds. They may be used in
locations such as a laboratory or
office.
• A bus topology is a type of network
topology used in local area networks
(LANs). It consists of a single cable,
also known as the backbone, to which
all the devices are connected

10. Star Topology
• Star topology is a type
of network topology in
which every device in
the network is
individually connected
to a central node,
known as the switch or
hub. When represented
visually, this topology
resembles a star which
gives it its name.

11. Advantages and Disadvantages of Star Topology
• Advantages of Star Topology
• It is very reliable – if one cable or device fails then all the others will still work
It is high-performing as no data collisions can occur
Less expensive because each device only need one I/O port and wishes to be connected with hub with one link. It is
easier to put in and Robust in nature
Easy fault detection because the link are often easily identified.
No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.
Each device requires just one port i.e. to attach to the hub.
If N devices are connected to every other in star, then the amount of cables required to attach them is N. So, it’s
easy to line up
• Disadvantages of Star Topology
Requires more cable than a linear bus .
If the connecting network device (network switch) fails, nodes attached are disabled and can’t participate in network
communication.
More expensive than linear bus topology due to the value of the connecting devices (network switches)
If hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without hub.
Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it’s the central system of star .
Extra hardware is required (hubs or switches) which adds to cost
Performance is predicated on the one concentrator i.e. hub

12. Applications of Star Topology
Star topologies are most commonly-used because
we can manage the entire network from one
location: the central switch. As a consequence, if a
node that isn't the central node goes down then the
network will remain up
• Star topology is used in small networks.
• They are used in small organizations
• They use LAN connections for high speeds up
to 100MBPS.

13. FLOWCHART OF STAR TOPOLOGY

14. Ring Topology
• Ring topology is a type of network topology in
which each device is connected to two other
devices on either side via an RJ-45 cable or
coaxial cable.A ring topology is a network
configuration where device connections create a
circular data path. Each networked device is
connected to two others, like points on a circle.
Together, devices in a ring topology are called a
ring network.
• In a ring network, packets of data travel from one
device to the next until they reach their destination.
Most ring topologies allow packets to travel only in
one direction, called a unidirectional ring network.
Others permit data to move in either direction,
called bidirectional.

15. Advantages and Disadvantages of Ring Topology
• Advantages
• Performs better than a bus topology under heavy network
load
• Does not require a central node to manage the connectivity
between the computers
• Due to the point-to-point line configuration of devices with a
device on either side (each device is connected to its
immediate neighbor), it is quite easy to install and reconfigure
since adding or removing a device requires moving just two
connections.
• Point-to-point line configuration makes it easy to identify and
isolate faults.
• Ring Protection reconfiguration for line faults of bidirectional
rings can be very fast, as switching happens at a high level,
and thus the traffic does not require individual rerouting.
• Ring topology helps mitigate collisions in a network.[5]
• Very orderly network where every device has access to the
token and the opportunity to transmit
• Disadvantages
• One malfunctioning workstation can create
problems for the entire network. This can be
solved by using a dual ring or a switch that closes
off the break.[6]
• Moving, adding and changing the devices can
affect the network
• Communication delay is directly proportional to
number of nodes in the network
• Bandwidth is shared on all links between devices
• More difficult to configure than a Star: node
adjunction = Ring shutdown and reconfiguration[7]

16. Applications of Ring Topology
• Ring Topologies are often
found in office Buildings.
• Also used in Schools for
networking.
• Today high speed LAN
made this topology less
popular.

17. Ring topology setup Flowchart

18. Mesh Topology
• A mesh network is a local area network
topology in which the infrastructure nodes (i.e.
bridges, switches, and other infrastructure
devices) connect directly, dynamically and non-
hierarchically to as many other nodes as
possible and cooperate with one another to
efficiently route data to and from clients.Mesh
networks can relay messages using either a
flooding or a routing technique, which makes
them different from non-mesh networks.In Mesh
Topology, the connections between devices
take place randomly. The connected nodes can
be computers, switches, hubs, or any other
devices. In this topology setup, even if one of
the connections goes down, it allows other
nodes to be distributed. This type of topology is
very expensive
• A mesh network is a wireless system consisting of
multiple computers connected by a network. Each
computer in the network sends its own signals and relays
information from other computers. Every node on the
mesh network is connected to another node via a
dedicated link. This connection allows information to
travel from node to node without delays or failures. Mesh
networks are also called “self-configuring” networks
because a new node automatically becomes part of the
network’s existing structure.
• A mesh network allows for additional coverage around
your home by using several smaller routers. The central
node plugs into a modem from your internet provider, and
other devices can connect to it. A mesh network allows
for the management of each device through a mobile
application. This app will also allow you to prioritize
devices in the mesh network, monitor data speeds, and
manage network issues. You can use mobile apps to
manage your network from anywhere and anytime and
control the network from your smartphone.

19. Characteristics of a Mesh Topology
In a mesh topology, on the basis of the availability of connection between nodes, all devic decide the route
of the data flow and work as a router.
If a break occurs in a segment of cable, the traffic load of the network is redistributed between all nodes,
which maintains the availability of the network.
It is a type of network topology that offers redundant links across the network, but it is rarely used due to
work involved in having a network and significant cost, as the network components are directly connected
to every other component
Furthermore, for installing partial mesh topologies, the mesh network setup is ideal as it balances the need
for redundancy as well as cost.

20. Applications of Mesh Topology
APPLICATIONS:
Mesh topologies are used where the reliability of network communication is very
important: military organisations often use mesh topologies to avoid breakdowns in
communication. cities are increasingly using wireless mesh networks to help monitor
traffic flow, sewage treatment and to help control street lighting.
1. Home monitoring and control: It's a snap to turn lights off and on or dim them. It's
also easy to control gadgets like ceiling fans, power drapes, air conditioning, and
heating appliances using simple ZigBee nodes. One or more access points can
control a whole house.
2. Building monitoring and control: Monitoring and controlling lights, HVAC, and other
functions in large office buildings, hotels, hospitals, and other structures can yield
huge energy savings. The wiring to do this is too expensive to be practical, but with
mesh networks, it becomes simple.
3. Industrial monitoring and control: Sensors in a mesh can provide massive amounts
of detail about any process or manufacturing procedure.
4. Military communications and reconnaissance: A mesh makes soldier-to-soldier
communications more reliable with longer range. Meshes also help tie together and
coordinate many weapons and systems in monitoring and managing the battlefield.
5. Medical monitoring: Meshes make patient monitoring easier and more reliable, and
it helps expand the range.
6. Consumer electronics equipment interconnections: It's possible to connect large-
screen digital TV sets, DVD players, digital video recorders, stereo surroundsound
systems, and set-top boxes at multiple locations with a specialized mesh network.

21. A Diagrammatic Representation of a Mesh Network

22. Tree Topology
• In computer networking,
tree topology is a type of
network topology that
resembles a tree. In a tree
topology, there is one
central node (the “trunk”),
and each node is
connected to the central
node through a single
path. Nodes can be
thought of as branches
coming off of the trunk.

23. Tree Network Topology

24. Application,Advantages and Disadvantages of Tree Topology
Application:
Advantages of Tree Topology :
This topology is the combination of bus and star topology.
The other nodes in a network are not affected if one of their nodes gets damaged
or does not work.
Tree topology provides easy maintenance and easy fault identification can be
done.
Supported by several hardware and software vendors.
Tree Topology is highly secure.It is used in WAN and Tree Topology is more
reliabl
Disadvantages of Tree Topology :

25. Conclusion