This document discusses the biomechanics of the hip joint. It begins by defining biomechanics and describing the mobility and stability of the hip. It then discusses forces acting on the hip like body weight, abductor muscles, and joint reaction forces. It explains how these forces are balanced in different positions like two-leg stance, single-leg stance, and with the use of a cane. The document concludes by discussing implications for conditions like coxa valga and coxa vara, and principles of total hip replacement surgery.
A complete description of the lower limb orthosis is available in the following presentation with an in depth understanding of the same.It covers the ankle foot orthosis,Knee orthosis the knee ankle foot orthosis and hip orthosis.
presentation is about Orthosis and prosthesis. It gives Classification of Orthosis. It describes structure, function, Indication and uses of Orthosis. Also describes different types of Prostheses, their parts and function.
Lower Limb Orthotics - Dr Rajendra Sharmamrinal joshi
This document provides information on lower limb orthotics. It defines an orthosis and describes their clinical objectives in treating conditions like pain, deformities, abnormal range of motion, etc. It discusses different types of orthoses like foot, ankle-foot, knee-ankle-foot orthoses. Principles of bracing like distributing forces over large areas and applying forces to control joints are covered. Characteristics of an ideal orthosis in terms of function, comfort, cost are outlined. The document also discusses shoes, foot orthoses, ankle-foot orthoses made of plastic, metal and patellar tendon bearing designs.
Over the past decade, technology and research have greatly expanded the functionality and aesthetics of prosthetic feet. Today, amputees have a wide array of feet from which to choose. Various models are designed for activities ranging from walking, dancing and running to cycling, golfing, swimming and even snow skiing.
Prosthetic management of symes and partial foot amputationSmita Nayak
prosthetic management of partial foot and syme's amputation is a very challenging task. Now a days the availability of advanced technology some how fulfilling the need of the amputee but not the fully.
Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) are external devices that attach to the lower leg and foot to improve function by controlling motion and providing support. The main components are a calf band, medial and lateral bars that articulate with ankle joints, and a stirrup that anchors to the shoe. There are 5 types of artificial ankle joints prescribed according to muscle strength: free ankle, dorsiflexion stop, plantarflexion stop, fixed dorsiflexion stop, and fixed hinge. AFOs are used to treat drop foot and other conditions involving muscle weakness, deformities, or instability by maintaining proper foot and ankle positioning during gait.
The document discusses upper limb orthosis, devices used to modify the structural and functional characteristics of the upper limb. It covers the objectives of upper limb orthosis including protection, correction, and assistance. It also discusses the classification, biomechanics, principles, and assessment of upper limb orthosis and provides descriptions and examples of specific upper limb orthoses including shoulder orthoses, arm slings, arm abduction orthoses, elbow/forearm/wrist orthoses, and elbow or wrist mobilization orthoses.
This document discusses the biomechanics of the hip joint. It begins by defining biomechanics and describing the mobility and stability of the hip. It then discusses forces acting on the hip like body weight, abductor muscles, and joint reaction forces. It explains how these forces are balanced in different positions like two-leg stance, single-leg stance, and with the use of a cane. The document concludes by discussing implications for conditions like coxa valga and coxa vara, and principles of total hip replacement surgery.
A complete description of the lower limb orthosis is available in the following presentation with an in depth understanding of the same.It covers the ankle foot orthosis,Knee orthosis the knee ankle foot orthosis and hip orthosis.
presentation is about Orthosis and prosthesis. It gives Classification of Orthosis. It describes structure, function, Indication and uses of Orthosis. Also describes different types of Prostheses, their parts and function.
Lower Limb Orthotics - Dr Rajendra Sharmamrinal joshi
This document provides information on lower limb orthotics. It defines an orthosis and describes their clinical objectives in treating conditions like pain, deformities, abnormal range of motion, etc. It discusses different types of orthoses like foot, ankle-foot, knee-ankle-foot orthoses. Principles of bracing like distributing forces over large areas and applying forces to control joints are covered. Characteristics of an ideal orthosis in terms of function, comfort, cost are outlined. The document also discusses shoes, foot orthoses, ankle-foot orthoses made of plastic, metal and patellar tendon bearing designs.
Over the past decade, technology and research have greatly expanded the functionality and aesthetics of prosthetic feet. Today, amputees have a wide array of feet from which to choose. Various models are designed for activities ranging from walking, dancing and running to cycling, golfing, swimming and even snow skiing.
Prosthetic management of symes and partial foot amputationSmita Nayak
prosthetic management of partial foot and syme's amputation is a very challenging task. Now a days the availability of advanced technology some how fulfilling the need of the amputee but not the fully.
Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) are external devices that attach to the lower leg and foot to improve function by controlling motion and providing support. The main components are a calf band, medial and lateral bars that articulate with ankle joints, and a stirrup that anchors to the shoe. There are 5 types of artificial ankle joints prescribed according to muscle strength: free ankle, dorsiflexion stop, plantarflexion stop, fixed dorsiflexion stop, and fixed hinge. AFOs are used to treat drop foot and other conditions involving muscle weakness, deformities, or instability by maintaining proper foot and ankle positioning during gait.
The document discusses upper limb orthosis, devices used to modify the structural and functional characteristics of the upper limb. It covers the objectives of upper limb orthosis including protection, correction, and assistance. It also discusses the classification, biomechanics, principles, and assessment of upper limb orthosis and provides descriptions and examples of specific upper limb orthoses including shoulder orthoses, arm slings, arm abduction orthoses, elbow/forearm/wrist orthoses, and elbow or wrist mobilization orthoses.
1. Biomechanics of ankle joint subtalar joint and footSaurab Sharma
Biomechanics of Ankle joint- intended to share the powerpoint with first year undergraduate students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal.
This document provides information on various types of hand orthosis including their objectives, indications, and principles. It describes static and dynamic orthosis used to immobilize, support, correct deformities, and facilitate motion of the wrist, fingers, and thumb. Examples include cock-up splints, gauntlet immobilization splints, and dynamic wrist extension splints. Biomechanical principles like three point pressure and stress distribution are discussed. Contraindications and importance of physical therapy evaluation and training are also summarized.
An orthosis is a device that is externally applied to support or improve the function of a body part. This document discusses the principles and types of various orthoses including ankle-foot, knee-ankle-foot, cervical, and halo orthoses. It describes the components, functions, indications, and contraindications of different orthosis designs to stabilize and immobilize areas of the body like the ankle, knee, cervical spine, and head. The document provides details on orthosis fabrication and biomechanical principles to optimize function, comfort, and control of joint movement.
Biomechanics of spinal orthotics (MD.Nayeem hasan)Md. Nayeem Hasan
This document discusses the biomechanics of the spine and spinal orthotics. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding spine biomechanics and orthotic biomechanics. It then provides information on normal spine biomechanics, noting compressive forces and load distribution. abnormal biomechanics associated with conditions like scoliosis are also examined. The principles of orthotic design for different spinal pathologies are explained, including mechanisms of action for cervicothoracic curves, lordosis, and lumbar kyphosis. Intra-abdominal pressure in orthotics and its positive and negative effects are also summarized.
This document provides information about pes planus (flat foot), including its components, classification, examination, and treatment. Pes planus is characterized by a lowered or absent medial longitudinal arch. It can be flexible or rigid depending on joint mobility. Flexible flat foot is more common and usually asymptomatic, especially in children. Treatment focuses on orthotics, exercises, or surgery if conservative measures fail. Surgical options include tendon lengthening, arthrodesis, and osteotomies to realign the foot structure.
This document discusses different types of ankle foot orthoses (AFOs). AFOs are used to control ankle motion and provide stability. There are conventional metal AFOs, molded plastic AFOs, posterior leaf spring AFOs, solid ankle AFOs, spiral AFOs, hinged AFOs, and patellar tendon weight bearing orthoses. The document provides details on the characteristics and purposes of each type of AFO.
This document discusses sacroiliac joint dysfunction. It begins by describing the anatomy of the sacroiliac joint, including its ligaments, muscles that stabilize it, and typical movements. It then discusses causes of sacroiliac dysfunction like trauma, mechanics issues, and systemic diseases. Common clinical signs are described along with examination tests like the Faber test. Various types of sacroiliac dysfunctions are outlined such as rotational issues, sacral torsions, and shearing. Treatment approaches mentioned include manual therapy, exercises, and in severe cases, surgery. Proper sleeping position is also recommended for sacroiliac joint pain.
This document provides an overview of the assessment and special tests used to evaluate the hip joint. It discusses collecting demographic data, medical history, and performing an examination including observation, palpation, range of motion testing, and special tests like the Patrick test and hip scour test. The goal of the assessment is to evaluate the hip for conditions like arthritis, fractures, muscle injuries, and neurological disorders.
This document provides an overview of the history and types of spinal orthoses. It begins with a brief history of spinal orthotic use dating back to ancient times. It then describes various types of cervical, cervicothoracic, and thoracolumbosacral orthoses, including their indications, biomechanics, design features, and how they control spinal motion. Examples of custom-fit and prefabricated options are discussed. The document concludes with descriptions of specific orthosis designs like the halo, SOMI, and TLSO and how they immobilize different spinal regions.
The document discusses floor reaction orthoses (FRO). It defines an FRO as a custom plastic device that supports the ankle and foot from below the knee to the foot. An FRO works by holding the ankle in plantar flexion, which shifts the line of force from the ground reaction force behind the ankle and in front of the knee, generating extension at the knee. This allows patients with weak leg muscles to walk without knee buckling. FROs are indicated for patients with conditions like polio, cerebral palsy, or spinal cord injury that cause lower leg weakness. They provide knee stability during walking in a lightweight design.
Spinal orthotics are external devices that limit spinal motion, correct deformities, reduce loading, or improve spinal function. They include flexible braces made of fabric or elastic and rigid braces made of thermoplastics or metals. Cervical collars come in soft and hard varieties and are used for neck injuries or post-operatively. Thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthoses (TLSO) and lumbosacral corsets (LSO) are used for lumbar injuries or fractures. The halo cervical orthosis provides the greatest cervical immobilization using pins in the skull. Drawbacks of orthotics include discomfort, skin issues, and decreased function with prolonged use.
This document discusses various common wrist and hand injuries in athletes. It describes injuries such as De Quervain's tenosynovitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar nerve compression, sprains of the ulnar collateral ligament of the first MCP joint, mallet finger, jersey finger, and trigger finger. For each injury, it discusses symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options including splinting, injections, and in some cases surgery. The goal of treatment is usually conservative management but some injuries may require surgical intervention.
This document summarizes shoulder arthroplasty. It discusses that shoulder lesions requiring arthroplasty are less common than hip and knee lesions. It outlines the indications for shoulder arthroplasty, which include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, rotator cuff tear arthropathy, avascular necrosis, post-traumatic arthritis, and severe proximal humeral fractures. The options for shoulder arthroplasty procedures are hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty, and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Complications that can occur include instability, infection, heterotopic ossification, stiffness, periprosthetic fractures, and axillary nerve injury.
Upper limb prostheses are designed to replace missing limbs and restore function. A successful prosthesis is comfortable, easy to use, lightweight, durable, cosmetically pleasing, and mechanically sound. Prosthesis type depends on amputation level, expected use, patient factors, and resources. Terminal devices can be passive hooks/hands or myoelectric hands. Wrists, elbows, and shoulders provide anatomical movement. Suspension systems secure the prosthesis comfortably. Control mechanisms may be body-powered cables or electric switches/signals. Prosthesis components and design vary according to the amputation level and length of residual limb.
Well explained slides about lower limb prosthesis of knee and hip after transfemoral ans transtibial amputation. Hip disarticulation and bilateral amputation not discussed
This document summarizes different types of lower limb orthoses including foot orthoses, ankle foot orthoses, knee ankle foot orthoses, and hip knee ankle foot orthoses. It describes the functional classifications, materials, and clinical indications for various foot orthoses including soft, semi-rigid, and rigid designs. Modifications to footwear like heel wedges, metatarsal pads, and rocker bars are discussed. Guidelines for prescribing orthoses to address various foot conditions are provided.
The document discusses arthrodesis, which is the surgical fusion of a joint. It provides indications and contraindications for various joint arthrodesis procedures, including shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle. Common indications are infection, trauma, instability, and failed joint replacements. Contraindications include active infection and conditions that require joint mobility. The positions for fixation of different joints are also outlined.
Upper Limb Prosthetics - Dr Om Prakashmrinal joshi
This document provides information on upper limb prostheses. It discusses the history of prosthetics, levels of amputation, types of prosthetic systems (passive, body-powered, externally powered, hybrid), components (socket, suspension, control mechanisms, terminal devices), and considerations for prosthetic selection and use. The key points are that upper limb loss can be devastating, prosthetics can replace some hand functions but not sensation, and the appropriate prosthesis depends on the amputation level, expected use, and individual factors.
Upper Limb Orthotics - Dr Sanjay Wadhwamrinal joshi
This document summarizes a presentation on upper limb orthotics. It begins by defining orthotics as externally applied devices that modify the neuro-musculoskeletal system. It then discusses objectives of orthotics like support and correction. Various upper limb conditions that may require orthotics are listed, along with types of orthotics. Design features, examples of specific orthotics, and evidence-based research on orthotics effectiveness are also summarized. The presentation aims to provide an overview of upper limb orthotics for rehabilitation purposes.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage. As the cartilage breaks down, it causes pain and stiffness in the joints. Risk factors include age, obesity, joint trauma, and genetics. The breakdown of cartilage is caused by an imbalance between cartilage formation and degradation leading to inflammation in the synovium and changes in subchondral bone. In later stages, the cartilage can wear away completely exposing the underlying bone.
Osteoarthritis: It covers all the aspects of Osteoarthritis such as definition, etiology, pathophysiology, management such as pharmacotherapy, and non-pharmacological treatment.
1. Biomechanics of ankle joint subtalar joint and footSaurab Sharma
Biomechanics of Ankle joint- intended to share the powerpoint with first year undergraduate students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal.
This document provides information on various types of hand orthosis including their objectives, indications, and principles. It describes static and dynamic orthosis used to immobilize, support, correct deformities, and facilitate motion of the wrist, fingers, and thumb. Examples include cock-up splints, gauntlet immobilization splints, and dynamic wrist extension splints. Biomechanical principles like three point pressure and stress distribution are discussed. Contraindications and importance of physical therapy evaluation and training are also summarized.
An orthosis is a device that is externally applied to support or improve the function of a body part. This document discusses the principles and types of various orthoses including ankle-foot, knee-ankle-foot, cervical, and halo orthoses. It describes the components, functions, indications, and contraindications of different orthosis designs to stabilize and immobilize areas of the body like the ankle, knee, cervical spine, and head. The document provides details on orthosis fabrication and biomechanical principles to optimize function, comfort, and control of joint movement.
Biomechanics of spinal orthotics (MD.Nayeem hasan)Md. Nayeem Hasan
This document discusses the biomechanics of the spine and spinal orthotics. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding spine biomechanics and orthotic biomechanics. It then provides information on normal spine biomechanics, noting compressive forces and load distribution. abnormal biomechanics associated with conditions like scoliosis are also examined. The principles of orthotic design for different spinal pathologies are explained, including mechanisms of action for cervicothoracic curves, lordosis, and lumbar kyphosis. Intra-abdominal pressure in orthotics and its positive and negative effects are also summarized.
This document provides information about pes planus (flat foot), including its components, classification, examination, and treatment. Pes planus is characterized by a lowered or absent medial longitudinal arch. It can be flexible or rigid depending on joint mobility. Flexible flat foot is more common and usually asymptomatic, especially in children. Treatment focuses on orthotics, exercises, or surgery if conservative measures fail. Surgical options include tendon lengthening, arthrodesis, and osteotomies to realign the foot structure.
This document discusses different types of ankle foot orthoses (AFOs). AFOs are used to control ankle motion and provide stability. There are conventional metal AFOs, molded plastic AFOs, posterior leaf spring AFOs, solid ankle AFOs, spiral AFOs, hinged AFOs, and patellar tendon weight bearing orthoses. The document provides details on the characteristics and purposes of each type of AFO.
This document discusses sacroiliac joint dysfunction. It begins by describing the anatomy of the sacroiliac joint, including its ligaments, muscles that stabilize it, and typical movements. It then discusses causes of sacroiliac dysfunction like trauma, mechanics issues, and systemic diseases. Common clinical signs are described along with examination tests like the Faber test. Various types of sacroiliac dysfunctions are outlined such as rotational issues, sacral torsions, and shearing. Treatment approaches mentioned include manual therapy, exercises, and in severe cases, surgery. Proper sleeping position is also recommended for sacroiliac joint pain.
This document provides an overview of the assessment and special tests used to evaluate the hip joint. It discusses collecting demographic data, medical history, and performing an examination including observation, palpation, range of motion testing, and special tests like the Patrick test and hip scour test. The goal of the assessment is to evaluate the hip for conditions like arthritis, fractures, muscle injuries, and neurological disorders.
This document provides an overview of the history and types of spinal orthoses. It begins with a brief history of spinal orthotic use dating back to ancient times. It then describes various types of cervical, cervicothoracic, and thoracolumbosacral orthoses, including their indications, biomechanics, design features, and how they control spinal motion. Examples of custom-fit and prefabricated options are discussed. The document concludes with descriptions of specific orthosis designs like the halo, SOMI, and TLSO and how they immobilize different spinal regions.
The document discusses floor reaction orthoses (FRO). It defines an FRO as a custom plastic device that supports the ankle and foot from below the knee to the foot. An FRO works by holding the ankle in plantar flexion, which shifts the line of force from the ground reaction force behind the ankle and in front of the knee, generating extension at the knee. This allows patients with weak leg muscles to walk without knee buckling. FROs are indicated for patients with conditions like polio, cerebral palsy, or spinal cord injury that cause lower leg weakness. They provide knee stability during walking in a lightweight design.
Spinal orthotics are external devices that limit spinal motion, correct deformities, reduce loading, or improve spinal function. They include flexible braces made of fabric or elastic and rigid braces made of thermoplastics or metals. Cervical collars come in soft and hard varieties and are used for neck injuries or post-operatively. Thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthoses (TLSO) and lumbosacral corsets (LSO) are used for lumbar injuries or fractures. The halo cervical orthosis provides the greatest cervical immobilization using pins in the skull. Drawbacks of orthotics include discomfort, skin issues, and decreased function with prolonged use.
This document discusses various common wrist and hand injuries in athletes. It describes injuries such as De Quervain's tenosynovitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar nerve compression, sprains of the ulnar collateral ligament of the first MCP joint, mallet finger, jersey finger, and trigger finger. For each injury, it discusses symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options including splinting, injections, and in some cases surgery. The goal of treatment is usually conservative management but some injuries may require surgical intervention.
This document summarizes shoulder arthroplasty. It discusses that shoulder lesions requiring arthroplasty are less common than hip and knee lesions. It outlines the indications for shoulder arthroplasty, which include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, rotator cuff tear arthropathy, avascular necrosis, post-traumatic arthritis, and severe proximal humeral fractures. The options for shoulder arthroplasty procedures are hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty, and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Complications that can occur include instability, infection, heterotopic ossification, stiffness, periprosthetic fractures, and axillary nerve injury.
Upper limb prostheses are designed to replace missing limbs and restore function. A successful prosthesis is comfortable, easy to use, lightweight, durable, cosmetically pleasing, and mechanically sound. Prosthesis type depends on amputation level, expected use, patient factors, and resources. Terminal devices can be passive hooks/hands or myoelectric hands. Wrists, elbows, and shoulders provide anatomical movement. Suspension systems secure the prosthesis comfortably. Control mechanisms may be body-powered cables or electric switches/signals. Prosthesis components and design vary according to the amputation level and length of residual limb.
Well explained slides about lower limb prosthesis of knee and hip after transfemoral ans transtibial amputation. Hip disarticulation and bilateral amputation not discussed
This document summarizes different types of lower limb orthoses including foot orthoses, ankle foot orthoses, knee ankle foot orthoses, and hip knee ankle foot orthoses. It describes the functional classifications, materials, and clinical indications for various foot orthoses including soft, semi-rigid, and rigid designs. Modifications to footwear like heel wedges, metatarsal pads, and rocker bars are discussed. Guidelines for prescribing orthoses to address various foot conditions are provided.
The document discusses arthrodesis, which is the surgical fusion of a joint. It provides indications and contraindications for various joint arthrodesis procedures, including shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle. Common indications are infection, trauma, instability, and failed joint replacements. Contraindications include active infection and conditions that require joint mobility. The positions for fixation of different joints are also outlined.
Upper Limb Prosthetics - Dr Om Prakashmrinal joshi
This document provides information on upper limb prostheses. It discusses the history of prosthetics, levels of amputation, types of prosthetic systems (passive, body-powered, externally powered, hybrid), components (socket, suspension, control mechanisms, terminal devices), and considerations for prosthetic selection and use. The key points are that upper limb loss can be devastating, prosthetics can replace some hand functions but not sensation, and the appropriate prosthesis depends on the amputation level, expected use, and individual factors.
Upper Limb Orthotics - Dr Sanjay Wadhwamrinal joshi
This document summarizes a presentation on upper limb orthotics. It begins by defining orthotics as externally applied devices that modify the neuro-musculoskeletal system. It then discusses objectives of orthotics like support and correction. Various upper limb conditions that may require orthotics are listed, along with types of orthotics. Design features, examples of specific orthotics, and evidence-based research on orthotics effectiveness are also summarized. The presentation aims to provide an overview of upper limb orthotics for rehabilitation purposes.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage. As the cartilage breaks down, it causes pain and stiffness in the joints. Risk factors include age, obesity, joint trauma, and genetics. The breakdown of cartilage is caused by an imbalance between cartilage formation and degradation leading to inflammation in the synovium and changes in subchondral bone. In later stages, the cartilage can wear away completely exposing the underlying bone.
Osteoarthritis: It covers all the aspects of Osteoarthritis such as definition, etiology, pathophysiology, management such as pharmacotherapy, and non-pharmacological treatment.
Osteoarthritis joint pain of old age Dr. ParshantPs Nadda
The document provides information on osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis. It defines OA as the failure of all joint structures due to pathological changes, including loss of hyaline cartilage and changes to subchondral bone like osteophyte formation. Risk factors for OA include age, obesity, overuse, injury, and genetics. Clinically, OA presents with joint pain, stiffness, inflammation, reduced function, and deformities. Diagnosis is made based on history, examination, and radiographs showing features like joint space narrowing and osteophytes.
The document summarizes the stages of fracture healing, including inflammation, repair, and remodeling. It describes the cellular and molecular processes involved in each stage, such as recruitment of cells like fibroblasts and osteoblasts, formation of callus tissue, and remodeling of woven bone into lamellar bone. Recent advances discussed include use of growth factors like BMPs and IGF to enhance healing, as well as platelet rich plasma, stem cells, gene therapies, and nanotechnology approaches.
This document summarizes diseases of joints, including normal joint structure and function. It describes osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in detail. Osteoarthritis is characterized by erosion of articular cartilage in weight-bearing joints. Risk factors include age, mechanical stress, genetics, and bone density. Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic inflammatory disease that principally attacks synovial joints, causing synovial inflammation and destruction of cartilage and bone. It is mediated by autoimmune reactions involving T cells, B cells, and cytokines like TNF and IL-1.
This document discusses the basic structure and function of bones, including their cellular components and processes of development, homeostasis, and remodeling. It covers various bone diseases including congenital disorders (such as osteogenesis imperfecta and osteopetrosis), metabolic bone diseases (like osteoporosis and rickets/osteomalacia), hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, fractures, osteonecrosis, and osteomyelitis. The roles of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes in bone formation, resorption, and mechanotransduction are also summarized.
Mediators of Periodontal Osseous Destruction.pptxUzmaAnsari27
This document discusses mediators of periodontal osseous destruction. It begins by introducing bone remodeling and the coupling of bone resorption by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts. It then describes the bone remodeling cycle and key cells involved - osteoclasts which resorb bone and are derived from hematopoietic precursors, and osteoblasts which form bone. Critical mediators that stimulate bone resorption in periodontal disease are discussed, including proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, as well as PGE2, vitamin D3, PTH, and RANKL which stimulates osteoclastogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinases are also discussed which degrade the
This document summarizes key concepts regarding orthopedic tissues, including stem cells, bone cells, cartilage, synovial joints, and factors that affect tissue quality. It discusses how mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and other cell types. Transcription factors like Runx2 and Sox9 regulate differentiation. Bone remodeling is mediated by osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes. Cartilage contains collagen II and proteoglycans synthesized by chondrocytes. Aging, diabetes, malignancy and smoking can impair tissue formation and healing.
Bone healing dr mohamed ashraf alleppeydrashraf369
biological basis of bone healing.presenting the clinical application of the process and how it fails.presentation by dr mohamed ashraf,professor and head ,govt TD medical college hospital ,alleppey,kerala, india .drashraf369@gmail.com
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis. It begins by defining osteoarthritis as a type of arthritis caused by the breakdown of cartilage between bones in a joint. It then discusses the common joints affected, occurrences based on age and population, and primary versus secondary causes related to aging, injury, genetics, and other conditions. The document outlines symptoms, the etiopathogenesis of cartilage breakdown, diagnosis methods, and treatment options including non-pharmacological therapies, topical analgesics, oral medications, injections, and surgery.
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis. It begins by defining osteoarthritis as a type of arthritis caused by the breakdown of cartilage between bones in a joint. It then discusses the common joints affected, occurrences based on age and population, and primary versus secondary causes related to aging, injury, obesity, and other medical conditions. The document outlines symptoms, the etiopathogenesis of cartilage breakdown, diagnostic methods, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options including exercise, weight loss, topical analgesics, oral medications like NSAIDs, and in some cases surgery.
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis of the knee. It defines osteoarthritis as a degenerative joint condition characterized by cartilage breakdown and new bone formation. Risk factors include age, obesity, previous injury, and activities with high joint impact. Diagnosis involves clinical exams finding pain, stiffness, and crepitus as well as x-rays showing bone spurs and joint space narrowing. Treatment includes weight loss, exercises, braces, medications, injections, and possibly surgery such as knee replacement for severe cases.
- This document discusses mediators of bone loss, focusing on alveolar bone destruction in periodontal disease. It outlines the cellular mechanisms and local mediators involved in bone remodeling and resorption, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, and RANKL.
- Diagnostic tools for detecting periodontal bone resorption are discussed, including indirect clinical measures like probing depth and radiographs, which have limitations. Systemic biochemical markers of bone resorption are mentioned as another potential diagnostic method.
- The key cellular players in bone remodeling - osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes - are described. Homeostatic balance between bone formation and resorption is maintained through
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease involving the breakdown of articular cartilage. It is characterized by cartilage loss, bone changes including osteophyte formation, and inflammation of the synovium. Risk factors include age, genetics, obesity, and joint injury. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, and functional impairment. Treatment focuses on reducing pain and inflammation, maintaining joint mobility, and managing symptoms through exercise, weight loss, bracing, and medications. Surgery is considered if conservative treatments are ineffective.
Cartilage has three main types - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage lines joints and provides a smooth gliding surface. Fibrocartilage is strong and resilient, found in intervertebral discs and menisci. Elastic cartilage is flexible, in the larynx and ear. Cartilage is composed of water, collagen fibers, and proteoglycans that give it strength and resilience. With aging, cartilage calcifies and stiffens. Immobilization and excessive/repetitive loads can damage cartilage over time by altering biomechanics and reducing nutrient flow. Regular exercise preserves cartilage by stimulating metabolism and matrix synthesis through mechanical loading.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage. This leads to pain and stiffness in the joints. As the disease progresses, cartilage continues to deteriorate and bone may start rubbing against bone, causing more damage. While aging is a risk factor, genetics and mechanical stresses on the joints also contribute to osteoarthritis. For many patients, joint replacement surgery like knee or hip arthroplasty may become the only viable treatment option once bone-on-bone contact occurs to relieve pain and improve mobility.
Osteoarthritis is a chronic disorder of synovial joints characterized by progressive degradation of articular cartilage accompanied by new bone growth at joint margins. It is not purely degenerative or inflammatory. Risk factors include joint dysplasia, trauma, repetitive stress, obesity, and family history. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function. Imaging shows characteristic bone changes. Treatment focuses on maintaining joint mobility, reducing stress, relieving pain, and later may include joint reconstruction or replacement.
This presentation provides an overview of bone development processes, including membranous and endochondral ossification. It discusses the types of cartilage and their roles, along with common bone disorders such as fractures, rickets, and epiphyseal plate disorders. The presentation aims to enhance understanding of skeletal growth, structure, and related clinical conditions.
The document discusses the process of bone fracture healing, including the stages of hematoma formation, cellular formation, callus formation, ossification, remodeling, and the factors that influence healing such as growth factors, cytokines, hormones, blood supply, and stability of fixation. Fracture healing occurs either through indirect healing via callus formation or direct healing with bony bridging depending on the stability of the fracture fixation.
Similar to Anatomy of articular cartilage & Osteoarthritis (20)
This document provides an overview of plantar fasciitis. It begins with an applied anatomy section and defines plantar fasciitis as pain in the heel and bottom of the foot that is worse with first steps in the morning or after periods of rest. A clinical case is presented of a 37-year old obese female with right heel pain for 8 months. Differentials for heel pain are discussed. The document then covers the history, examination, investigations and treatment approaches for plantar fasciitis, emphasizing conservative management options.
This document provides an overview of necrotizing fasciitis. It begins with a historical background noting the earliest descriptions in the 5th century BC and increased rates in the mid-1980s. It then outlines the presentation, including risk factors like diabetes and trauma, signs of pain out of proportion, fever, and skin changes. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, lab tests, and imaging. Treatment requires aggressive surgical debridement, antibiotics, and resuscitation. Prognosis depends on speed of diagnosis and treatment, with mortality rates around 30% overall but higher for polymicrobial infections.
Let's learn about the relevant anatomy & physiology associated with glaucoma- the angle of the anterior chamber, physiology of aqueous humor circulation, and many more. Happy Learning!
Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are used to restore vision after cataract surgery by replacing the crystalline lens. Sir Harold Ridley first proposed using acrylic plastic lenses for cataracts after observing aircraft plastic fragments in soldiers' eyes did not trigger rejection. IOLs are either single or multi-piece, made of acrylic or silicone, and placed in the anterior or posterior chamber of the eye. Their power is calculated using the SRK formula based on axial length and corneal curvature. Complications can include posterior capsular opacification, calcification, and degradation.
Let's study diplopia along with the relevant anatomy & function of extraocular muscles, pathophysiology, compensatory head position, and few case-based scenarios. Happy Learning!
Let's learn about age-related macular degeneration: Introduction, clinical types, pathogenesis & treatment. Few fundoscopic images are also added for extra learning. Happy Learning!
Let's have a general overview of conjunctivitis along with the relevant anatomy, histology, physiology, and microbiology. Also, differentials of RED EYE & DRY EYE are mentioned.
Desmosomes are protein complexes that provide strong adhesion between epithelial cells. They contain desmoglein proteins that mediate cell-cell adhesion. Pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus are autoimmune blistering diseases caused by antibodies against desmoglein 1 and 3. Pemphigus vulgaris antibodies target deep epidermal cells while foliaceus targets superficial cells. The antibodies may interfere with adhesion or induce intracellular signaling pathways that disrupt cell adhesion. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and bullous impetigo are caused by exotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus that cleave desmoglein 1, leading to blister formation.
Cardiac markers in Myocardial infarction (MI)Manoj Khadka
This document discusses the cardiac markers used in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. It describes how cardiac markers are enzymes or proteins that are normally absent or present in low amounts in plasma but are released in large quantities into the blood due to membrane damage during a heart attack. The main cardiac markers discussed are myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK-MB), cardiac troponins (cTnI and cTnT), lactate dehydrogenase, and other enzymes. It provides details on the molecular weight, sources, intracellular location, and diagnostic window of each marker. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme levels also switch within 12-24 hours which can help diagnose a myocardial infarction.
This document outlines the management of acute pancreatitis. It discusses establishing the diagnosis, stratifying disease severity, managing pain with tramadol or pethidine but not morphine, managing fluid losses with saline or colloids, using prophylactic antibiotics for severe cases, implementing enteral feeding to reduce infections while withholding oral intake, treating complications like hyperglycemia or renal failure, draining pseudocysts over 6cm, performing necrosectomy for necrosis, and doing cholecystectomy for gallstone-induced pancreatitis.
Let's learn the pharmacology related to nephrotic syndrome - features of nephrotic syndrome with underlying mechanisms, objectives of treatment, and management of the nephrotic syndrome.
The sky appears blue due to Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in Earth's atmosphere. Shorter blue wavelengths of light scatter more than longer red wavelengths, so the sky looks blue. Clouds appear white because the water droplets that make up clouds are similar in size to light wavelengths, causing equal scattering of all visible light wavelengths. The skin may look blue in cyanosis due to increased deoxyhemoglobin, which absorbs more red light, making the reflected blue light appear more prominent.
Clubbing, characterized by widening of the nail bed angle beyond 180 degrees, is caused by megakaryocytes and platelet fragments entering the systemic circulation from the lungs or heart due to damage or shunting. In the fingertips, these cells release growth factors that increase blood flow and connective tissue, causing clubbing. Clubbing is seen in pulmonary disorders where the capillaries are damaged, as well as cyanotic heart defects with right-to-left shunts and endocarditis where cells bypass or break off from the heart.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
2. Articular cartilage
• Highly specialized connective tissue covering bone
epiphyses in synovial joints
• Found at articulating ends of bones within joints of
body
• Hyaline cartilage and is 2 to 4 mm thick
• Function
Load-bearing material of the joints
Provide excellent lubrication & great wear characteristic
• Limited capacity for intrinsic healing and repair
Limited potential of chondrocytes for replication
Devoid of blood vessels, lymphatics, nerve (Nutrition ?)
3. Structure of articular cartilage
4 zones of articular cartilage
Superficial zone
Middle zone
Deep zone
Calcified zone
Within each zone, 3 regions can be identified
Pericellular region
Territorial region
Interterritorial region
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. Take home questions
• How is microanatomy of articular cartilage damaged in OA ?
• Why more in older age group ?
• Is Osteoarthritis only a disease of articular cartilage ?
• Why gender differences in OA ?
• Immobilization Vs OA
10. Why OA ?
• Most common chronic musculoskeletal disorder
• Most prevalent cartilage degenerative disease
• Substantial economic burden
• Leading cause of activity limitation & absenteeism
among working-age adults
• Significant decline in function among older individuals.
11. Age related changes
• Dissipation of chondrocytes in the superficial region,
followed by an increase in number of chondrocytes in the
deep layers.
• Decrease in the proteoglycan aggregate numbers within the
ECM. May be a result of
Proteolytic damage to link protein & glycosaminoglycan
chains
Increase in partially degraded hyaluronan without newly
synthesized molecules
• Increased mechanical forces exerted on the tissue further
lead to subchondral tissue calcification
12. Pathogenesis of OA
• Trauma causes a microfracture or inflammation
• Slight increase in enzymatic activity which allow formation
of “ wear” particles, engulfed by resident macrophages.
• Production of “wear” particles overwhelms ability of system
to eliminate & they become mediators of inflammation,
stimulating chondrocyte to release degradative enzymes
• Molecules from breakdown of collagen & proteoglycan, also
taken up by synovial macrophages, cause release of
proinflammatory cytokines, like TNFα, IL-1 and IL-6.
• These cytokines bind to chondrocyte receptors leading to
further release of metalloproteinases & inhibition of type II
collagen production, thus increasing cartilage degradation
• Increased water content & decreased proteoglycan content of
ECM, weakening of the collagen network due to decreased
synthesis of type II collagen & increased breakdown of pre-
existing collagen
13. Females Vs OA
• Anatomical factor
Decrease articular cartilage volume than male
• Previous history of trauma
Women more cartilage wear, increase ACL injury
• Hormonal factor
Estrogen beneficial effect in articular cartilage
Increase proteoglycan in cartilage
• Social factors
Present for t/t in more advanced stages of OA, so more
pain & disability
HCW more likely to recommend total joint arthroplasty
for male patient
14. Is Osteoarthritis only a disease of articular cartilage ?
• Initially, osteoarthritis considered disease of articular
cartilage
• Recent research indicate involvement of entire joint
• subchondral bone
• synovium
• menisci
• ligaments, periarticular muscles and nerves
15. Subchondral bone
• Concomitant increase in levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix
protein (COMP) & bone sialoprotein (BSP) in people with
early osteoarthritis
• progressive increase in subchondral bone plate thickness
• formation of new bone at the joint margins – osteophytes
• In osteoarthritic bone tissue, ratio of α1 & α2 chains of type I
collagen varied between 4:1 & 17:1, and this appears to be
responsible for abnormal mineralization pattern
In normal bone, type I collagen consist of heterotrimer
of α1 & α2 chains at an average ratio of 2.4:1.
16. • Synovial membrane of osteoarthritic joints commonly
exhibits hyperplasia of lining cell layer occasionally
accompanied by focal infiltration of lymphocytes &
monocytes in sublining layers
• Meniscal degeneration : menisci appear torn, fissured,
fragmented, macerated or completely destroyed
17. • The loss of articular cartilage thought to be primary change,
but a combination of cellular changes & biomechanical
stresses causes several secondary changes, including
subchondral bone remodeling,
formation of osteophytes
development of bone marrow lesions
change in the synovium, joint capsule, ligaments &
periarticular muscles
meniscal tears and extrusion
18. Immobility Vs OA
• Mechanical load necessary for cartilage homeostasis.
• Induces fluid movement between cartilage & synovial
fluid, that helps in diffusion of molecules across cartilage
thus facilitating its nutrition
• Decrease protease (MMP-3, ADAMTS-5) expression in
human chondrocytes
• Increases proteoglycan (aggrecan)
• Inhibits IL-1 & TNF-α induced inflammatory &
catabolic responses
• immobilization leads to joint damage
19.
20. Normoxia Vs hyoxia
• Since cartilage is an avascular tissue, chondrocytes live in a
hypoxic environment
• Hypoxia displays a protective effect on cartilage
• Lower basal synthesis & release of MMP-1, MMP-13
• Lower generation of type II collagen cleavage fragments
• HIF-1α promote chondrocyte function and survival
• Gene encoding HIF-1α, Epas1 expressed in cartilage
• Deletion of Epas1 gene in cartilaginous growth plate
associated with chondrocyte apoptosis
• Inhibitor of HIF-1,intraarticular injection promote
cartilage degradation & osteophyte formation
21. References
• Sophia Fox AJ, Bedi A, Rodeo SA. The basic science
of articular cartilage: structure, composition, and
function. Sports Health. 2009;1(6):461-468.
• Houard X, Goldring MB, Berenbaum F. Homeostatic
mechanisms in articular cartilage and role of
inflammation in osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol
Rep. 2013;15(11):375.