Neoplasia refers to abnormal tumor growth. There are two main types of tumors: benign tumors, which remain localized and do not recur after removal, and malignant tumors, which invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize to distant sites. Benign tumors are well-defined masses that grow slowly by expansion, while malignant tumors are poorly defined masses that grow rapidly by infiltration. Microscopically, benign tumor cells resemble normal cells and have few blood vessels and mitoses, whereas malignant tumor cells are poorly differentiated with irregular nuclei, frequent mitoses, and necrosis. Malignant tumors can recur after removal and are always a health risk.
this is a series of notes on general pathology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate pathology students. Notes have been prepared from standard textbooks and are in a format easy to reproduce in exams.
Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit in the body of living
organism and micro-organism. Cell has a Cell membrane in its outer most
part in case of animals and cell wall for plant and for plants, cell membrane
is present under the cell wall. Cell membrane has a scientific structure. So,
many scientists gives description about the structure of cell membrane like
Sandwich Model, Unit Membrane model and Fluid Mosaic Model. But,
the Fluid Mosaic Model is widely acceptable.
this is a series of notes on general pathology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate pathology students. Notes have been prepared from standard textbooks and are in a format easy to reproduce in exams.
Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit in the body of living
organism and micro-organism. Cell has a Cell membrane in its outer most
part in case of animals and cell wall for plant and for plants, cell membrane
is present under the cell wall. Cell membrane has a scientific structure. So,
many scientists gives description about the structure of cell membrane like
Sandwich Model, Unit Membrane model and Fluid Mosaic Model. But,
the Fluid Mosaic Model is widely acceptable.
MBBS 2nd Year Pathology - Neoplasia : IntroductionNida Us Sahr
Chapter 7 (Neoplasia) from Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (9th Edition) for MBBS 2nd Year.
After going through this presentation, it will be easy to understand Neoplasia from Robbins.
This presentaton presents different types of tumors with defenition ,predisposing factors , gross ,microscopic,complications & investigations of each one and also represents the embryonic tumors
MBBS 2nd Year Pathology - Neoplasia : IntroductionNida Us Sahr
Chapter 7 (Neoplasia) from Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (9th Edition) for MBBS 2nd Year.
After going through this presentation, it will be easy to understand Neoplasia from Robbins.
This presentaton presents different types of tumors with defenition ,predisposing factors , gross ,microscopic,complications & investigations of each one and also represents the embryonic tumors
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Neoplasia (tumor)
Definition: abnormal mass of tissue, growth of which is virtually autonomus &
exceeds that of normal tissue, persists after cessation of evoking stimuli
Basic component of tumors
1- Transformed neoplastic cells
* Majority of tumors are monoclonal (single transformed cell)
* Few are polyclonal (many transformed cells)
2- Supportive stroma
* Composed of non-transformed elements as connective tissue & blood vessels
* Vascularization is affected by release of tumor associated angiogenic factors
derived from tumor cells or inflammatory cells that enter tumor
3. Classification of tumors
1- According to Biological behavior
* Benign tumors
* Malignant tumors
* Locally malignant tumors (neoplasm of low malignant potential LMP)
2- According to cell of origin
* Unipotent: tumor originate from unipotent cell belong to certain adult somatic
type e.g. carcinoma, mesenchymal tumors, lymphoma
* Multipotent: tumor originate from multipotent cell (ectodermal, mesodermal,
endodermal) e.g. neuroectodermal tumors, blastemal tumors, germ cell tumors
* Totipotent: tumor originate from totipotent cell (embryonic &
extraembryonic) e.g. teratoma
4. 3- According to tumor cell differentiation (cell type)
* Resemble adult somatic cell: carcinoma, mesenchymal tumors, lymphoma
* Resemble embryonic cells: neuroectodermal tumors, blastemal tumors, germ
cell tumors, tumors of vestigial remnants
* Undetermined origin: sarcoma
* Undifferentiated tumors: composed of extremely primitive cells
* Mixed tumors: composed of two cell types (biphasic) or multiple cell types
(multiphasic)
5. General features
1- Arise de novo
2- Rate of growth is often slow & rarely reach large size
3- Mode of growth
* In solid structure: expansible, central cell mass proliferate pushing peripheral
cells, tumor expands compressing surrounding structures
* Tumors growing from surface project to outside & from papillary mass
4- Encapsulation: often capsulated, tumor is surrounded by fibrous capsule
consisting of compressed connective tissue, capsule is derived form host tissues &
partially due to pressure atrophy of surrounding tissues
Benign Tumors
6. Gross picture
Tumors arising from solid organs Tumors arising from surface
epithelium
* Rounded or oval mass * Tumors forms polypoid mass
- Sessile (broad base) or
pedunculated (narrow base)
- Simple (smooth surface) or
compound (branched surface)
* Mass is well defined
* Mass is capsulated
* Consistency is firm or soft
* Cut section: solid, cystic, or papillary
* Secondary degenerative changes in
form of hyaline & myxomatous
* Necrosis & hemorrahge is very rare
or absent
7. Microscopic picture
1- Cellular differentiation: extent to which tumor cells resemble comparable
normal cells, cells of benign tumors closely mimic corresponding normal cells
* Cells are usually small, of equal size, similar shape
* Nuclei are usually small compared to cytoplasmic mass
* Mitotic figures are few or absent
2- Structural (histological) differentiation: benign tumors cells exhibit
histological pattern similar to normal tissue (benign thyroid tumor consists of
acini similar to normal thyroid acini
3- Benign tumors have well formed stroma & few blood vessels
8. Behavior
1- Localized at site of origin, not spread
2- Not recur after complete excision
3- May kill host when compressing vital organ e.g. brain
4- May cause obstruction when rise in hollow organ e.g. intestine
5- May produce hormones e.g. tumors of endocrine glands
6- Malignant transformation may occur & evident by
* Increase rate of growth
* Loss of cellular differentiation
* Inability to form intercellular ground substance
* Invasion of capsule & surrounding tissues
9. General features
1- May recur locally after excision
2- Unable to produce distant metastasis
Include
1- Epithelial tumors: verrucous carcinoma, inverted papilloma, villous adenoma,
choriocacinoma destruens, carcinoid, ameloblastoma,
craniopharyngioma
2- Mesenchymal tumors: fibromatosis, atypical fibrous histiocytoma, atypical
meningioma, hemangioblastoma, gaint cell tumor,
osteoblastoma, myxoma
Locally Malignant Tumors
10. General features
1- Arise de novo or on top of precancerous lesion
2- Rate of growth is rapid, reach large size in short time
3- Mode of growth: mainly invasion (infiltration), some degree of expansion
Mechanism of invasion extracellular matrix
* Detachment of tumor cells from each other (downregulation E-cadherin)
* Attachment of matrix components (cell receptor bind to laminin & fibronectin)
* Degeneration of extracellular matrix (proteolytic enzymes: type IV collagenase,
cathepsin D, urokinase-type plasminogen activator)
* Migration of cells (autocrine motility factor, cleavage products, repulsion)
Malignant Tumors
11. Gross picture
Tumors arising
from solid organs
Tumors arising from surface epithelium
Fungating Ulcerative Infiltrating
* Large ill-defined
mass
* Cauliflower like
mass
* Large size ulcer
* Uncapsulated,
false capsule
from compressed
surrounding
* Surface is
irregular
* Edges are raised
& everted
* Tubular organ:
- Annular
- Diffuse
* Infiltrate
surrounding
* Infiltrate
underlying tissue
* Consistency is
firm
* Friable
consistency
* Sharp borders
* Cut section:
necrosis &
hemorrahge
* Cut section:
necrosis &
hemorrahge
* Floor: necrosis &
hemorrahge
12. Microscopic picture
1- Cellular Anaplasia
* Change in cellular morphology
- Large size cells
- Variable in size
- Nuclei: large, variable size & positions within cell
- Hyperchromatic nuclei due to duplication of DNA
- Nucleocytoplasmic ratio is increased ( 1 : 1 instead of 1 : 6)
- Nucleoli: large, prominent & variable position
-Abundant mitoses & abnormal mitotic figure (tripolar spindles)
- Tumor giant cell containing large polypoid nucleus or multiple nuclei
* Loss of polarity: malignant tumors show loss of normal relation between each
cell & neighboring ones & surrounding tissues e.g. malignant acini are
variable in size & shape, their wall may be formed of single or multiple layers,
lumen may be eccentric & irregular of absent
13. 2- Structural (histological) differentiation: malignant tumors fail to reproduce
exact appearance & pattern of parent tissue, according to degree of resemblance
of structural pattern of tumor to normal tissue carcinoma is graded as well
differentiated (Grade I), moderate differentiated (grade II), poorly differentiated
(grade II), undifferentiated (grade IV)
3- Highly vascular stroma
4- Vessels may be thin walled as in sarcoma
5- Secondary changes as myxoid degeneration may occur
6- Areas of hemorrhage & necrosis are common
14. Behavior
1- Not remain locally at site of origin, undergo local & distant spread
2- Recurrence after surgical removal is common, may be due to
* Tumor cells left over at operation site, these cells may remain dormant &
recurrence appears after years
* New start near by first tumor from field of high neoplastic potentiality
15. Benign Tumors Malignant Tumors
Origin De novo De novo or on top of
precancerous lesion
Growth rate Slow Rapid
Growth mode Expansion Infiltration or expansion
Gross * Small sized, well defined,
capsulated, homogenous
* Polypoid mass
* Large, illdefined, non-
capsulated, heterogenous
* Fungating, ulcerative, infiltrative
Microscopic * Differentiated
* Small uniform cells
* Small nuclei
* Few mitotic figure
* Few giant cells
* Intracellular substance
* Less differentiated
* Large varible
* Large hyperchromatic
* Frequent & abnormal
* Frequent
* Scanty or absent
Recurrence No recurrence Recur
Tissue destruction Absent Present
Distant metastasis Absent Present
Effect on host Usually not dangerous Always dangerous