This document discusses the terminology and classification of tumors (neoplasms). It begins by defining key terms like neoplasia, oncology, and cancer. It describes Dr. Willis' definition of a neoplasm and explains that neoplasms differ from normal tissue in growth, differentiation, function, and organization. Benign tumors are distinguished from malignant tumors based on features like differentiation, growth rate, invasion, and metastasis potential. The document provides examples of benign and malignant tumor types based on cell of origin. It also covers tumor nomenclature conventions and histopathological grading of tumors from well-differentiated to anaplastic.

1. Neoplasia: Tumor
Nomenclature
DR. ROOPAM JAIN
ADDITIONAL DEAN

2. Cancer = Latin for “crab”

3. Neoplasia: Terminology
 Neoplasia is “new growth”
 Oncology(Greek oncos –tumor) study of
tumors or neoplasms
 Cancer – common term for all malignant
tumors derives from Latin for crab because a
cancer “adheres to any part that it seizes upon
in an obstinate manner like crab

4. Willis Definition:
A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of
tissue the growth of which exceeds and
is uncoordinated with that of normal
tissue and persists in the same excessive
manner after cessation of the stimuli
which evoked the change.

5. Thus neoplasia means:
An abnormal mass of tissue which differs
from the normal in:
 Growth
 Differentiation
 Function
 Organization

6. Non-Neoplastic Neoplastic
(Polyclonal) (Monoclonal)
Normal Adaptation Benign Malignant
Mechanism of Neoplasia

7. Neoplasm
Benign Malignant
Carcinoma Sarcoma
Adenoma
Haemangioma
Rhabdomyoma
Nomenclature

8. Nomenclature: Cell of origin + Suffix
Suffix - oma
 Fibroma
 Osteoma
 Adenoma
 Papilloma
 Chondroma
Carcinoma / Sarcoma
 Fibrosarcoma
 Osteosarcoma
Adenocarcinoma
 Squamous cell
carcinoma
 Chondrosarcoma
N.B. : Teratomas- tumors from totipotent cells containing
parenchymal cells of all the 3 germ layers e.g. dermoid cyst
Mixed tumors
Pleomorphic
Adenoma
e.g. Mixed
tumor of the
salivary gland
origin.

9. BENIGN TUMOURS
e.g.
 adenoma - (glandular)
 papilloma - (finger-like)
 cystadenoma - (cystic)
 papillary - (combined
cystadenoma features Papille &
cyst)
 polyp - (mucosal projection)

10. Uterus: leiomyomas

11. 11

12. Thyroid adenoma

13. Thyroid adenoma

14. 14

15. MALIGNANT TUMOURS
 MESENCHYMAL – usually called sarcomas
e.g. fibrosarcoma - (fibroblast)
osteosarcoma - (bone)
leiomyosarcoma - (smooth muscle)
rhabdomyosarcoma -(skeletal muscle)
 EPITHELIAL – carcinomas
e.g. squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma - (glandular)
Exceptions: Synovioma, Leukemia,
Lymphoma, Glioma, melanoma, Hepatoma

16. Nomenclature
Hamartoma: not neoplastic, it is rather a
malformation. Aberrant differentiation produce
mass of disorganized but mature of mature (adult-
type) tissue indigenous to particular site e.g.
hemartoma in lung contain island of cartilage,
blood vessels, bronchial type structures &
lymphoid tissue
Choristoma: Heterotrophic rest. It is normal tissue
in abnormal place.
 e.g. rest of adrenal cells under kidney capsule.
pancreatic nodular rest in mucosa of small
intestine

17. Mixed Tumors
 “Mixed” tumors show divergent differentiation
 Examples
• Pleomorphic adenoma – glands + fibromyxoid
stroma
• Fibroadenoma – glands + fibrous tissue
 Not to be confused with teratomas
 Teratoma: more than one germ-cell layer
 Teratoma contains: bone, epithelium, muscle, fat,
nerve….

18. Pleomorphic adenoma

19. 19

20. Tissue of origin Benign Malignant
Fibrous tissue Fibroma Fibrosarcoma
Fat Lipoma Liposarcoma
Cartilage Chondroma Chondrosarcoma
Bone Osteoma Osteogenic sarcoma
Blood vessels Hemangioma Angiosarcoma
Mesothelium Mesothelioma
Hematopoietic cells Leukemia
Lymphoid cells Lymphoma
Squamous epithelium Squamous cell papilloma Squamous cell carcinoma
Glandular epithelium Adenoma Adenocarcinoma
Papilloma Papillary adenocarcinoma
Cystadenoma Cystadenocarcinoma
Smooth muscle Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma
Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma
Melanocytes Nevus Melanoma
Know these names!

21. 21

22. Structure of Neoplasm:
Two components
1.Proliferating neoplastic cells
2.Supportive stroma
 Connective tissue
 Blood vessels
Variable amounts of (1) and (2) give tumours their
gross features, e.g. excessive collagenous stroma
(desmoplasia), schirrous tumours.
 Fast growth  less stroma
 Less stroma  more necrosis

23. TUMOURS
 A spectrum
Benign – Uncertain biologic potential –
Malignant
Benign ? Malignant

24. Benign and Malignant
 How do we know benign from malignant
tumor?
 Features:
 Differentiation and Anaplasia
 Rate of Growth
 Local Invasion
 Metastasis

25. Differentiation and Anaplasia
 Differentiation is the extent to which tumor cells
resemble their normal cells morphologically and
functionally
 Generally:
 Benign tumors are well differntiated
 Malignant tumors can be well differentiated, moderately
differentiated or poorly differentiated. They can be
“undifferentiated”
 Anaplasia is lack of differentiation

26. Differentiation and Anaplasia
 Dysplasia:
 Not neoplstic growth
 Disordered growth and differentiation
 Show mild anaplastic features eg. Nuclear
pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, mitosis….

27. 27

28. DYSPLASIA AND
CANCER (1)
e.g. Cervical Cancer (HPV)
Mild dysplasia
Moderate
Severe
Carcinoma in situ
- Intact basement membrane

29. CARCINOMA IN SITU OF THE CERVIX
‘PAP’ smear with atypical cytological
changes of both the nucleus and
cytoplasm
Biopsy shows full thickness
change consistent with C.I.S.
29

30. Uterine cervix-CIN to carcinoma

31. CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX
-41yr old woman with mild discharge
-exophytic friable tumour with positive
cytology
-infiltrating well-differentiated
squamous cell carcinoma
Low power
High power

32. 32

33. 33

34. Benign Malignant
 Progressive & Slow
growing,
 capsulated,
 Non-invasive
 do not metastasize,
 well differentiated,
structure typical of tissue
of origin. Mitotic figures
rare & normal
 suffix “oma” e.g..
Fibroma.
 Erratic & slow to fast
growing,
 non capsulated,
 Invasive & Infiltrate
 Metastasize.
 Iack of differentiation with
anaplasia, structure often
atypical mitotic figures
numerous & abnormal
 Suffix “Carcinoma” or
“Sarcoma”

36. NEOPLASIA…benign
Adenomatous
polyps:
Multiple,
Benign

37. NEOPLASIA…growth
configurations
Malignant
gastric
carcinoma
…ulcer

38. Rhabdmyosarcoma

39.  Benign tumours
usually closely
resemble normal cells
(well differentiated).
 Malignant tumours
show a range of
abnormal
differentiation – well
to undifferentiated
(anaplastic)

40. DIFFERENTIATION…
Cytology – individual cell morphology
 Pleomorphic
- Shape
- Size
 Nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (N/C)  1:1 (N 1:4 –
1:6)
 Mitoses
- Number
- Normal
- Abnormal

41. ANAPLASIA
 Anaplasia=move backwards
 Dedifferentiation or… undifferentiation….
 Cytological characteristics of anaplastic cells-
light microscopic as well as ultra structural
 A marker for cancer-Malignancy

42. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
Degree of loss of normal organization
 e.g. layered ~ squamous epithelium
- loss of polarity
 e.g. glands
- abnormal size or shape
- loss of ability to form glands

43. FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIATON
Well differentiated tumours  normal product
Poorly differentiated tumours less likely to have
specialized functional activity
Range:
 No product ---Normal---Increased
e.g. insulin, mucin, keratin
 New or ectopic product
e.g. PTH Lung carcinoma
ACTH Lung carcinoma
AFT Liver carcinoma (foetal antigen)

44. NEOPLASIA…growth
 Size
 May have no bearing on biologic behaviour
BENIGN
OVARIAN
TUMOUR

45. RATE OF GROWTH
Concept:
Benign tumours grow slowly
Cancers grow rapidly
Exceptions – many
e.g. fast growing benign tumours
hormone dependence
blood supply

46. RATE OF GROWTH…
Range of malignant tumour progression
 Years to weeks
 Cell cycle time- 3 days
 30 population doubling takes 90 days to
produce 109 cells
 Spontaneous remission, e.g. renal cell
carcinoma

47. RATE OF GROWTH…
Three Factors:
 Doubling time of tumor cells
 Fraction of tumor cells in replicative pool
 Rate at which cells are shed & lost in the
growing lesion

48. INVASION
Benign tumours are NOT invasive because of…
 Expansile probing margins
 Localized growth, readily palpable
 Do not have the capacity to infiltrate
 Encapsulation expect Haemangioma,
leiomyoma
Therefore benign tumours…
 If resected do not recur
 If incompletely removed then only local
recurrence occurs.

49. MECHANISM OF INVASION
 Physical pressure- compression atrophy & destruction
of abutting normal cells.
 Reduced adhesiveness & cohesiveness of cancer
cells.
 Motility of tumor cells-the cells are capable of
locomotion & cytoplasmic processes can be seen
protruding from the cells.
 Loss of contact inhibition- loss of cessation of cell
division and mobility on contact with other cells.
 Release of destructive enzymes- collagenases,
lysosomal enzymes, plasminogen activator.

50. INVASION
Malignant tumours are INVASIVE because of…
 Progressive growth
 Infiltration ~ poor line of demarcation
 Invasion ( importance of surgical margins)
 Destruction of adjacent tissue
 Metastatic spread
 Death if not treated

51. Tumor Infiltration

52. BENIGN VERSUS MALIGNANT
TUMOURS
 Invasion
Distinguish
malignant
tumors
 Metastases

53. Malignant tumors
Feature Sarcoma Carcinoma
Origin
Arise from mesenchymal
tissue
Arise from epithelial
tissue
Mass size
Usually larger since harder to
detect them in deep
tissue!!!
Usually smaller since
easier to detect on
surface
Time of
diagnosis
Takes longer period to
diagnose
Takes shorter period of
time to diagnose from
onset
Route of
Metastasis
Goes directly to vascular
system/ Blood vessels
Goes through lymphatics
first – longer route to
vascular system
Prognosis
Worse prognosis Good/worse