NEOPLASIA
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This document discusses neoplasms, also known as tumors. It defines a neoplasm and classifies tumors as either benign or malignant based on their biological behavior and morphology. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are outlined, such as growth rate, invasion, metastasis, and clinical effects. Metastasis, where cancer spreads to other parts of the body, is a characteristic of malignant tumors. Methods for diagnosing cancer through histology, cytology, molecular analysis, and tumor markers are also summarized.
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Neoplasia introduction
This document provides information on neoplasia (new growth) and tumor nomenclature. It defines neoplasia as abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth that exceeds normal tissues. Tumors are named based on their cell or tissue of origin, with benign tumors ending in "-oma" and malignant tumors called carcinomas for epithelial cells and sarcomas for mesenchymal cells. Common sites for teratomas are the gonads and along midline fusion lines. Hamartomas contain normal tissues for the organ, while choristomas contain ectopic tissues. Environmental exposures like coal tar were found to induce skin cancer in rabbits.
Neoplasia 1
Neoplasia refers to abnormal cell growth. Neoplasms can be benign tumors or malignant cancers. Benign tumors grow slowly and do not spread, while malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues and metastasize. Tumors are named based on the tissue of origin and characteristics. Well-differentiated tumors resemble normal tissues, while poorly-differentiated and anaplastic tumors have lost differentiation. Dysplasia refers to disordered cell growth that can progress to carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer if changes involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.
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This document discusses soft tissue tumors, including:
1. Soft tissue tumors can arise from various mesodermal tissues and there are over 257 subtypes classified by the WHO.
2. Benign tumors are generally superficial, grow slowly, and are not infiltrative, while malignant tumors are generally deeper, larger, grow rapidly, and are infiltrative.
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Neoplasia
Neoplasia refers to abnormal cell growth. Tumors can be benign or malignant, classified based on histologic features and biological behavior. All tumors contain proliferating neoplastic cells and supportive stroma. Tumors are named based on cell of origin, with suffixes indicating benign (-oma) or malignant (-sarcoma, -carcinoma) nature. Malignant tumors are characterized by rapid growth, local invasion, and potential for metastasis, while benign tumors are slow-growing and localized. Cancer development involves accumulation of genetic alterations that disrupt normal cell growth regulation.
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Neoplasia refers to abnormal cell growth. Neoplasms can be benign tumors or malignant cancers. Benign tumors grow slowly and do not spread, while malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues and metastasize. Tumors are named based on the tissue of origin and characteristics. Well-differentiated tumors resemble normal tissues, while poorly-differentiated and anaplastic tumors have lost differentiation. Dysplasia refers to disordered cell growth that can progress to carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer if changes involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.
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3. The diagnosis of soft tissue tumors involves histological morphology, immunohistochemistry to identify cell markers, cytogenetic analysis to identify translocations, and molecular analysis.
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Carcinogenic agents and their cellular interaction
1. Sir Percival Pott correctly linked scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps to their exposure to soot over 200 years ago.
2. There are three classes of carcinogenic agents: chemicals, radiant energy, and microbial agents. Chemicals can directly or indirectly (after metabolic conversion) damage DNA and cause cancer initiation. Radiation also damages DNA while certain viruses are linked to human cancers.
3. Initiation through DNA damage causes mutations that can lead to cancer if promoted by factors like cell proliferation from additional mutations or chemicals. Many carcinogens preferentially damage certain DNA sequences.
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The document provides an overview of neoplasia (new abnormal growth) and cancer. It discusses the history of cancer discovery from ancient Egypt and Greece to modern molecular understanding. Some key points covered include:
- The "hallmarks of cancer" which enable malignant growth including self-sufficiency in growth signals, evading growth suppression, altered metabolism, evading cell death, unlimited replication potential, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastasis, and immune evasion.
- Molecular drivers of cancer like oncogenes which promote growth and tumor suppressor genes like RB and p53 which are inactivated, allowing uncontrolled cell division.
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biology of cancer
Introduction
Tumours
Types of Tumours
Formation of Tumours
How cancer cell differ from normal cells
Classification of cancer
The causes of cancer
Viruses and Cancer
Cancer and Gene: A. Oncogene
B. Tumours suppressor gene
Detection and Diagnosis
Therapy of cancer
How can cancer are prevented
Conclusion
References
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Neoplasia refers to abnormal cell growth or tumors. There are two main types of neoplasia - benign and malignant. Benign tumors remain localized and are non-invasive, while malignant tumors can invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites through lymphatic vessels or blood vessels in a process called metastasis. The development of cancer is a multistep process that involves genetic mutations that activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and division. Key hallmarks of cancer include self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and ability to invade and metastasize.
NEOPLASIA.pptx
This document discusses neoplasia and cancer. It defines neoplasia as new tissue growth that is unregulated, irreversible, and monoclonal. Cancer arises from mutations in stem cells that disrupt key regulatory systems like proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Cancer screening aims to detect precancerous or early-stage cancers before symptoms arise in order to improve prognosis. The progression of cancer involves initiation, promotion, and progression as mutations accumulate over many cell divisions. Cancer staging and grading provide important prognostic information, with more advanced or poorly differentiated cancers having worse outcomes.
Nursing care of client with cancer
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Cancer is caused by genetic mutations that cause uncontrolled cell growth. It is diagnosed through medical exams, imaging, biopsies and tumor marker tests. Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. Surgery removes tumors while chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. Prevention focuses on healthy behaviors and cancer screening to detect cancers early. Ongoing research aims to better understand and treat cancer.
neoplasia.pptx
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (abnormal growths or tumors):
- A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue that grows in an uncontrolled manner independent of normal growth regulation. Neoplasms develop through multiple genetic mutations over time that provide a survival and growth advantage to the neoplastic cells.
- Neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors are characterized by local invasion, metastasis, and lack of differentiation. They are graded based on degree of abnormal cell appearance and proliferation.
- The molecular basis of cancer involves mutations in proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, and other genes regulating
Cancer
This document provides an overview of cancer including types, causes, diagnosis, staging, treatment and prognosis. It discusses the major types of cancer that commonly affect men, women and children in the US. The pathophysiology section describes how genetic and epigenetic factors can cause normal cells to transform into cancer cells through mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Environmental exposures and lifestyle factors can increase the risk of mutations accumulating. Once cancer develops, ongoing clonal evolution drives progression to more advanced stages.
Cancer
This document provides an overview of cancer including types, causes, diagnosis, staging, treatment and prognosis. It discusses the major types of cancer that commonly affect men, women and children in the US. The pathophysiology section describes how genetic and epigenetic factors can cause normal cells to transform into cancer cells through mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Environmental exposures and lifestyle factors can also increase cancer risk by damaging DNA or altering gene expression through epigenetic changes. The progression of cancer involves a chain reaction of accumulating errors that allow cancer cells to evade controls on growth and spread.
PATHOLOGY-CHAPTER-4-CELL-GROWTH-AND-NEOPLASM.pdf
This document provides an overview of cell growth and neoplasms (tumors). It defines a neoplasm and classifies them as benign or malignant tumors. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are described. Environmental causes of cancer like chemicals, viruses, and radiation are discussed. The document outlines some common clinical features of cancer and laboratory methods to diagnose it, including biopsy, cytology, and genetic testing. It describes dysplasia and carcinoma in situ as premalignant changes. Metastasis, the spread of cancer to other sites, is also summarized. Finally, cancer cachexia, a wasting syndrome common in advanced cancer, is defined.
Molecular biology
This document provides information about cancer cell research. It defines cancer and tumors, discusses the causes and types of cancer, and describes cancer treatments. Specifically, it explains that cancer is uncontrolled cell growth that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors. It classifies cancers by the type of cell they arise from and outlines some key differences between cancer cells and normal cells, such as their uncontrolled growth and loss of communication with other cells. The document also summarizes the process of cancer metastasis where cancer spreads from one part of the body to another through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Finally, it lists several common treatment approaches for cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Advancements in Cancer Research with Special Reference to Pathogenesis and Di...
Cancer is a major human and animal health problem worldwide and is the second leading cause of death in the world wide. Over the past 30 years .significant progress has been achieved in understanding the molecular basis of cancer. The accumulation of this basic knowledge has established that cancer is a variety of distinct disease and that defective gene cause this disease. Further gene defect are diverse in nature and can involve either loss or gain of gene function.
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NEOPLASIA
- 2. Neoplasm: “A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persist in the same excessive manner after cessation of stimuli which evoke the change.”
- 4. Classification: • On the basis of biological behaviour and morphologic characteristics tumor is divided into: i. Benign tumor: Named as Cell type+ oma (suffix). For e.g. Fibroma, Chordoma etc i. Malignant tumor: Named as Sarcoma for mesenchymal origin neoplasm, Carcinoma for epithelial origin and leukemia/lymphoma for blood origin.
- 6. Benign tumor VS Malignant tumor: 1) Neoplastic cell criteria 2) Rate of growth 3) Size of the tumor 4) Haemorrhage and necrosis 5) Capsulated or not 6) Local invasion present or not 7) Metatasis 8) Clinical effects
- 7. Characteristics Benign Malignant malignant tumorDifference between benign and 1) Neoplastic cells. 1) Neoplastic cells. 1) Neoplastic cells. a) Differentiation Well differentiated Well differentiated to undifferentiated b)Pleomorphism Absent Often present Loss of orientation.c)Orientation of neoplastic cells No loss of orientation. Normal Increased (May be 1:1 ) d)Nuclear cytoplasmic ratio Normal 1:4 to 1:6
- 8. 2) Rate of growth Grow and expand slowly Most cancers grow rapidly 3) Size Usually small Usually large Little tendency Common4)Haemorrhage and necrosis 5)Capsule Not capsulatedMostly encapsulated 6)Local Invasion No local invasion Locally invasive 7)Metatasis Never occur Metastasis occurs 8) Clinical effects Usually not fatal Almost invariably Fatal
- 10. Metastasis: • Metastasis is the spread of a tumor to sites that are discontinuous with the primary tumor site. Metastasis marks a tumor malignant. Pathways of metastasis are: i. Lymphatic spread (Usually Carcinoma) ii. Haematogenous spread (Usually Sarcoma) iii. Direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces (Krukenberg tumor)
- 11. Paraneoplastic Syndrome: “Clinical features that cannot be explained by the anatomic distribution of the tumor or by the production of hormones from the tumor is known as paraneoplastic syndrome.”
- 14. Tumor Staging Vs Grading Differentiation—degree to which a tumor resembles its tissue of origin. Well- differentiated tumors (often less aggressive) closely resemble their tissue of origin, whereas poorly differentiated tumors (often more aggressive) do not. Anaplasia—complete lack of differentiation of cells in a malignant neoplasm.
- 16. Carcinogenesis: A. Cancer formation is initiated by damage to DNA of stem cells. The damage overcomes DNA repair mechanisms, but is not lethal. i. Carcinogens are agents that damage DNA, increasing the risk for cancer. Important carcinogens include chemicals, oncogenic viruses, and radiation. B. DNA mutations eventually disrupt key regulatory systems, allowing for tumor promotion (growth) and progression (spread). i. Disrupted systems include proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and regulators of apoptosis.
- 22. Laboratory diagnosis of cancer: A. Histologic and Cytologic method: 1) Biopsy followed by Histopathology (2) Fine Needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) 3) Cytologic smear (Cervical smear). B. Molecular diagnosis. C. Tumor marker.
- 23. Tumor Markers: • Tumor marker are tumor-associated enzymes, hormones and proteins found in blood for detection of the presence of a tumor. • Tumor marker cannot confirm the diagnosis of cancer. • For the diagnosis of a tumor histopathology test should be done
- 24. Tumor Marker Associated cancer α- Fetoprotein Liver cell cancer Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Carcinoma of colon, Pancreas, Stomach Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) Prostate cancer CA- 125 Ovarian cancer Some selected tumor markers