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Grammar refers to the set of rules governing the composition of language. It includes morphology, syntax, phonology, and other linguistic fields. While linguists study these structural rules, non-linguists may use the term more broadly to refer to any aspect of language they object to. The term can also describe the rules governing a group of speakers. Adjectives, verbs, and prepositions are important parts of language that add details and establish relationships to complete meaning. The earliest systematic grammars were developed in Iron Age India.
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This document provides an overview of norm and deviation in stylistics. It discusses how deviation occurs when something departs from an established norm or convention. Deviations can happen at various linguistic levels, such as phonological, syntactic, or semantic levels. The document also categorizes different types of deviations, such as discourse deviation, semantic deviation, lexical deviation, and morphological deviation. It explains norms as regulators that control linguistic variants and how norms allow for flexible fluctuations in language.
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During Oct 7 to Oct 17, Prof. Newmeyer offered a lecture series on a wide range of linguistic topics in Beijing Language and Culture University.
Lecture 1: The Chomskyan Revolution
Lecture 2: Constraining the Theory
Lecture 3: The Boundary between Syntax and Semantics
Lecture 4: The Boundary between Competence and Performance
Lecture 5: Can One Language Be ‘More Complex’ Than Another?
Background:
Fredreck J. Newmeyer is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at the University of Washington and adjunct professor in the University Of British Columbia Department Of Linguistics and the Simon Fraser University Department of Linguistics. He has published widely in theoretical and English syntax.Tl2 school ofprague
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This document provides an overview of the early study of language among ancient Greeks. It discusses how Greeks like Herodotus and Plato speculated about the origins, history, and structure of language. It describes the debate between Analogists, who saw language as natural and logical, and Anomalists, who pointed out its irregularities. While Greeks realized language changes over time, they never systematically studied this. Their grammatical observations were confined to Greek and stated philosophically rather than based on careful observation. This laid the foundations for later traditional views of language.
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- The English language has been influenced over time by Celtic, Latin, French, Old Norse, and other languages through periods of invasion and settlement.
- English words can be categorized as native or borrowed. Native words make up about 80% of common words while borrowed words comprise around 70% of the total vocabulary.
Stylistic Analysis of Aurangzeb Alamgir?s Poem ?EID?
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Bloomfield 1
Linguists in the 19th century reconstructed dead languages by comparing their structures and finding similarities to related living languages. In the early 20th century, Ferdinand de Saussure developed structuralism, seeing language as a system of signs independent of speakers. Structuralism then split into European and North American forms. North American structuralism focused on objective, rigorous analysis of observable speech patterns without reference to meaning.
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Prescriptive linguistics is the study of how language should be used based on established norms and rules, rather than only describing how language is actually used. It aims to establish standards for areas like spelling, grammar, pronunciation and syntax. Advocates of prescriptive linguistics, like Samuel Johnson and Robert Lowth, believe standardized languages aid communication and wish to provide guidelines for effective writing. The subfields of prescriptive linguistics include semantics, syntax, grammar, corpus linguistics, hypercorrection, language policy, language purism, and pleonasm.
Over View of the 19th century History of linguistics
This document provides an overview of linguistics in the 19th century. It discusses key topics and theorists from that period that were important to the development of modern linguistics. Some of the topics covered include the emergence of diachronic and synchronic linguistics, the work of Jacob Grimm and Thomas Kuhn, Darwin's theory of evolution, and August Schleicher's reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European language. The document also examines how biology influenced the study of linguistics in the 19th century.
The London School of Linguistics
The London School of Linguistics studies language descriptively, distinguishing structural and systemic concepts. It focuses on semantics and contributed the situational theory of meaning and prosodic analysis in phonology. The school considers the distinctive function the primary phoneme function and rejects concepts like the speech collective. Its main representatives were Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, and J.R. Firth. Firth established the London School tradition and questioned dividing speech into segments, focusing on larger phonetic elements. He developed a contextual theory of meaning influenced by Malinowski and emphasized use in context. Firth's ideas were developed by students like M.A.K. Halliday into systemic functional grammar.
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Traditional grammar
- Traditional grammar is a prescriptive framework that describes language based on Latin rules of grammar rather than descriptive analysis of modern English usage.
- It focuses on elements like parts of speech, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, adverbs, adjectives, verbs, nouns and conjunctions based on traditional definitions and categories.
- While traditional grammar has flaws and limitations, it remains an important part of teaching English language skills in schools, and does not need wholesale replacement but rather amendments to reflect contemporary linguistic understanding.
SEMANTICS
This document discusses different branches of semantics, the study of meaning in language. It outlines four main branches: 1) lexical semantics which studies word meanings, 2) grammatical semantics which looks at how meaning relates to syntax, 3) logical semantics which models natural language using logical systems, and 4) semantics as it relates to other disciplines like philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and communication theory. The document also discusses Charles Sanders Pierce's three-way distinction of signs as icons, indexes, or symbols and how semantics interacts with other linguistic fields like etymology, lexicology, and discourse analysis.
Focus on Language
The document discusses several key aspects of language, including grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and their interrelationships. It defines grammar as the study of syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Vocabulary is important for comprehending language and becomes easier to learn at older ages. Pronunciation is more difficult to acquire beyond puberty. The document also discusses descriptive and prescriptive grammar, grammaticality, and how computer tools can aid the analysis of vocabulary.
Linguistics notes 1
This document provides an overview of topics that will be covered in a basic linguistics course, including:
- The differences between speech and writing, and why linguists consider speech to be primary.
- The descriptive vs. prescriptive approaches to language, with linguists taking a descriptive approach.
- The main parts of grammar: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
- The concept of arbitrariness in language, where the relationship between form and meaning is largely conventional rather than inherent, with limited exceptions for onomatopoeia and sound symbolism.
What can a corpus tell us about grammar
The document discusses what can be learned about lexis and grammar from corpus data. Regarding lexis, corpora can provide information about the general lexicon, word formation, collocations, idioms, meanings such as polysemy, and lexical patterns in speech. Regarding grammar, corpora allow analysis of grammatical patterns through frequency, associations with lexis, co-text, discourse factors, and variation across registers and speech. Multiple interrelated linguistic features must be examined simultaneously to fully understand grammatical choices.
Theory grammar-velyan
This document provides an overview of different methods of grammatical analysis, including traditional grammar, descriptive and structural linguistics, and generative or transformational grammar. It discusses some of the key aspects and theorists associated with each approach. Traditional grammar was developed to analyze Latin and Greek and focuses on parts of speech. Descriptive linguistics, pioneered by American linguists like Boas and Sapir, sought to objectively describe how languages were used. Structural linguistics, associated with Bloomfield, broke language into smallest units and studied how they combined. Generative grammar, developed by Chomsky, uses rules and transformations to generate sentences from basic structures. The document also examines issues like the problem of defining parts of speech and the distinction
Generative grammar
1) Generative grammar was first defined by Noam Chomsky in 1957 as a set of rules for producing grammatical sentences in a language based on universal grammar principles innate to humans.
2) Generative grammar includes finite state grammar, phrase structure grammar, and transformational grammar, which identifies rules that govern sentence structure beneath aspects like word order.
3) The document discusses differences between traditional grammar, focused on Latin instruction, and generative grammar, conceived to describe language in a way computers could process human language. It also provides the writer's positive reflection on learning about generative grammar.
What can a corpus tell us about grammar?
This document discusses what corpus linguistics can reveal about grammar. It outlines how analyzing large text collections shows grammar as patterns of use rather than absolute correctness. Grammatical choices are best understood through their associations with vocabulary, co-text, discourse factors and communication context. The document provides examples of studies investigating grammatical features across these different levels simultaneously rather than in isolation. It also discusses how corpus analysis has improved understanding of spoken grammar.
Traditional grammar ppt
Traditional grammar refers to the prescriptive rules of grammar commonly taught in schools, which are largely based on Latin grammar rather than modern linguistic research. It focuses on distinguishing "correct" versus "incorrect" language usage according to established standards. While traditional grammar aims to perpetuate proper language, it lacks a theoretical framework and is inadequate for describing all languages. However, it remains widely used in language education due to its influence on educational systems.
Syntax and grammar
Syntax is the study of sentence structure and the rules for constructing sentences, while grammar refers more broadly to the rules of a language, including syntax and morphology. Syntax examines what words go where in a sentence and the relationships between them. Grammar sets the standard for correct usage of a language through rules governing areas like agreement between words. Traditional grammar describes syntactic structures through categories like nouns and verbs, while generative grammar aims to provide rules for predicting grammatical sentences in a language.
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Negra
- 2. • In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules that governs the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language.
- 3. • The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics.
- 4. • Linguists do not normally use the term to refer to orthographical rules, although usage books and style guides that call themselves grammars may also refer to spelling and punctuation.
- 5. • The term grammar is often used by non-linguists with a very broad meaning. As Jeremy Butterfield puts it, "Grammar is often a generic way of referring to any aspect of English that people object to.
- 6. • The term "grammar" can also be used to describe the rules that govern the linguistic behaviour of a group of speakers. The term "English grammar", therefore, may have several meanings.
- 7. Grammar Rules • Adjectives and adverbs are – absolutely – a necessary component of writing. It’s fine to say that they “just add details”, but the details are what completes the communication of information to the reader. They help the reader create an image and understand precisely what the writer is saying.
- 8. Verbs • Verbs are the second-most important words in English, next to nouns. (A sentence must have both a noun and a verb in order to be a proper sentence. Verbs can describe physical actions like movement
- 9. Prepositions • Prepositions tell us where or when something is in relation to something else. When monsters are sneaking up, it’s good to have these special words to tell us where those monsters are: are they behind us or in front of us; are they near or far; will they be arriving in three seconds or at midnight.
- 10. History Of Grammar • The first systematic grammars originated in Iron Age India, with Yaska (6th century BC), Pāṇini (4th century BC) and his commentators Pingala (c. 200 BC), Katyayana, and Patanjali (2nd century BC).
- 11. Examples