Ndvi
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The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a numerical indicator used in remote sensing to analyze observations and determine if an area contains live green vegetation. NDVI compares the visible and near-infrared light reflected by plants, with healthy vegetation absorbing most visible light and reflecting a high amount of near-infrared light. The specific NDVI calculation takes the difference between near-infrared and visible light readings and divides it by their sum, resulting in a value from -1 to 1 that indicates vegetation density.
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The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a numerical indicator that uses the visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands of the electromagnetic spectrum to analyze whether the target (image) being observed contains green vegetation or not. Healthy vegetation (chlorophyll) reflects more near-infrared (NIR) and green light compared to other wavelengths. But it absorbs more red and blue light. This is why our eyes see vegetation as the colour green. If we could see near-infrared, then it would be strong for vegetation too.
It is basically measured through the use of Intensity, Hue and saturation of an image and through pixels as well.
The density of vegetation (NDVI) at a certain point on the image is equal to the difference in the intensities of reflected light in the red and infrared range divided by the sum of these intensities.
푁퐷푉퐼=((푁퐼푅−푅퐸퐷))/((푁퐼푅+푅퐸퐷))
The result of this formula generates a value between -1 and +1. If you have low reflectance (low values) in the red band and high reflectance in the NIR, this will yield a high NDVI value. And vice versa.
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It is basically measured through the use of Intensity, Hue and saturation of an image and through pixels as well.
The density of vegetation (NDVI) at a certain point on the image is equal to the difference in the intensities of reflected light in the red and infrared range divided by the sum of these intensities.
푁퐷푉퐼=((푁퐼푅−푅퐸퐷))/((푁퐼푅+푅퐸퐷))
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The document discusses the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which uses visible and near-infrared light to analyze remote sensing data and determine the presence of live green vegetation. NDVI values increase with more vegetation, as leaves strongly absorb visible light and reflect near-infrared light. However, at very high vegetation levels, small NDVI changes may represent large changes in plants. NDVI values can also be influenced by soil, particularly in areas with 45-70% plant coverage, leading to soil-adjusted vegetation indices being developed.
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Distinct colors (wavelengths) of visible and near-infrared sunlight reflected by the plants determine the density of green on a patch of land and ocean.
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Emp580 rs 2 emr
Electromagnetic radiation includes visible light, infrared, x-rays and radar. It is characterized by wavelength and frequency. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from gamma rays to radio waves. Atmospheric scattering affects satellite imagery, making the sky appear blue and sunrises/sunsets orange. Clouds and their shadows impact imagery. Materials absorb, reflect and transmit electromagnetic energy differently depending on their properties. Spectral reflectance curves show these differences and are used to detect vegetation health with indexes like NDVI. Ground-truthing validates remote sensing data by comparing to real-world measurements.
Application of spectral remote sensing in agronomic decision by Dr.V.Harihara...
Spectral remote sensing allows for the non-destructive evaluation of plant responses to environmental stresses. Remote sensing utilizes the distinctive spectral signatures of healthy and stressed vegetation. Key plant pigments like chlorophyll strongly influence reflectance patterns and can indicate crop health. Various vegetation indices using reflectance values in different wavelength bands have been developed to retrieve agronomic parameters and assess stress from remote sensors. This provides opportunities for early and efficient monitoring of crop conditions.
MAPPING REMOTE PLANTS THROUGH REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY AND GIS
MAPPING REMOTE PLANTS THROUGH REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY AND GISInternational Journal of Technical Research & Application
Remote sensing implies to the collection of data
about an object from a distance. With the use of LiDAR
remote sensing technology, the three dimensional
distribution of plant canopies and vegetation structural
attributes can be accurately estimated. The measure of
difference in reflectance from leaves of plants, due to the
presence of chlorophyll pigments in different ratios, can be
helpful to locate and characterize the plant remote
location through remote sensing technology and
Geographic Information System (GIS). The present study
highlights the importance of remote sensing technology and
GIS in detection of herbs located distantly.
Near Infrared & Raman Spectroscopy.pdf
Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a nondestructive and rapid technique applied increasingly for food quality evaluation in recent years.
The most wide spread use of NIRS has been for determination of protein, moisture, starch, lipids, ash, oil, and salts.
NIR spectroscopy utilizes the spectral range from 780 to 2500 nm and provides much more complex structural information related to the vibration behavior of combination of bonds.
Components of Remote Sensing
Remote sensing involves collecting data about objects without physical contact. It uses sensors on platforms like satellites and aircraft to detect electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from targets. The key components of remote sensing are: (1) an energy source like the sun, (2) interaction of the energy with the target, (3) sensors that record the energy, (4) transmission of the data to processing stations, and (5) analysis and interpretation of the data to extract information. Common sensors detect radiation in the visible, infrared, and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Rs in agriculture & soil
Agriculture plays a dominant role in economies of both developed and undeveloped countries. Agricultural remote sensing is not new, starts in back 1950s, but recent technological advances have made the benefits of remote sensing accessible to most agricultural producers. Pakistan is a country of different agro-climatic regions.
The soil is a major part of the natural environment and is vital to the existence of life on the planet.
Satellite imagery will provide the visible boundaries of soil types and a shallow penetration of soils.
Solar radiation distribution in plant canopies and rue
This document discusses various aspects of solar radiation distribution and interception in plant canopies and its impact on radiation use efficiency (RUE). It explains that solar radiation provides the energy for photosynthesis and plant growth. Only a portion of the total solar radiation, called photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) between 400-700nm, is utilized by plants. The ability of plant canopies to intercept incoming solar radiation depends on factors like leaf area, leaf angle, and canopy architecture. Light interception efficiency can be estimated using methods like the triangular and circular methods. Radiation interception influences photosynthesis, biomass production, and crop yields. The document also discusses concepts like albedo, light extinction in canop
Mapesa Nestory notes 1
This document discusses how remote sensing can be used to manage forests as a natural resource. It explains that remote sensing involves collecting information about the Earth's surface using sensors, and describes how different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation interact with and provide information about forest vegetation. It then provides examples of specific forestry applications of remote sensing, such as forest fire monitoring, biomass estimation, forest management, and environmental monitoring.
remote sensing in agriculture
remote sensing plays a vital role in agriculture. we can study various factors influencing the productivity very precisely using remote sensing.
ATR NIR
This document provides information on attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. It discusses how ATR works by generating an evanescent wave that penetrates the sample, and that it requires little sample preparation. It also outlines the basic theory behind NIR spectroscopy, including that it detects overtones and combinations of fundamental vibrations. Some common applications of NIR spectroscopy mentioned include quantification of organic compounds and agricultural products.
Application of remote sensing in agriculture
The document discusses the concepts and applications of remote sensing, GIS, and GPS in agriculture. It defines remote sensing as sensing things from a distance using electromagnetic radiation and describes the different platforms (ground, air, satellite) used. It explains key remote sensing concepts including spectral signatures, spectral reflectance curves, spatial/spectral/radiometric/temporal resolutions, and indices like NDVI. Interpretation of remote sensing imagery involves analyzing tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadow, and association. Spectral signatures can provide information about vegetation, soil moisture, organic matter, iron content, and other properties. Remote sensing allows monitoring and analyzing agriculture from a distance.
Solar irradiation & spectral signature
The document summarizes solar irradiation spectra and spectral reflectance signatures of different materials that are important for optical remote sensing. It discusses how the solar irradiation spectrum above the atmosphere can be modeled as a blackbody radiation spectrum with a peak around 500nm. After passing through the atmosphere, solar irradiation at the ground is modulated by atmospheric transmission windows, remaining mostly between 0.25-3μm. It also explains how different materials like water, soil, and vegetation have unique reflectance spectra that serve as signatures and how these spectra are impacted by factors like composition, turbidity, and plant health.
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Application of spectral remote sensing in agronomic decision by Dr.V.Harihara...
Application of spectral remote sensing in agronomic decision by Dr.V.Harihara...
MAPPING REMOTE PLANTS THROUGH REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY AND GIS
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Solar radiation distribution in plant canopies and rue
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Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge EducationGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Feri Johana at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Presented by Alexandra Barthelmes at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Sonya Dewi at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyEnhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland managementGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and ActionPromoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Presented by Agus Julianto on GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptx
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
Peatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
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Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
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ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
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Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
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world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx
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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
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Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
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Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
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Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
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Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
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Ndvi
- 1. Aihtesham Jadoon Course: GIS and Remote Sensing Topic: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI
- 2. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index • NDVI is a numerical indicator that uses the visible and near-infrared bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, and is adopted to analyze remote sensing measurements and assess whether the target being observed contains live green vegetation or not.
- 4. NDVI Determine • To determine the density of greenness on a patch of land, researchers must observe the distinct colors (wavelengths) of visible and near-infrared sunlight reflected by the plants. • As can be seen through a prism, many different wavelengths make up the spectrum of sunlight. • The pigment in plant leaves, chlorophyll, strongly absorbs visible light (from 0.4 to 0.7 µm) for use in photosynthesis.
- 6. NDVI is calculation • NDVI is calculated from the visible and near-infrared light reflected by vegetation. Healthy vegetation (left) absorbs most of the visible light that hits it, and reflects a large portion of the near-infrared light. • Unhealthy or sparse vegetation (right) reflects more visible light and less near-infrared light. • Nearly all satellite Vegetation Indices employ this difference formula to quantify the density of plant growth on the Earth — near-infrared radiation minus visible radiation divided by near-infrared radiation plus visible radiation.
- 7. NDVI is calculation • The result of this formula is called the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Written mathematically, the formula is: NDVI = (NIR — VIS)/(NIR + VIS) • Calculations of NDVI for a given pixel always result in a number that ranges from minus one (-1) to plus one (+1); however, no green leaves give a value close to zero. • A zero means no vegetation and close to +1 (0.8 - 0.9) indicates the highest possible density of green leaves