The document discusses using NDVI to analyze spatial distribution of vegetation in Delhi, India over time. NDVI values were calculated from 2002 and 2010 satellite imagery. NDVI ranges from -1 to 1, with higher values indicating denser vegetation. In 2002, Delhi's NDVI ranged from -0.32 to 0.573, with lower values in urban areas and higher in forests. By 2010, the range was -0.184 to 0.452, with maximum greenness in New Delhi/Central Delhi and minimum in industrial/airport areas. Comparing the two time periods shows changes in vegetation distribution as Delhi urbanized.
This document describes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to develop a land use plan for Lunglei District in Mizoram, India. Satellite imagery was analyzed to map the existing land use/land cover, which included agricultural land, forests, bamboo forests, scrubland, and water bodies. Slope maps were also generated. The land use plan proposed allocating different areas to uses like wet rice cultivation, terrace farming, agro-horticulture, forest conservation, and afforestation based on the existing land use and slope. The analysis in a GIS system helped produce maps and statistics to inform a productive and sustainable land use plan for the district.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Crowd based Geospatial Technology: State of the Art of Civic EngagementFarhan Helmy
My introductory presentation on the use of geospatial technology analytics for civic engagement in managing natural resource management and environment.
Role of agroinformatics in watershed managementshashi bijapure
This document summarizes the role of agro-informatics in watershed management. It discusses how watershed management involves implementing land and water practices to protect water quality within a watershed. Key steps include delineation, prioritization, action planning, implementation, monitoring, and impact assessment. Information technologies like GPS, remote sensing, and GIS are important tools. Remote sensing helps with mapping and NDVI analysis. GIS allows integration and analysis of spatial data. Several case studies from India demonstrate how remote sensing and GIS were used to assess land use changes, drought impacts, and conduct land evaluations after watershed development projects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the inter-relationships between vegetation productivity, rainfall, population, and land cover over the Bani River Basin in Mali, West Africa from 1982 to 2011. The study analyzed long-term trends in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and rainfall using the Mann-Kendall test. It also analyzed the relationships between NDVI and rainfall, and between NDVI and population density using Pearson correlation. Additionally, it computed land use/land cover conversion rates using Landsat imagery and ground surveys. The results showed that vegetation greening trends were associated with areas of natural vegetation, concurrent with increases in rainfall over the period, supporting the hypothesis that re-greening was due
This document describes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to develop a land use plan for Lunglei District in Mizoram, India. Satellite imagery was analyzed to map the existing land use/land cover, which included agricultural land, forests, bamboo forests, scrubland, and water bodies. Slope maps were also generated. The land use plan proposed allocating different areas to uses like wet rice cultivation, terrace farming, agro-horticulture, forest conservation, and afforestation based on the existing land use and slope. The analysis in a GIS system helped produce maps and statistics to inform a productive and sustainable land use plan for the district.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Crowd based Geospatial Technology: State of the Art of Civic EngagementFarhan Helmy
My introductory presentation on the use of geospatial technology analytics for civic engagement in managing natural resource management and environment.
Role of agroinformatics in watershed managementshashi bijapure
This document summarizes the role of agro-informatics in watershed management. It discusses how watershed management involves implementing land and water practices to protect water quality within a watershed. Key steps include delineation, prioritization, action planning, implementation, monitoring, and impact assessment. Information technologies like GPS, remote sensing, and GIS are important tools. Remote sensing helps with mapping and NDVI analysis. GIS allows integration and analysis of spatial data. Several case studies from India demonstrate how remote sensing and GIS were used to assess land use changes, drought impacts, and conduct land evaluations after watershed development projects.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the inter-relationships between vegetation productivity, rainfall, population, and land cover over the Bani River Basin in Mali, West Africa from 1982 to 2011. The study analyzed long-term trends in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and rainfall using the Mann-Kendall test. It also analyzed the relationships between NDVI and rainfall, and between NDVI and population density using Pearson correlation. Additionally, it computed land use/land cover conversion rates using Landsat imagery and ground surveys. The results showed that vegetation greening trends were associated with areas of natural vegetation, concurrent with increases in rainfall over the period, supporting the hypothesis that re-greening was due
This document describes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to analyze land use/land cover change in Dehradun District, India over a 22-year period from 1994 to 2016. Landsat satellite images from 1994, 1999, and 2016 were classified into six land use/land cover classes: vegetation, agriculture, built-up, barren, sediment, and water. The results found increases in vegetation, built-up, barren and sediment areas, and decreases in agricultural land and water bodies. The approach demonstrated the potential of remote sensing and GIS for measuring and understanding land use/land cover change dynamics over time.
This document discusses using a geographic information system (GIS) to identify the optimal alignment for a highway between Erode and Karur in Tamil Nadu, India. Key factors considered in the analysis include land use, geology, land value, soil, and environmental sensitivities. Data on these themes is obtained and weighted/ranked based on expert opinions. The themes are then overlaid in GIS analysis to identify the most suitable alignment that passes through textile-rich areas along existing water channels, minimizing environmental impacts and construction costs. The analysis aims to determine the shortest and most economical path between Erode and Karur.
Landuse landcover and ndvi analysis for halia catchmentIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study analyzing land use/land cover changes and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the Halia catchment area in India over several decades using remote sensing data. Medium to high resolution Landsat satellite imagery from 1975, 1989, and 2001 was processed to create land use/land cover maps and NDVI maps for the area. The objective was to examine changes in cropped area and land use/land cover patterns over time and understand the implications for the local environment.
This document discusses the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in forest management. It explains that GIS, along with technologies like GPS and remote sensing, allow forest managers to more accurately collect, analyze, and utilize spatial data. This helps with tasks like resource management, harvest planning, fire management, and map production. The document then provides examples of how GIS has been used specifically in strategic planning, modeling, and fire management. Overall, it argues that GIS is a valuable tool for aiding complex modern forest management.
Integrating bottom up and top down research pathways for biodiversity assess...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document discusses integrating bottom-up and top-down research approaches for biodiversity assessments in Integrated Landscape Approaches. It addresses how landscape structure and scale affect biodiversity management and species distribution modeling. The document presents results on remote sensing of habitat degradation and fires, ecosystem services modeling challenges due to spatial scale mismatches, and the scale-dependence of landscape influences on species richness. It concludes that spatial scale is important for biodiversity studies and management, and that district level is best for matching bottom-up and top-down approaches while advocating more local-scale investigations and co-knowledge development.
Public Awareness in Management of Pro-Environmental and Sustainable Tourism AreaAJSERJournal
Attitudes and behaviours of caring for the environment are the willingness arising from internal
encouragement to express actions to care about the environment, to improve or maintain the quality of the
environment. The purpose of this research is to see the dominant factor that influences the attitudes and behaviours of
caring for the environment in the community who live in the tourist area. Research is in the Bili-Bili Dam Tourism Area,
South Sulawesi Province. The number of samples in this study was 100 respondents. The survey method in this study
conducted by in-depth interviews and through questionnaires to respondents. The sampling technique used is to use
purposive sampling. Processing questionnaires obtained from respondents then proceed with data analysis with
confirmatory analysis or often referred to as Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with IBM AMOS Program. The results
showed that attitudes and behaviours in environmental care would increase if there is direct involvement of the
community in tourism management in the region. The existence of a sense of belonging will lead to attitudes and
behaviours to guard the tourist area. Factors that are encouraging attitudes and behaviours to care for the
environment by the surrounding community will have a direct impact on the sustainability of the region and the
environment.
This document provides a training report on thematic mapping through remote sensing and GIS techniques in Siwani area, Bhiwani, Haryana, India. It acknowledges the support received from Haryana Space Applications Centre (HARSAC) in providing facilities and guidance for the summer training project. The project aimed to prepare base maps, land use/land cover maps, and geomorphology maps of the study area. It also aimed to familiarize the author with GIS techniques for map preparation and with using global positioning systems. The report includes chapters on the study area description, data and methodology used, and results and discussion of the project.
This document discusses several studies that utilized remotely sensed data:
1. A study of mangrove forest distributions from 1975-2005 in Asia that used Landsat data to classify landscapes and determine 12% of mangroves were lost, with most deforestation due to agriculture and aquaculture.
2. A comparison of species distribution models using interpolated climate data versus remotely sensed temperature and precipitation data, finding the latter improved model fitting and transferability for many tropical species.
3. A review of freely and publicly available basic imagery from sources like Landsat that are useful for a variety of environmental applications and field studies.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Applications of GIS in Public Health EngineeringVignesh Sekar
GIS can be used in many ways to support public health. It allows researchers to construct disease models, track disease spread over space and time, and identify high-risk areas. GIS is also used to plan infrastructure and services by analyzing data on roads, population statistics, and medical resources. It helps with site selection for facilities like reservoirs by integrating data layers like vegetation, soil type, and drainage patterns. Overall, GIS is a powerful tool for public health planning and decision-making by allowing spatial analysis and visualization of relevant data.
This study used high-resolution SPOT 6 satellite imagery to map vegetation in communal lands in Nyandeni Local Municipality, South Africa. The researchers classified imagery into vegetation classes like grassland, shrubland, and forest using NDVI thresholds. They achieved an overall accuracy of 73.3% according to an error matrix. The final map identified grassland as the dominant land cover at 48% and will help local leaders make informed decisions about resource allocation and conservation.
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing to map land use and land cover in Tikamgarh district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Specifically, it used an unsupervised digital classification technique on IRS-1C PAN+LISS-III satellite imagery to generate a land use/land cover map for the region. The study area is described as covering 5,048 square km in northwestern Madhya Pradesh along the Betwa and Dhasan rivers. According to the classification, crop land comprised the largest area compared to other land uses. The goal was to understand local land use/cover changes over spatial and temporal scales to inform sustainable development recommendations.
This document discusses geographic information systems (GIS) and their applications in public health. GIS allows users to capture, store, analyze and visualize spatial health data on maps. It has been used historically to identify relationships between location and disease. Today, GIS supports public health planning and management by helping to optimize resource allocation, target interventions, and monitor disease trends and the impact of interventions over time.
Disaster Prevention & Preparedness: Landslide in NepalKamlesh Kumar
This report is detailed study of the field survey conducted in Sindhupalchowk, Nepal. The basic objective of this report is to get a tough insight in the use of field techniques regarding disaster management. Geography deals with human interaction with nature. This phenomenon can be better understood through field studies. Geography, being a field science, a geographical enquiry always need to be supplemented through well planned field surveys. Field is an essential component of geographic enquire. It is a basic procedure to understand the earth as a home of humankind. It is carried out through observation, sketching, measurement, interviews, etc. Field work takes the children out of the class and enables them to better understand the subject by visiting the areas practically giving an insight into the social, cultural and economic lives of the people. This also adds up the advantage of visiting the grass root levels of the society and ameliorative comprehension of the GLOCAL lives. It also has instilled various research making techniques in the budding geographers and shaping their thinking perspectives. The field surveys facilitate the collection of local level information that is not available through secondary sources.
In this report, various methodologies have been employed such as mapping, digitization, measurement and interviewing (questionnaires designing), the collection and gathering of information at the local level by conducting primary surveys and later, tabulating and computing them is an important part of the field survey.
Furthermore, the field study report has been prepared in concise form alongside with maps and diagrams for giving visual impressions. Moreover, it contains all the details of the procedures followed, methods, tools and techniques employed and the modern technology of navigation, satellite connections, GIS software have been very helpful in the pre-field drills.
The document discusses mapping and monitoring forest cover types using remote sensing. It begins by stating that remote sensing allows for a systematic understanding of forest mapping to determine existing forest coverage in a cost-effective and timely manner. Remote sensing technologies like GIS, GPS, and satellite imagery have revolutionized forest resource assessment, monitoring, and management by reducing time and costs. The document then provides definitions of forest type and discusses choosing appropriate satellite data seasons for different vegetation zones. It also describes techniques for digital classification of remote sensing data and elements of image interpretation.
1. The document analyzes land cover change in the Trifinio region, a protected area spanning Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador using satellite imagery from 2000-2015.
2. Preliminary results found land cover changes from forest to bare soil from 2005-2010 which coincided with a severe drought, and forests recovered by 2015.
3. Future research could create new land cover classifications to better detect forest variation over time and assess the effectiveness of each country's conservation policies in the transnational region.
Remote sensing uses sensors on aircrafts and satellites to obtain spatial data about soil and crop conditions without physical contact. This document discusses potential applications of remote sensing in precision agriculture including using imagery to identify soil characteristics, predict yields, and schedule irrigation. Case studies are presented on using remote sensing to monitor crop variability and weeds. The document concludes that remote sensing techniques can provide a comprehensive soil and crop strategy but need improvements to be economically accessible to all farmers.
This document discusses various concepts of space that are relevant to human services planning, including physical, social, personal, temporal, virtual, psychological, philosophical, cartographic, and statistical spaces. It identifies issues with defining spaces and boundaries for planning purposes. These include conflicting definitions of space, problems with methodology like scale and data quality, and the complexity of allocating resources based on spaces and populations. Key challenges are the assumptions that administrative and statistical spaces are the same, data accuracy, and defining spaces and populations in a way that aligns with service needs.
The Impact of HumanAttitude andBehaviour for Their Environmental Concerns onN...IJERA Editor
Many people have adopted environmental attitudes but their environmentally responsible behaviours have not
been reflected in life in the same level. This paper emphasis upon the necessity, sustenanceand functioning of
Sewerage Treatment Plants, and also draws attentions towards human attitude, behaviour and their concerns for
healthy environment. The attitude and behaviour of the people living near Sewerage Treatment Plants (STP’s)
situated in Vasant Kunj-I, Timarpur and Okhla,in the vicinity of Delhi city were studied.The significance of the
study is to get the perception of human attitude and behaviour defining their responsibilities & concerns towards
the environment protection. Results obtained from the questionnaire & Statistical tools relates that there is a
direct relationship between human attitude, behaviour and their concerns for environment.Results revealed the
order of effectivenessof the STP’s as Vasant Kunj-I >Timarpur >Okhla.It is also revealed from the study that at
present there is deficit in the current environmental education among the people of Okhla so their belongingness
towards environmental care is very less.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This document describes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to analyze land use/land cover change in Dehradun District, India over a 22-year period from 1994 to 2016. Landsat satellite images from 1994, 1999, and 2016 were classified into six land use/land cover classes: vegetation, agriculture, built-up, barren, sediment, and water. The results found increases in vegetation, built-up, barren and sediment areas, and decreases in agricultural land and water bodies. The approach demonstrated the potential of remote sensing and GIS for measuring and understanding land use/land cover change dynamics over time.
This document discusses using a geographic information system (GIS) to identify the optimal alignment for a highway between Erode and Karur in Tamil Nadu, India. Key factors considered in the analysis include land use, geology, land value, soil, and environmental sensitivities. Data on these themes is obtained and weighted/ranked based on expert opinions. The themes are then overlaid in GIS analysis to identify the most suitable alignment that passes through textile-rich areas along existing water channels, minimizing environmental impacts and construction costs. The analysis aims to determine the shortest and most economical path between Erode and Karur.
Landuse landcover and ndvi analysis for halia catchmentIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study analyzing land use/land cover changes and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the Halia catchment area in India over several decades using remote sensing data. Medium to high resolution Landsat satellite imagery from 1975, 1989, and 2001 was processed to create land use/land cover maps and NDVI maps for the area. The objective was to examine changes in cropped area and land use/land cover patterns over time and understand the implications for the local environment.
This document discusses the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in forest management. It explains that GIS, along with technologies like GPS and remote sensing, allow forest managers to more accurately collect, analyze, and utilize spatial data. This helps with tasks like resource management, harvest planning, fire management, and map production. The document then provides examples of how GIS has been used specifically in strategic planning, modeling, and fire management. Overall, it argues that GIS is a valuable tool for aiding complex modern forest management.
Integrating bottom up and top down research pathways for biodiversity assess...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document discusses integrating bottom-up and top-down research approaches for biodiversity assessments in Integrated Landscape Approaches. It addresses how landscape structure and scale affect biodiversity management and species distribution modeling. The document presents results on remote sensing of habitat degradation and fires, ecosystem services modeling challenges due to spatial scale mismatches, and the scale-dependence of landscape influences on species richness. It concludes that spatial scale is important for biodiversity studies and management, and that district level is best for matching bottom-up and top-down approaches while advocating more local-scale investigations and co-knowledge development.
Public Awareness in Management of Pro-Environmental and Sustainable Tourism AreaAJSERJournal
Attitudes and behaviours of caring for the environment are the willingness arising from internal
encouragement to express actions to care about the environment, to improve or maintain the quality of the
environment. The purpose of this research is to see the dominant factor that influences the attitudes and behaviours of
caring for the environment in the community who live in the tourist area. Research is in the Bili-Bili Dam Tourism Area,
South Sulawesi Province. The number of samples in this study was 100 respondents. The survey method in this study
conducted by in-depth interviews and through questionnaires to respondents. The sampling technique used is to use
purposive sampling. Processing questionnaires obtained from respondents then proceed with data analysis with
confirmatory analysis or often referred to as Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with IBM AMOS Program. The results
showed that attitudes and behaviours in environmental care would increase if there is direct involvement of the
community in tourism management in the region. The existence of a sense of belonging will lead to attitudes and
behaviours to guard the tourist area. Factors that are encouraging attitudes and behaviours to care for the
environment by the surrounding community will have a direct impact on the sustainability of the region and the
environment.
This document provides a training report on thematic mapping through remote sensing and GIS techniques in Siwani area, Bhiwani, Haryana, India. It acknowledges the support received from Haryana Space Applications Centre (HARSAC) in providing facilities and guidance for the summer training project. The project aimed to prepare base maps, land use/land cover maps, and geomorphology maps of the study area. It also aimed to familiarize the author with GIS techniques for map preparation and with using global positioning systems. The report includes chapters on the study area description, data and methodology used, and results and discussion of the project.
This document discusses several studies that utilized remotely sensed data:
1. A study of mangrove forest distributions from 1975-2005 in Asia that used Landsat data to classify landscapes and determine 12% of mangroves were lost, with most deforestation due to agriculture and aquaculture.
2. A comparison of species distribution models using interpolated climate data versus remotely sensed temperature and precipitation data, finding the latter improved model fitting and transferability for many tropical species.
3. A review of freely and publicly available basic imagery from sources like Landsat that are useful for a variety of environmental applications and field studies.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Applications of GIS in Public Health EngineeringVignesh Sekar
GIS can be used in many ways to support public health. It allows researchers to construct disease models, track disease spread over space and time, and identify high-risk areas. GIS is also used to plan infrastructure and services by analyzing data on roads, population statistics, and medical resources. It helps with site selection for facilities like reservoirs by integrating data layers like vegetation, soil type, and drainage patterns. Overall, GIS is a powerful tool for public health planning and decision-making by allowing spatial analysis and visualization of relevant data.
This study used high-resolution SPOT 6 satellite imagery to map vegetation in communal lands in Nyandeni Local Municipality, South Africa. The researchers classified imagery into vegetation classes like grassland, shrubland, and forest using NDVI thresholds. They achieved an overall accuracy of 73.3% according to an error matrix. The final map identified grassland as the dominant land cover at 48% and will help local leaders make informed decisions about resource allocation and conservation.
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing to map land use and land cover in Tikamgarh district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Specifically, it used an unsupervised digital classification technique on IRS-1C PAN+LISS-III satellite imagery to generate a land use/land cover map for the region. The study area is described as covering 5,048 square km in northwestern Madhya Pradesh along the Betwa and Dhasan rivers. According to the classification, crop land comprised the largest area compared to other land uses. The goal was to understand local land use/cover changes over spatial and temporal scales to inform sustainable development recommendations.
This document discusses geographic information systems (GIS) and their applications in public health. GIS allows users to capture, store, analyze and visualize spatial health data on maps. It has been used historically to identify relationships between location and disease. Today, GIS supports public health planning and management by helping to optimize resource allocation, target interventions, and monitor disease trends and the impact of interventions over time.
Disaster Prevention & Preparedness: Landslide in NepalKamlesh Kumar
This report is detailed study of the field survey conducted in Sindhupalchowk, Nepal. The basic objective of this report is to get a tough insight in the use of field techniques regarding disaster management. Geography deals with human interaction with nature. This phenomenon can be better understood through field studies. Geography, being a field science, a geographical enquiry always need to be supplemented through well planned field surveys. Field is an essential component of geographic enquire. It is a basic procedure to understand the earth as a home of humankind. It is carried out through observation, sketching, measurement, interviews, etc. Field work takes the children out of the class and enables them to better understand the subject by visiting the areas practically giving an insight into the social, cultural and economic lives of the people. This also adds up the advantage of visiting the grass root levels of the society and ameliorative comprehension of the GLOCAL lives. It also has instilled various research making techniques in the budding geographers and shaping their thinking perspectives. The field surveys facilitate the collection of local level information that is not available through secondary sources.
In this report, various methodologies have been employed such as mapping, digitization, measurement and interviewing (questionnaires designing), the collection and gathering of information at the local level by conducting primary surveys and later, tabulating and computing them is an important part of the field survey.
Furthermore, the field study report has been prepared in concise form alongside with maps and diagrams for giving visual impressions. Moreover, it contains all the details of the procedures followed, methods, tools and techniques employed and the modern technology of navigation, satellite connections, GIS software have been very helpful in the pre-field drills.
The document discusses mapping and monitoring forest cover types using remote sensing. It begins by stating that remote sensing allows for a systematic understanding of forest mapping to determine existing forest coverage in a cost-effective and timely manner. Remote sensing technologies like GIS, GPS, and satellite imagery have revolutionized forest resource assessment, monitoring, and management by reducing time and costs. The document then provides definitions of forest type and discusses choosing appropriate satellite data seasons for different vegetation zones. It also describes techniques for digital classification of remote sensing data and elements of image interpretation.
1. The document analyzes land cover change in the Trifinio region, a protected area spanning Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador using satellite imagery from 2000-2015.
2. Preliminary results found land cover changes from forest to bare soil from 2005-2010 which coincided with a severe drought, and forests recovered by 2015.
3. Future research could create new land cover classifications to better detect forest variation over time and assess the effectiveness of each country's conservation policies in the transnational region.
Remote sensing uses sensors on aircrafts and satellites to obtain spatial data about soil and crop conditions without physical contact. This document discusses potential applications of remote sensing in precision agriculture including using imagery to identify soil characteristics, predict yields, and schedule irrigation. Case studies are presented on using remote sensing to monitor crop variability and weeds. The document concludes that remote sensing techniques can provide a comprehensive soil and crop strategy but need improvements to be economically accessible to all farmers.
This document discusses various concepts of space that are relevant to human services planning, including physical, social, personal, temporal, virtual, psychological, philosophical, cartographic, and statistical spaces. It identifies issues with defining spaces and boundaries for planning purposes. These include conflicting definitions of space, problems with methodology like scale and data quality, and the complexity of allocating resources based on spaces and populations. Key challenges are the assumptions that administrative and statistical spaces are the same, data accuracy, and defining spaces and populations in a way that aligns with service needs.
The Impact of HumanAttitude andBehaviour for Their Environmental Concerns onN...IJERA Editor
Many people have adopted environmental attitudes but their environmentally responsible behaviours have not
been reflected in life in the same level. This paper emphasis upon the necessity, sustenanceand functioning of
Sewerage Treatment Plants, and also draws attentions towards human attitude, behaviour and their concerns for
healthy environment. The attitude and behaviour of the people living near Sewerage Treatment Plants (STP’s)
situated in Vasant Kunj-I, Timarpur and Okhla,in the vicinity of Delhi city were studied.The significance of the
study is to get the perception of human attitude and behaviour defining their responsibilities & concerns towards
the environment protection. Results obtained from the questionnaire & Statistical tools relates that there is a
direct relationship between human attitude, behaviour and their concerns for environment.Results revealed the
order of effectivenessof the STP’s as Vasant Kunj-I >Timarpur >Okhla.It is also revealed from the study that at
present there is deficit in the current environmental education among the people of Okhla so their belongingness
towards environmental care is very less.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
1. Spatial Distribution of Vegetation Using
Normalized Difference Vegetation index
A Case Study of Delhi
Submitted for partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Science
in Geo- informatics semester IV
Under the Supervision:
Professor Mehtab Singh Submitted By:
Neeraj Rani
1159775
Deptt. Geography
MDU ROHTAK
2. Introduction
Recent advances in precision agriculture technology have led to the development of ground based
active remote sensors (or crop canopy sensors) that calculate NDVI readings. Previously this index was
determined using passive sensors via airborne or satellite imagery which had several limitations
including expense and weather related issues such as cloud cover that could greatly limit the
effectiveness of these sensing techniques. Active sensors have their own source of light energy and
allow for the determination of NDVI at specific times and locations throughout the growing season
without the need for ambient illumination or flight concerns.
Remote Sensing has developed as a powerful tool in environmental studies because it can provide
calibrated, objective, repeatable and cost effective information for large areas and it can be
empirically related to collected field data. One of the most common applications of remote sensing is
land/canopy cover monitoring and assessment via remote sensing indices which combine reflectance
measurements from the bands of remote sensing instruments. Remote sensing indices derived from
satellite data are one of the primary sources of information for operational monitoring of the land’s
vegetative and other land covers.
3. Vegetation plays an important role either harvested for purposes like biomass conversion to energy
products (e.g. electricity) or seen as a key position in storing atmospheric carbon sources. The diversity
of species in different vegetation types influences the potential of such possible uses. Various types of
vegetation are present ranging from highly diverse forests in the tropics to less species-rich steppes or
savannahs to human influenced ecosystems in the 9 Temperate zone like semi-natural grasslands.
About 70% of the Earth’s land surface is covered by vegetation with perennial or seasonal
photosynthetic activity. The NDVI is the example of the most common vegetation indices to analyze
the green cover of photosynthetic vegetation in image processing.
4.
5. •NDVI values range from +1.0 to -1.0.
•Low NDVI values (for example, 0.1 or
less).
•Areas of barren rock, sand, or snow.
• Moderate NDVI values (approximately
0.2 to 0.5).
•Sparse vegetation such as shrubs and
grasslands or senescing crops.
•High NDVI values (approximately 0.6 to
0.9)
•Dense vegetation such as that found
in temperate and tropical forests or
crops at their peak growth stage.
NDVI = (NIR - Red) / (NIR + RED)
6. Transforming raw satellite data into NDVI values give rough measures
●Vegetation types
●Amount of vegetation
●Conditions on land surfaces around the world
●Change in vegetation over time
•NDVI is useful for continental- to global-scale vegetation monitoring because it can
compensate for
●Changing illumination conditions
●Surface slope
●Viewing angle.
•Most well-known and used index to detect live green plant canopies in multispectral
remote sensing data.
7. Review of literature:
Remote Sensing has strong tools for NDVI. There are many sources from which one can do the
NDVI studies. The main focus of the study is to represent the present status and scope of
mapping, planning, and management of the selected NDVI area with the help of available satellite
data. Some of the studies are discussed here:
Teillet et al., (1997) remotely sensed spectral data used to derive vegetation indices (VI) have
become one of the primary information sources to characterize the surface of the Earth and
employed as a measure of green vegetation density.
Muraliet.al. (1998) offer a method for classifying the vegetation at tree, shrub and herb layers
utilizing GIS and other statistical tools. This method views the forest a continuous stretch of
land and not as discrete patches. Their studies suggest that the spatial dynamics of vegetation at
one layer may not reflect on others. Also mapping the diversity of the forest ecosystem could
be possible.
8. Delhi also known as the National Capital Territory of India is the capital of India. Delhi is
bounded by Uttar Pradesh on the East and by Haryana on the North, South and West. Delhi is
located between the 28º24´17"N latitudes and 28º53´00"N latitudes and 76º 45´ 30" E longitude
and 77º 21´ 30" E longitude fig.2.1 . The geographical area of Delhi is 1,483 km² which is 0.05
percent of India. Delhi is approximately 213 meters to 305 meters above the mean sea level. The
NCT and its urban region have been given the special status of National Capital Region (NCR)
under the Constitution of India's 69th amendment act of 1991.
A union territory, the political administration of the NCT of Delhi today more closely resembles
that of a state of India, with its own legislature, high court and an executive council of ministers
headed by a Chief Minister. New Delhi is jointly administered by the federal government of India
and the local government of Delhi, and is the capital of the NCT of Delhi. In all there are 9
districts in Delhi.
Study Area
Introduction:
9.
10. Delhi was the site of ancient Indraprastha (Khandavprastha), the ancient capital of the Pandavas
during the Mahabharata.
Delhi is the capital of India and most populated state. During the time of 1961 census, Delhi had
only one district and one Tehsil. From 1971-1991 Census, Delhi revenue district was divided into
two Tehsils, known as Delhi Tehsil and Mehrauli Tehsil. The situation changed in 1996, as shown in
Delhi was divided into 9 revenue districts and 27 sub-divisions coterminous with Tehsils . This was
the administrative set up that prevailed during the 2001 census, and stands unchanged.
Geology:
Delhi is bounded by the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains in the North and East, by Thar Desert in the
West and by Aravalli hill ranges in the South .
The development of any area mostly depends on the quality as well as quantity of ground water.
Yamuna River has a big influence on the availability of sweet ground water in most part of the capital.
In NCT of Delhi, 90 per cent of the fresh water is available up to 60 m depth and the quality and
quantity of water is also good .
History:
Administrative Set-up:
Hydrology:
11. Delhi features a typical version of the humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). Delhi has an
extreme climate. It is very hot in summer (April - July) and cold in winter (December - January).
According to the 2011 census of India, the population of Delhi is 16,753,235. The
corresponding population density was 11,297 persons per km2, with a sex ratio of 866 women
per 1000 men, and a literacy rate of 86.34 percent.
The largest commercial center in northern India is Delhi. The most important sector of the
economy of Delhi is the service sector. In fact, this sector employs the most amounts of people in the
city. The manufacturing sector remains an important aspect as well, but the agricultural sector is
longer significant. The majority of the work force participates in trade, finance, or public
administration. The per capita income of Delhi is currently the highest in the whole country. Also,
the work force makes up about 33 percent of the population and has been continuing to increase over
the years.
Climate:
Demography:
Economy of Delhi:
12. DATA SOURCE AND METHODOLOGY
Methodology is the central part of the any research work which helps in scientific description and
explanation of reality. The present study entitled “Spatial Distribution of Vegetation Using Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index: A Case Study of Delhi ” .The study is mainly based on the description,
interpretation and analysis of maps. NDVI has found a wide application in vegetative studies as it has
been used to estimate crop yields, pasture performance, and rangeland carrying capacities among others.
It is often directly related to other ground parameters such as percent of ground cover, photosynthetic
activity of the plant, surface water, leaf area index and the amount of biomass.
Generally the term data means group of information that represent the qualitative or quantitative
attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data are typically the results of measurements and can be
the basis of graphs, images or observations of a set of variables. Everything in the real world is turned
into a feature on a map in GIS and each of those features has data that can be used to depict or analyze
them.
Data:
introduction
13. Data sources, as the name implies provides data via data site. Data in stores an organization s
database, data files including non- automated. Mainly two types data is used i.e. Primary and
Secondary data. A primary data uses first hand information while secondary data is collect by
someone other than user. The present study is based on secondary data sources.
Data Sources:
Secondary data is the data that have been already collected by and readily available from other
sources. Such data are cheaper and more quickly obtainable than the primary data and also may
be available when primary data cannot be obtained at all. Secondary data is classified in terms of
its source – either internal or external. Internal, or in- house data, is secondary information
acquired within the organization where research is being carried out. External secondary data is
obtained from outside sources. The sources of secondary data are: Censuses, surveys,
organizational records and data collected through qualitative methodologies or qualitative
research etc.
Secondary Data Sources:
14. Satellite Type Sensor Number of Bands Resolutions(m)
IRS-IC, ID LISS-III(2002) 4 23.5
IRS-IC, ID LISS-III(2010) 4 23.5
Present study use LISS- III images of year 2002 and 2010. LISS III (Linear imaging Self Scanning
Sensor) sensor is optical sensor working in four spectral bands (green, red, near infrared and short waves
infrared). It covers a 141 km – wide swath with a resolution of 23.5 meters in all spectral bands. Present
study used secondary source data. Remote Sensing data to support this. I have used conventional data else
i.e. topo-sheet etc. A brief description of satellite data used in the study is given in this Table 1.1
Analysis of Remote Sensing Data:
Software used:
Erdas Imagine (9.0)
Arc Map (10.1)
Ms – Office (2007)
15. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
DATA UTILIZATION (LISS-III IMAGE 2002, 2010 AND TOPOSHEET
GEO- REFERENCING OF SATELLITE DATA
CREATION OF THE SUBSET OF THE STUDY AREA
VISUAL INTERPRETATION
NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX
GROUND TRUTH
MODIFICATION AND CORRECTION
FINAL MAP PREPARATION
REPORT WRITING
Flow Chart Showing the
General Methodology
16. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION
Remote sensing studies use data gathered by satellite sensors that measure wave length of light
absorbed and reflected by green plants certain pigments in plants leaves strongly absorbs wavelengths
of visible infrared light near infrared light which is invisible to human eyes. As a plant canopy
changes from early spring growth to late season maturity and senescence, these reflectance properties
also change. Many sensors carried aboard satellites measure red and near-infrared light waves
reflected by land surfaces. Using mathematical formulas (algorithms), scientists transform raw
satellite data about these light waves into indices i.e. A vegetative indices is an indicator that describes
the greenness the relative density and health of vegetation for each picture element, or pixel, in a
satellite image.
Introduction:
17. Comparative Analysis of vegetation using NDVI: DELHI 2002- 2010
This fig. shows the spatial distribution of vegetation using NDVI on LISS- III image. The NDVI of
Delhi (2002) gives the value in the range of -32 to 0.573. It is seen that value -32 (dark green areas)
corresponds to high dense built-up area on the eastern side of river Yamuna, CBD (Central Business
District) of Delhi and old Delhi on the northern side of CBD. High NDVI 2002 values (dark red areas)
are observed in the central ridge (forest), north-west and south-west part of city. Medium NDVI
values (green areas to yellow areas) are observed over agricultural croplands, in the northern part of
the study area.
Delhi officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India. It is
bordered by Haryana on three sides and by Uttar Pradesh to the east. It is the most expansive city in
India area 1,483 square kilometres (573 sq miles). It has a population of about 25 million, making it
the second most populous city after Mumbai and most populous urban agglomeration in India and 3rd
largest urban area in the world. Urban expansion in Delhi has caused it to grow beyond the National
Capital Territory (NCT) to incorporate towns in neighbouring states. At its largest extent, there is a
population of about 25 million residents as of 2014.
18. The NDVI of Delhi during 2010 estimated the value in the range of -0.184 to 0.452. It is seen that lower
NDVI value 0.184 is representing (green areas) high dense built up area on the eastern side of river
Yamuna, CBD (Central Business District) of Delhi and Old Delhi on the northern side of CBD.
The 2010 NDVI or vegetative greenness in Delhi is maximum in New Delhi and Central Delhi
whereas North, Northwest and East Delhi having highly concentration and, therefore, have the least
NDVI values. The NDVI values in North, Northwest and East Delhi are below except in a few
patches, which are the green areas in the dense built-up zones, which also act as breathing room. The
southwest corner of the city has low NDVI owing to the presence of agricultural land. Some red
areas are visible along the drain lines and around the agricultural fallow land. Further in the East is
the dense amalgamation of apartments and buildings, where the tree cover along the roads, highways
and open land in Delhi is more dominating than the forest cover. The international airport in the
south records the lowest NDVI. On the other hand, most areas in central and New Delhi have very
high NDVI, reflecting the healthy tree cover in the city. The Delhi Ridge, popularly known as the
lungs of the city and the adjoining areas of India Gate, Rashrapati Bhawan, and others have the
highest NDVI. Along the banks of the River Yamuna, also, the NDVI values are relatively high,
owing to the presence of agricultural land.
19. Many factors have an effect on greenness values like climate, urbanization, and deforestration. Forest
degradation has become a serious problem, especially in developing countries. In the year 2000, the
total area of degraded forest in 77 countries was estimated at800million hectares 500 million hectares
of which had changed from primary to secondary vegetation. Among other impacts the process of
forest degradation represents a significant proportion of greenhouse gas emissions. There is an urgent
need to measure and analyses it, in order to design action to reverse the process. It presents a study
carried out to identify relationships between indicators of forest functions and the Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which is estimated through analysis of satellite images to give
an indication of “greenness”. The premise is that NDVI is an indicator of vegetation health, because
degradation of ecosystem or decrease in green area, would be reflected in a decrease in NDVI value.
Therefore, if a relationship between the quantity of an indicator aerial biomass in various forest
ecosystems and the NDVI can be identified, processes of degradation can be monitored.
23. Conclusion :
NDVI a ratio of the intensity of light reflected of the Earth’s surface in the visible and near-
infrared spectral wavelengths which quantifies the photosynthetic capacity of the vegetation in a
given pixel of land surface.
• NDVI is an equation that takes into account the amount of infrared reflected by plants.
• NDVI relates to vegetation
• Clouds, snow, and water have high reflectivity in the visible band, while non-vegetated soil
reflects equally in both channels.
• Surfaces containing large amounts of chlorophyll have larger reflectivity in the Near Infrared
Region (NIR) band.
24. Although there are several vegetation indices, one of the most widely used is the Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). NDVI values range from +1.0 to -1.0. Areas of barren rock,
sand, or snow usually show very low NDVI values (for example, 0.1 or less). Sparse vegetation such
as shrubs and grasslands or senescing crops may result in moderate NDVI values (approximately 0.2
to 0.5). High NDVI values (approximately 0.6 to 0.9) correspond to dense vegetation such as that
found in temperate and tropical forests or crops at their peak growth stage. There are various
methodologies for studying seasonal changes in vegetation through satellite images, one method of
which is to apply vegetation indices relating to the quantity of greenness (Chuvieco,1998). The NDVI
is a measurement of the balance between energy received and energy emitted by objects on Earth.
When applied to plant communities, this index establishes a value for how green the area is, that is,
the quantity of vegetation present in a given area and its state of health or vigor of growth.
25. Delhi is known as the National Capital Territory of India and is the capital of India. Delhi is bounded by
Uttar Pradesh on the East and by Haryana on the North, South and West.Delhi is most populous urban
agglomeration in India and 3rd largest urban area in the world. Forest degradation has become a serious
problem and is increase day by day in Delhi.
The NDVI of Delhi (2002) gives the values in the range of -32 to 0.573. In 2002 NDVI values were -
0.32 to 0.573 and during 2010 values -0.184 to 0.452. Highest built up area have 45
lower NDVI values and sparse vegetation, grassland have higher NDVI values. It is seen that value -32
(dark green areas) corresponds to high dense built-up area on the eastern side of river Yamuna, CBD
(Central Business District) of Delhi and old Delhi on the northern side of CBD. Higher NDVI 2002
values (dark red areas) are observed in the central ridge (forest), north-west and south-west part of city.
Medium NDVI values (green areas to yellow areas) are observed over agricultural croplands, in the
northern part of the study area.
26. The NDVI of Delhi during 2010 estimated the value in the range of -0.184 to 0.452. It is seen that
lower NDVI value 0.184 is representing (green areas) high dense built up area on the eastern side of
river Yamuna, CBD (Central Business District) of Delhi and Old Delhi on the northern side of CBD.
The 2010 NDVI or vegetative greenness in Delhi is maximum in New Delhi and Central Delhi
whereas North, Northwest and East Delhi having highly concentration and, therefore, have the least
NDVI values. NDVI is a suitable indices gives the best result .