This document provides an overview of biology concepts including: 1) Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus while prokaryotic cells do not. Both can undergo cellular respiration to produce ATP. 2) The plasma membrane controls what enters and exits the cell and is important for homeostasis. Enzymes speed up cellular reactions. 3) DNA is replicated before cell division and contains instructions for making proteins via transcription and translation. 4) Evolution occurs over time through natural selection, where organisms with favorable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.

1. You Asked for it….. Biology REVIEW

2. biomolecules

4. Two examples shown are plant cells and animal cells, but fungi and protists are also eukaryotic

5. Notice, plants have chloroplasts (for photosynthesis) and cell walls made of cellulose. Animal cells don't have these parts. Also, plant cells have a larger vacuole for storage.

6. Both plants and animals have mitochondria to make ATP.

7. All eukaryotic cells have ribosomes to make protein

8. These cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells.

9. Prokaryotic cells have DNA and ribosomes, but they have no internal membranes! (They don't have a nucleus)

10. They have ribosomes to make proteins

11. These are the simplest cells

13. It is made of lipid and protein

14. It controls what goes in and out of a cell.

17. speed up reactions

18. bind to substrate at active site

19. are reusable

20. are not changed in the reaction

22. Releases the energy stored in glucose

24. Makes A LOT of ATP

25. Produces carbon dioxide and water

27. Makes only 2 ATP

28. Small amount of ATP

29. Also called fermentation

30. YEASTS make ethyl alcohol

31. BACTERIA and MUSCLECELLS (w/o O2) make LACTIC ACID

34. Involves meiosis and fertilization

35. TWO parents involved

36. Diploid and haploid cells

37. Creates identical copies (clones)

38. Only involves MITOSIS

39. ONE parent involved

41. 2n  2n

42. (same number of chromosomes)

43. Results in 2 genetically identical cells

44. Two divisions

45. 2n  n

46. Half the number of chromosomes

47. Results in 4 DIFFERENT haploid cells

49. A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate and one of four bases

50. In DNA, the bases are A, T, C, and G

51. DNA’s shape is a double helix

52. The two strands are held together by HYDROGEN bonds

53. A binds to T

55. Steps

56. DNA Unzips (Hydrogen bonds break)

57. Each side acts as a template

58. New DNA nucleotides are added according to base-pairing rules

59. Two new molecules of DNA result – each with one old and one new strand.

61. Genes (DNA) contain the instruction for making a protein

62. In transcription, DNA is used to make mRNA in the nucleus

63. mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome

64. In translation, tRNAthen brings amino acids in the proper order to make the protein on the ribosome.DNA mRNA  protein Made of amino acids

65. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

66. DNA mRNA Nucleus Cytoplasm Ribosome Codon Anticodon tRNA Amino acid Protein (polypeptide) Can you IDENTIFY the parts?

68. You won’t have to memorize this!

69. What amino acid is coded for by the DNA ATA GAG READING THE CODON CHART First convert DNA to mRNA ATA GAGUAU CUC UAU = tyr CUC = Leu

70. We have two genes for each trait – this is our GENOTYPE One gene came from mom, one from dad If the genes are alike, the individual is homozygous (RR, rr) If the genes are different , they are heterozygous (Rr) Some genes are dominant and others are recessive We only show a recessive trait if we have no dominant gene RR and Rr would “look” dominant rr would look recessive This diagram shows the cross between 2 heterozygous purple flowers Cross is: Bb x Bb Notice that 75% are purple and 25% white Genetics

74. Females are circles

75. Horizontal line means married

76. Vertical line means children

77. Filled in circle means the individual HAS the condition

78. Can you identify the genotypes of individuals 4, 7, 12?4 = Ee (parent 2 had to give an e) 7 = Ee (child is ee, so they had to have one e) 12 = ee (affected with recessive condition)

80. 1 pair of sex chromosomes

81. XX = female

82. XY = male

83. Extra chromosomes a result of non-disjunction

84. Chromosome pairs fail to separate in meiosis

85. One example is DOWN SYNDROME (extra 21)

86. Another example is KLINEFELTERS (XXY)A chart showing arrangement of chromosomes XY = male 3 21’s = Down Syndrome

88. IF DNA matches, it’s from the same individual

89. Organisms that have 2 different kinds of DNA

90. Gene cloning

91. Uses bacteria to make human proteins like insulinEvidence points to suspect 2

93. Fossils found in sedimentary rock

94. Lower level fossils are older and more PRIMITIVE

95. We can compare fossils to modern organisms

96. Similar structure suggests common ancestor

97. Biochemical evidence

99. Organisms in populations have variations that can be passed from generation to generation

100. More organisms born that environment can support

101. Organisms compete for resources

104. Linneaus – developed BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

105. TWO KINGDOMS: plants and animals

106. THREE kingdoms: plant, animal, Protist

108. FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

110. Follow directions using choices given

111. What shape is “Gina”?

113. PLANT ADAPTATIONS Flowers and Fruits Root, stem, Leaf Flowers have bright petals to attract pollinators Pollen (Sperm) can be transferred by animals When egg joins with pollen, a seed is formed in the ovary The ovary becomes the fruit Fruit surrounds and protects seed Fruit also helps get baby plants in seeds away from parent plant Roots are adapted to absorb water with root hairs Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis by being flat and green Stems move water with xylem

114. TYPES OF ANIMALS

116. The virus uses the cells enzymes and ribosomes to make DNA and protein

118. Can be killed by antibiotics

120. MUCH SMALLER THAN CELLS

121. Can’t be killed by antibiotics

123. IMMUNITY

125. Provides long term immunity

126. Natural: you have disease

127. Artificial – you get a VACCINATION

128. Person does NOT make memory cells or antibodies

129. Antibodies only are transferred

130. Doesn’t provide long-term protection

131. Natural: from breastfeeding

134. It is programmed in DNA

135. Innate behaviors include reflexes and instincts

136. Examples

137. human suckling.

138. spiders spinning webs

139. Migration: birds flying south for the winter

140. Hibernation – dormant when cold

141. Estivation – dormant when hotInnate Behavior

142. Learned Behavior

143. Social behavior

144. ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS

145. Food CHAINS Original source of energy for most chains is the sun 1st trophic level is producer 2nd trophic level is primary consumer 2rd trophic level is secondary consumer Decomposer not shown on chain, but they recycle nutrients Energy is “lost” as you mover “up” the food chain

146. SYMBIOSIS

148. The populations cycle

149. Predator has lower curve

152. Loss of biodiversity

153. Introduced species

155. Three main processes

156. Photosynthesis – plants use carbon dioxide; produce oxygen

157. Respiration – uses oxygen, produces carbon dioxide (both plants and animals)

159. Increased carbon dioxide can make temperatures rise more