Definition of Navigation, Methods of Navigation, Dead Reckoning, Piloting, Celestial Navigation, Radio navigation, Radar Navigation

1. GANDHINAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

2. • Definition
• Methods of Navigation
1. Dead Reckoning
2. Piloting
3. Celestial Navigation
4. Radio navigation
5. Radar Navigation

4. NAVIGATION

5. WHAT IS NAVIGATION?
• Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and
controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another.
• Navigation, science of directing a craft by determining its position, course, and
distance travelled. Navigation is concerned with finding the way to the desired
destination, avoiding collisions, conserving fuel, and meeting schedules.

7. DEAD RECKONING
• Drift is the angle between the
heading of the airplane and the
desired track.
• A is the last known position (fix,
usually shown with a circle).
• B is the air position (usually
shown with a plus sign). C is the
DR position (usually shown with a
triangle).

8. Dead Reckoning
• The process of calculating one's current position by using a previously determined
position, or fix, and advancing that position based upon known or estimated
speeds over elapsed time and course is called dead reckoning.
• Dead reckoning can give the best available information on position, but is subject
to significant errors as both speed and direction must be accurately known at all
instants for position to be determined accurately.

9. PILOTING

11. Piloting
• Piloting (on water) or pilotage (in the air) or land navigation is navigating, using
fixed points of reference on the sea or on land, usually with reference to a nautical
chart, aeronautical chart or topographic map, to obtain a fix of the position of the
vessel, aircraft or land traveller with respect to a desired course or location.
• Horizontal fixes of position from known reference points may be obtained by
sight or by radar.
• Vertical fixes of position may be obtained by depth sounder or by altimeter.
• Piloting is usually practiced close to shore or on inland waterways.
• Pilotage is practiced under visual meteorological conditions for flight.
• Divers use related techniques for underwater navigation.

12. CELESTIAL NAVIGATION
SEXTANT
An instrument with a graduated arc
of 60° and a sighting mechanism,
used for measuring the angular
distances between objects and
especially for taking altitudes in
navigation and surveying.

13. Celestial Navigation
• Celestial navigation uses "sights", or angular measurements taken between a
celestial body (e.g. the Sun, the Moon, a planet, or a star) and the visible horizon.
• The Sun is most commonly used, but navigators can also use the Moon, a planet,
Polaris, or one of 57 other navigational stars whose coordinates are tabulated in
the nautical almanac and air almanacs

14. RADIO NAVIGATION

15. Radio Navigation
• Radio navigation is the application of radio frequencies to determine a position of
an object on the earth. Like radiolocation, it is a type of radiodetermination.
• The basic principles are measurements from/to electric beacons, especially
• directions, e.g. by bearing, radio phases or interferometry,
• Distances, e.g. ranging by measurement of travel times,
• partly also velocity, e.g. by means of radio Doppler shift

16. Radar Navigation
• When a vessel is within radar range of land or special radar aids to
navigation, the navigator can take distances and angular bearings to
charted objects and use these to establish arcs of position and lines of
position on a chart.
• A fix consisting of only radar information is called a radar fix.
Radar ranges and bearings

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