There are three main types of north used for navigation: true north, magnetic north, and grid north. True north runs through the Earth's geographic poles, magnetic north points to the magnetic north pole, and grid north is defined by map projections. Navigators use compasses, maps, sextants, and other tools to determine their position using lines of position, resection, dead reckoning, and other techniques. Modern electronic systems like GPS have made position fixing much easier.

1. Route Selection and Navigation

2. Direction Determination

6. Isogonics chart http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Poles/DI81.htm The Agonic Line is the line of zero degree variation Declination angle

10. Direction Designation

13. Orthodrome A great circles arc that is casted between two points on a surface of a sphere. Is the shortest geodetic connecting line between two points on a sphere.

14. Measuring an Azimuth Protractors

15. Measuring an Azimuth Compasses Magnetic Lensatic Compass (Military Type) Silva Polaris Compass (Civilian Orienteering)

16. Direction - Some Examples Where is north on this map? Where is north on this map?

20. Nautical Charts

21. Symbols used in Nautical Charts

27. Aeronautical charts

28. World Aeronautical Charts

29. Sectional Aeronautical Chart

30. Terminal Area Charts

31. Helicopter Route Charts