The document discusses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and the operator's control over aircraft and payloads, outlining key functions such as piloting, mission planning, and controlling payloads. It describes various control modes, payload types for reconnaissance and warfare, including imaging and sensor technologies, and the importance of detection, recognition, and identification in operations. Additionally, the text highlights design issues related to UAVs, including payload capabilities and the advantages of using UAVs for diverse applications compared to traditional satellites.

1. UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE
BY
ABHIJEET
1SJ17AE002
AE BRANCH ,SJCIT
CHICKKABALLAPUR

2. Air Vehicle and Payload Control
• This chapter discusses how the human operators exercise control
over the UAV and its payloads.
• There r some key functions av
• Piloting the aircraft: making the inputs to the control surfaces and
propulsion system required to take off, fly some specified flight
path, and land.
• Controlling the payloads: turning them on and off, pointing them
as needed, and performing any real-time interpretation of their
outputs that is required to perform the mission of the UAS.
• Commanding the aircraft: carrying out the mission plan, including
any changes that must be made in response to events that occur
during the mission.
• Mission planning: determining the plan for the mission based on
the tasking that comes from the “customer” for whom the UAS is
flying the mission.

3. Modes of Control
• Full remote control: the humans do all the things that they would do if
they were onboard the AV, basing their actions on sensor and other flight
instrument information that is downlinked to the operator station and
implemented by direct control inputs that are uplinked to the AV.
• Assisted remote control: the humans still do all the things that they would
do if they were on the AV, based on the same information downlinked to
them, but their control inputs are assisted by automated inner control
loops that are closed onboard the AV.
• Exception control: the computers perform all the real-time control
functions based on a detailed flight plan and/or mission plan and monitor
what is happening in order to identify any event that constitutes an
exception to the plan. If an exception is identified, the computers notify
the human operators and ask for directions about how to respond to the
exception.
• Full automation: the only function of the humans is to prepare a mission
plan that the UAS performs without human intervention

4. Payloads and means of Controlling
Payloads
Some of the payloads are:
• Signal relay or intercept payloads
• Atmospheric, radiological, and environmental
monitoring
• Imaging and pseudo-imaging payloads

5. Reconnaissance/Surveillance
Payloads
• Reconnaissance payloads are by far the most common used by
UAVs and are of the highest priority for most users.
• Even if the mission of a UAV is to gather some specialized
information, such as monitoring pollution, it often is essential that
it be able to locate specific “targets” on the ground for the purpose
of collecting data in the vicinity of those “targets.”
• These payloads, or sensors as they often are called, can be either
passive or active.
• Both passive and active sensors are affected by the absorbing and
scattering effects of the atmosphere. The two most important kinds
of reconnaissance sensors will be discussed in detail in this chapter:
• 1. Day or night-vision TV
• 2. IR imaging

6. Reconnaissance/Surveillance
Payloads
Three key terms used to describe the operation of the sensor are as follows:
• Detection: Defined as determining that there is an object of interest at
some particular point in the field of regard of the sensor
• Recognition: Defined as determining that the object belongs to some
general class, such as a truck, a tank, a small boat, or a person.
• Identification: Defined as determining a specific identity for the object,
such as a dump truck, an M1 tank, a cigarette-class speedboat, or an
enemy soldier.
• For all sensors, the ability to detect, recognize, and identify targets is
related to the individual target signature, the sensitivity and resolution of
the sensor, and environmental conditions.
• Design analysis of these factors for imaging sensors (both TV and IR)
follows the same general procedure, described in detail in the following
sections.

7. Target Detection, Recognition, and
Identification
• Imaging sensors are used to detect, recognize, and identify targets.
• The successful accomplishment of these tasks depends on the
interrelationship of the system resolution, target contrast,
atmosphere, and display characteristics
• One of the most common missions for a UAV is reconnaissance
and/or wide-area surveillance.
• These missions require the UAV and its operator to search large
areas on the ground, looking for some type of target or activity. An
example might be to search a valley looking for signs of an enemy
advance.
• There are three general types of search:
• 1. Point
• 2. Area
• 3. Route

8. There are three general types of
search
• A “point” search requires the UAV to search a relatively small
region around a nominally known target location. For instance, an
electronic interception and direction-finding system may have
determined that there is a suspected command post located
approximately at some grid coordinate.
• An “area” search requires the UAV to search a specified area
looking for some type of targets or activity. For instance, it might be
suspected that artillery units are located somewhere in an area of
several square kilometers to the east of a given road junction.
• A“route” search can take two forms. In the simplest case, the
mission is to determine whether any targets of interest are present
along a specified length of a road or trail, or, perhaps, whether
there are any obstructions along a section of a road.

9. Weapon Payloads
We distinguish between three classes of unmanned “aircraft”
that may deliver some lethal warhead to a target:
1. UAVs that are designed from the beginning to operate in an
intense surface-to-air and air-to-air combat environment as
a substitute for the present manned fighters and bombers,
2. General-purpose UAVs that can be used for civilian or
military reconnaissance and surveillance but also can carry
and drop or launch lethal weapons, and
3. Single-use platforms such as guided cruise missiles that
carry a warhead and blow themselves up either on or near
the target in an attempt to destroy that target.

10. Design Issues Related to Carriage and
Delivery of Weapons
• Payload Capacity
• Structural Issues
• Electrical Interfaces
• Electromagnetic Interference
• Launch Constraints for Legacy Weapons
• Safe Separation
• Data Links

11. Other Payloads
• Radar: Radar sensors inherently have the capability to measure
range to the target, based on roundtrip time of flight of the radar
signal. For pulsed radars, this measurement is made by timing the
arrival of the reflected pulse relative to the transmitted pulse. For
continuous-wave (CW) radars, a modulation superimposed on the
continuous-wave signal is used to determine the round-trip time for
the signal
• A major advantage of a radar sensor is that, as an active system, it
can use Doppler processing to distinguish moving targets from a
stationary background. Radar energy reflected from a moving
surface has its frequency shifted by an amount that is proportional
to the velocity component of the reflecting surface that lies along
the direction of propagation of the radar beam (a “Doppler shift”).
If the return signal is combined with an unshifted signal in the
receiver, “Doppler” signals are generated at difference frequencies
corresponding to the Doppler shifts of the target returns

12. Other Payloads
Synthetic aperture radar:
This is the mini sar A SAR transmits a
signal more or less perpendicular to
the direction of motion of the AV and
then receives the returns over a period
of time during which the AV moves
some significant distance.
This effectively increases the aperture
of the receiver by the distance
traveled during the interval for which
coherent data is available

13. Other payloads
• ELECTRONIC WARFARE is military action involving the use of
electromagnetic energy to determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent hostile
use of the electromagnetic spectrum and action which retains friendly use
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• The purpose of chemical detection payloads is to detect the presence of
chemicals in the air, or sometimes on the ground, or surface of water. This
may apply to military or terrorist situations in which the chemicals have
been deliberately spread in an attempt to cause mass casualties or to
civilian situations in which the chemicals are pollutants, leaks, spills, or
products of fires
• Nuclear radiation sensors can perform two types of missions:
1. Detection of radioactive leaks or of fallout suspended in the atmosphere,
to provide data for prediction and warning similar to that provided by a
chemical-agent sensor,
2. Detection of radiation signatures of weapons in storage or of weapon
production facilities, for location of nuclear delivery systems or monitoring
of treaty compliance

14. Other payloads
• Meteorological information is vital to the successful conduct of military operations.
Barometric pressure, ambient air temperature, and relative humidity are essential
for determining the performance of artillery and missile systems and predicting
future weather conditions that impact ground and/or air operations and tactics.
• Meteorological data also is critical in many civilian situations. The potential for
very long time-on-station without operator fatigue opens up many possibilities for
UAVs as monitors of developing storms or other long-term weather phenomena.
• Pseudo-Satellites:
• It must be able to carry whatever payload is needed to perform its mission and
also must be able to provide the prime power needed by the payload. Some of the
missions that have beenconsidered are:
• Forrest/brush fire monitoring
• Weather monitoring
• Communications relay
• Large-area surveillance
The details of any of these payloads will depend on the particular mission to be
performed.

15. The tradeoffs between satellites in space and UAVs being used in
a pseudo-satellite role would depend on such factors as
• The consequences of a single UAV being out of service for some period of time or the cost of
having a replacement ready to launch at once (and the time that it would take to reach its station at
high altitude).
• The acceptability of a possible crash or parachute landing in the areas where impact might occur.
• The added life-cycle costs of performing periodic maintenance on the UAV and its payload,
compared to the added cost of designing for very high reliability and redundancy in a satelliteand
the need to replace the satellite after the end of its useful lifetime in space.
• The ability to upgrade the UAV payload at any scheduled maintenance versus the very highcost, or
complete impracticality, of making any repair or upgrade to the payload of anythingin orbit.
The advantages or disadvantages of lower altitude for a particular application.
• The issue of overflight in national airspace, which is avoided for satellites.
• The payload capability of a long-endurance UAV, which is likely for some time to be less
• than what can be put into orbit on a large booster. This tradeoff would be influenced by the
• second-order effects of lower altitude (lower transmitter power requirements, for instance),
• possible lower redundancy, and, perhaps, of using more than oneUAVto replace one satellite