uav flight control andd mission planning Payloads and means of Controlling Payloads Reconnaissance/SurveillancePayloads Design Issues Related to Carriage and Delivery of Weapons radar and other payloads

1. UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE
BY
ABHIJEET
1SJ17AE002
AE BRANCH ,SJCIT
CHICKKABALLAPUR

2. Air Vehicle and Payload Control
• This chapter discusses how the human
operators exercise control over the UAV and
its payloads.
• There r some key functions to av
• Piloting the aircraft:
• Controlling the payloads
• Commanding the aircraft
• Mission planning

3. Flight control and mission planning

4. Modes of Control
• Full remote control
• Assisted remote control
• Exception control
• Full automation

5. Payloads and means of Controlling
Payloads
Some of the payloads are:
• Signal relay or intercept payloads
• Atmospheric, radiological, and environmental
monitoring
• Imaging and pseudo-imaging payloads

6. Reconnaissance/Surveillance
Payloads
• Reconnaissance payloads are by far the most common used by
UAVs and are of the highest priority for most users.
• Even if the mission of a UAV is to gather some specialized
information, such as monitoring pollution, it often is essential that
it be able to locate specific “targets” on the ground for the purpose
of collecting data in the vicinity of those “targets.”
• These payloads, or sensors as they often are called, can be either
passive or active.
• Both passive and active sensors are affected by the absorbing and
scattering effects of the atmosphere. The two most important kinds
of reconnaissance sensors will be discussed in detail in this chapter:
• 1. Day or night-vision TV
• 2. IR imaging

7. Reconnaissance/Surveillance
Payloads
Three key terms used to describe the operation of the sensor are as follows:
• Detection: Defined as determining that there is an object of interest at
some particular point in the field of regard of the sensor
• Recognition: Defined as determining that the object belongs to some
general class, such as a truck, a tank, a small boat, or a person.
• Identification: Defined as determining a specific identity for the object,
such as a dump truck, an M1 tank, a cigarette-class speedboat, or an
enemy soldier.
• For all sensors, the ability to detect, recognize, and identify targets is
related to the individual target signature, the sensitivity and resolution of
the sensor, and environmental conditions.
• Design analysis of these factors for imaging sensors (both TV and IR)
follows the same general procedure, described in detail in the following
sections.

8. Target Detection, Recognition, and
Identification
• Imaging sensors are used to detect, recognize, and identify targets.
• The successful accomplishment of these tasks depends on the
interrelationship of the system resolution, target contrast,
atmosphere, and display characteristics
• One of the most common missions for a UAV is reconnaissance
and/or wide-area surveillance.
• These missions require the UAV and its operator to search large
areas on the ground, looking for some type of target or activity. An
example might be to search a valley looking for signs of an enemy
advance.
• There are three general types of search:
• 1. Point
• 2. Area
• 3. Route

9. There are three general types of
search
• A “point” search requires the UAV to search a relatively small
region around a nominally known target location. For instance, an
electronic interception and direction-finding system may have
determined that there is a suspected command post located
approximately at some grid coordinate.
• An “area” search requires the UAV to search a specified area
looking for some type of targets or activity. For instance, it might be
suspected that artillery units are located somewhere in an area of
several square kilometers to the east of a given road junction.
• A“route” search can take two forms. In the simplest case, the
mission is to determine whether any targets of interest are present
along a specified length of a road or trail, or, perhaps, whether
there are any obstructions along a section of a road.

10. Weapon Payloads
We distinguish between three classes of unmanned “aircraft”
that may deliver some lethal warhead to a target:
1. UAVs that are designed from the beginning to operate in an
intense surface-to-air and air-to-air combat environment as
a substitute for the present manned fighters and bombers,
2. General-purpose UAVs that can be used for civilian or
military reconnaissance and surveillance but also can carry
and drop or launch lethal weapons, and
3. Single-use platforms such as guided cruise missiles that
carry a warhead and blow themselves up either on or near
the target in an attempt to destroy that target.

11. Weapon payloads on uav

12. Design Issues Related to Carriage and
Delivery of Weapons
• Payload Capacity
• Structural Issues
• Electrical Interfaces
• Electromagnetic Interference
• Launch Constraints for Legacy Weapons
• Safe Separation
• Data Links

13. Other Payloads
• Radar: Radar sensors inherently have the capability to
measure range to the target, based on roundtrip time of
flight of the radar signal.
• For pulsed radars, this measurement is made by timing the
arrival of the reflected pulse relative to the transmitted
pulse. For continuous-wave (CW) radars, a modulation
superimposed on the continuous-wave signal is used to
determine the round-trip time for the signal
• A major advantage of a radar sensor is that, as an active
system, it can use Doppler processing to distinguish moving
targets from a stationary background.

14. Other Payloads
Synthetic aperture radar:
This is the mini sar A SAR
transmits a signal more or
less perpendicular to the
direction of motion of the
AV and then receives the
returns over a period of
time during which the AV
moves some significant
distance.
This effectively increases
the aperture of the
receiver by the distance
traveled during the interval
for which coherent data is
available

15. Other payloads
• ELECTRONIC WARFARE is military action involving the use of
electromagnetic energy to determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent hostile
use of the electromagnetic spectrum and action which retains friendly use
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• The purpose of chemical detection payloads is to detect the presence of
chemicals in the air, or sometimes on the ground, or surface of water. This
may apply to military or terrorist situations in which the chemicals have
been deliberately spread in an attempt to cause mass casualties or to
civilian situations in which the chemicals are pollutants, leaks, spills, or
products of fires
• Nuclear radiation sensors can perform two types of missions:
1. Detection of radioactive leaks or of fallout suspended in the atmosphere,
to provide data for prediction and warning similar to that provided by a
chemical-agent sensor,
2. Detection of radiation signatures of weapons in storage or of weapon
production facilities, for location of nuclear delivery systems or monitoring
of treaty compliance

16. Electronic warfare

17. Other payloads
• Meteorological information is vital to the successful conduct of military operations.
Barometric pressure, ambient air temperature, and relative humidity are essential
for determining the performance of artillery and missile systems and predicting
future weather conditions that impact ground and/or air operations and tactics.
• Meteorological data also is critical in many civilian situations. The potential for
very long time-on-station without operator fatigue opens up many possibilities for
UAVs as monitors of developing storms or other long-term weather phenomena.
• Pseudo-Satellites:
• It must be able to carry whatever payload is needed to perform its mission and
also must be able to provide the prime power needed by the payload. Some of the
missions that have beenconsidered are:
• Forrest/brush fire monitoring
• Weather monitoring
• Communications relay
• Large-area surveillance
The details of any of these payloads will depend on the particular mission to be
performed.

18. Pseudo satellite uav

19. The tradeoffs between satellites in space and UAVs being used in
a pseudo-satellite role would depend on such factors as
• The consequences of a single UAV being out of service for some period of time or
• the cost of having a replacement ready to launch at once and the time that it
would take to reach its station at high altitude.
• The added life-cycle costs of performing periodic maintenance on the UAV and its
payload, compared to the added cost of designing for very high reliability and
redundancy in a satellite and
• the need to replace the satellite after the end of its useful lifetime in space.
• The ability to upgrade the UAV payload at any scheduled maintenance versus the
very high cost, or complete impracticality, of making any repair or upgrade to the
payload of anything in orbit.
• However,it is easy to see how the ability to recover and repair a UAV could have a
great impact on system and subsystem tradeoffs in the UAV design, could lead to
significantly lower cost, and could be the key advantage of the UAV over a satellite
inserted into orbit.

20. Thank you