This document discusses natural resources and ecosystems. It defines key terms like biotic and abiotic components, renewable and non-renewable resources, and sources of pollution. Specific examples of renewable resources include forests and land. Non-renewable resources mentioned are minerals, metals, oil and natural gas. Water is discussed in depth, including sources, types, and major pollutants like sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff. Specific rivers mentioned are the Ganges and Yamuna, which face severe pollution problems from cities and industries located along them. Water management techniques like primary, secondary and tertiary treatment are also summarized.

1. NATURALNATURAL
RESOURCESRESOURCES
MR. NiRbhAy SUdhiR PiMPLEMR. NiRbhAy SUdhiR PiMPLE
ASST. PROfESSORASST. PROfESSOR
dEPARTMENT Of ZOOLOGydEPARTMENT Of ZOOLOGy
AbASAhEb GARwARE COLLEGEAbASAhEb GARwARE COLLEGE
KARVE ROAd.PUNE-4KARVE ROAd.PUNE-4
(NiRbhAy.PiMPALE@MESAGC.ORG)(NiRbhAy.PiMPALE@MESAGC.ORG)))
))

2. EcosystemEcosystem
The healthy relationship exhibited by the biotic andThe healthy relationship exhibited by the biotic and
biotic component where in the habitat caters all thebiotic component where in the habitat caters all the
need of the biotic component.need of the biotic component.
The functioning involves a continuous flow andThe functioning involves a continuous flow and
consumption of energy.consumption of energy.
Ecological variable which form the skeleton for anyEcological variable which form the skeleton for any
ecosystem –ecosystem –
ENERGY, MATTER, SPACE. TIME AND DIVERSITY.ENERGY, MATTER, SPACE. TIME AND DIVERSITY.

3. RENEWABLE & NONRENEWABLE & NON
RENEWABLE RESOURCESRENEWABLE RESOURCES
Habitat:Habitat: Every organism lives within an small area whichEvery organism lives within an small area which
provides him with all the basic requirement for living.provides him with all the basic requirement for living.
Environment:Environment: The environment [surrounding] is theThe environment [surrounding] is the
sum total of biotic & condition influencing the responsesum total of biotic & condition influencing the response
of the organism & on which the entire structure ofof the organism & on which the entire structure of
ecosystem depends.ecosystem depends.
Biotic ComponentBiotic Component: Every thing that is living, growing,: Every thing that is living, growing,
reproducing and proliferating is an biotic factorreproducing and proliferating is an biotic factor
AbioticAbiotic ComponentComponent: Every thing that acts as a raw: Every thing that acts as a raw
material for biotic factor. e.g. water, soil, land, air.material for biotic factor. e.g. water, soil, land, air.
Atmosphere.Atmosphere.

4. Sources of EnergySources of Energy
Primary Sources of EnergyPrimary Sources of Energy
Solar radiationSolar radiation
Tidal energyTidal energy [combined potential and kinetic[combined potential and kinetic
energy of Earth-moon-sun plexus]energy of Earth-moon-sun plexus]
EnergyEnergy from within the Earth crust.from within the Earth crust.

5. Classification of NaturalClassification of Natural
ResourcesResources
Renewable or Inexhaustible Resources:Renewable or Inexhaustible Resources:
Raw material which can be used over again andRaw material which can be used over again and
again for a considerable long time period. e.g.again for a considerable long time period. e.g.
Land, forest, biotic component.Land, forest, biotic component.
Non-renewable or Exhaustible:Non-renewable or Exhaustible:
Resources which are geological origin andResources which are geological origin and
which are present in limited quantity. e.g.which are present in limited quantity. e.g.
petroleum products, minerals, metals, oil,petroleum products, minerals, metals, oil,
natural gas.natural gas.

7. Mutable resources:Mutable resources: Resources which can beResources which can be
degraded by the human activity.degraded by the human activity.
e.g.e.g. Solar radiation, hydro energy, windSolar radiation, hydro energy, wind
velocity.velocity.
Immutable resources:Immutable resources: Resources whichResources which
cannot be modified by human activities.cannot be modified by human activities. e.g.e.g.
Atomic energy, Tidal energy, VolcanicAtomic energy, Tidal energy, Volcanic
eruption, Tsunami, Cyclones.eruption, Tsunami, Cyclones.

8. Cyclic ResourcesCyclic Resources::
Certain resources that can be used in cyclicCertain resources that can be used in cyclic
manner. e.g. Water, Wood, Agricultural land.manner. e.g. Water, Wood, Agricultural land.
Biotic ResourcesBiotic Resources::
Biotic resources also known as organicBiotic resources also known as organic
resources includes plants and animals.resources includes plants and animals.
4 lakhs4 lakhs insects about 5600 species of plants andinsects about 5600 species of plants and
most of them are very useful to human being.most of them are very useful to human being.
e.g.e.g. Apis indicaApis indica [Honey bee],[Honey bee], Maggots, SilkMaggots, Silk
wormworm..
Turmeric [Curcumin chemical], Mint, CurryTurmeric [Curcumin chemical], Mint, Curry
leaves, Tulsi, Neem etc.leaves, Tulsi, Neem etc.

9. Abiotic Resources:Abiotic Resources:
Mountains, rivers, oceans, metals, minerals,Mountains, rivers, oceans, metals, minerals,
atmosphere all are very essential. They form theatmosphere all are very essential. They form the
raw material for all biotic form to live andraw material for all biotic form to live and
proliferate.proliferate.
Water forms aquatic ecosystem.Water forms aquatic ecosystem.
Land forms terrestrial, desert, cropland,Land forms terrestrial, desert, cropland,
ecosystem.ecosystem.
Mineral very essential for growth.Mineral very essential for growth.
e.g.e.g. Gold, Nitrogen, Iron, Potassium. etcGold, Nitrogen, Iron, Potassium. etc

11. WaterWater
Universal Solvent. 85% of body is made ofUniversal Solvent. 85% of body is made of
water.water.
Principal source of water is rainfall.Principal source of water is rainfall.
Part of the water is stored in lakes, rivers, tanksPart of the water is stored in lakes, rivers, tanks
part of it is drain our in sea, oceans and part ofpart of it is drain our in sea, oceans and part of
it is absorbed by the Earth. While some of it isit is absorbed by the Earth. While some of it is
lost by evaporation.lost by evaporation.

12. Hygroscopic water:Hygroscopic water: Water is held by surfaceWater is held by surface
forces of soil particles. The water is held byforces of soil particles. The water is held by
cohesive and adhesive force and cannot becohesive and adhesive force and cannot be
removed by gravitational force.removed by gravitational force.
Capillary waterCapillary water:: The water molecule whichThe water molecule which
are held between spaces of soil particles andare held between spaces of soil particles and
held by the intra particle meniscus.held by the intra particle meniscus.
Gravitational waterGravitational water:: Water that moves inWater that moves in
response to gravity. It is a surplus water.response to gravity. It is a surplus water.

13. Combined Water:Combined Water: The water present asThe water present as
hydrated oxides in the soil is termed ashydrated oxides in the soil is termed as
combined water.combined water.
Water VaporWater Vapor:: Water present in vapor formWater present in vapor form
in soil particle.in soil particle.
HolardHolard:: the total amount of water present inthe total amount of water present in
soil.soil.
ChresardChresard:: The amount of water that can beThe amount of water that can be
absorbed from soil by plants.absorbed from soil by plants.
EchardEchard: Water that is not available .: Water that is not available .

14. Water Draining System in IndiaWater Draining System in India
14 major rivers carry out the flow of rain water14 major rivers carry out the flow of rain water
through out the country along with theirthrough out the country along with their
tributaries.tributaries.
Brahmani,Brahmani, Brahmaputra,Brahmaputra, CaveryCavery,, GangaGanga,,
Godavari,Godavari, Indus,Indus, Krishna,Krishna, Mahanadi,Mahanadi, Mahi,Mahi,
Narmada, Periyyar,Narmada, Periyyar, Sabarmati,Sabarmati, SubarnarekhaSubarnarekha
and Tapi.and Tapi.
They share about 85% of water drainage.They share about 85% of water drainage.
15% is done by their tributaries.15% is done by their tributaries.

17. Water PollutionWater Pollution
The addition of any substance to waterThe addition of any substance to water
which changes itswhich changes its physical, chemicalphysical, chemical andand
biological statusbiological status and is made un suitableand is made un suitable
forfor drinking, agriculturaldrinking, agricultural purpose ispurpose is
termed as pollutant.termed as pollutant.
The effect executed by the pollutant on theThe effect executed by the pollutant on the
abioitc component is termed as pollution.abioitc component is termed as pollution.

18. Sources of Water PollutionSources of Water Pollution
The chief sources of water pollutionThe chief sources of water pollution
Sewage and other waste.Sewage and other waste.
Industrial effluents.Industrial effluents.
Agricultural discharges.Agricultural discharges.
Power and thermal plant.Power and thermal plant.

19. Water Pollution: Polluted RiverWater Pollution: Polluted River

21. Yamuna River: PollutionYamuna River: Pollution

22. Composition of WaterComposition of Water
Water contain dissolved gases,Water contain dissolved gases,
minerals likeminerals like Ca, Mg, Na, salts,Ca, Mg, Na, salts,
mineralsminerals, suspended matter, clay, slit,, suspended matter, clay, slit,
sand and microbes.sand and microbes.
Polluted water is turbid, unpleasant,Polluted water is turbid, unpleasant,
foul smelling, less infoul smelling, less in oxygenoxygen and richand rich
in organic matter.in organic matter.

23. Sewage and Other WasteSewage and Other Waste
Sewage is derived from domestic waste orSewage is derived from domestic waste or
food processing plants.food processing plants.
Includes human excreta, paper, cloth,Includes human excreta, paper, cloth,
soap, detergents etc.soap, detergents etc.
PhosphatePhosphate major ingredients in detergentsmajor ingredients in detergents
and soap favor luxuriant growth of algae.and soap favor luxuriant growth of algae.
Decomposing plants produce toxinsDecomposing plants produce toxins
known asknown as strychninestrychnine which kills animalswhich kills animals
since it issince it is highly neurotoxin.highly neurotoxin.

24. Industrial Effluents.Industrial Effluents.
Wide range of organic and inorganic left out asWide range of organic and inorganic left out as
effluentseffluents industries, textile mills, paper mills, miningindustries, textile mills, paper mills, mining
operationoperation,, dying textile plants, brewersdying textile plants, brewers etc.etc.
Oil, greases, phenols, salts, plasticizers, metallic waste.Oil, greases, phenols, salts, plasticizers, metallic waste.
Sulphuric acidSulphuric acid released from cold mines increasesreleased from cold mines increases
hardness of water.hardness of water.
180 million liters180 million liters of toxins effluents are discharged inof toxins effluents are discharged in
Perriyar riverPerriyar river every day.every day.

25. Industrial EffluentsIndustrial Effluents
Toxins which are discharged in riverToxins which are discharged in river
water mainly contains:water mainly contains: Acids, Alkalis,Acids, Alkalis,
FluoridesFluorides,, Free ammoniaFree ammonia,, AmmonicalAmmonical
Nitrogen,Nitrogen, RadioRadio Nuclides,Nuclides, Dyes,Dyes,
Mercury, Chromium,Mercury, Chromium, Lead.Lead.

26. Agricultural DischargesAgricultural Discharges
The run off water fromThe run off water from crop landcrop land ecosystem.ecosystem.
Mainly include fertilizers, pesticides.Mainly include fertilizers, pesticides.
In India over 93% ofIn India over 93% of fertilizersfertilizers areare syntheticsynthetic
[chemical base].[chemical base].
Gradually reach water bodies lead toGradually reach water bodies lead to
Biomagnifications.Biomagnifications.

27. Agricultural DischargesAgricultural Discharges
Most Common Toxic Pesticides:Most Common Toxic Pesticides:
DDT [Dichloro-diphenyl-trichlorethane].DDT [Dichloro-diphenyl-trichlorethane].
BHC [Benzene hexachoride].BHC [Benzene hexachoride].
ChlordaneChlordane..
Heptachlor.Heptachlor.
MethoxychlorMethoxychlor..
Taxaphene.Taxaphene.
Aldrin ,eldrinAldrin ,eldrin..
PCB[Polychlorinated triphenyls].PCB[Polychlorinated triphenyls].

28. GANGA & YAMUNAGANGA & YAMUNA
YamunaYamuna when enters Delhi is much cleanerwhen enters Delhi is much cleaner
than when it leaves Delhi at Okhla.than when it leaves Delhi at Okhla.
48 kms48 kms stretch is the most polluted segment.stretch is the most polluted segment.
Municipal cooperationMunicipal cooperation accounts foraccounts for 80%80% ofof
waste.waste.
DelhiDelhi dischargesdischarges 51,5000kiloliters51,5000kiloliters toxic wastetoxic waste
daily.daily.
150tons150tons of organic waste.of organic waste.
300 tones300 tones of dissolved solid.of dissolved solid.
150 tons150 tons of suspended solids.of suspended solids.

29. Ganga & YamunaGanga & Yamuna
1717 open drains carryopen drains carry 46.6%46.6% of untreated waste.of untreated waste.
Public utilities,Public utilities, Delhi Milk schemeDelhi Milk scheme,, MotherMother
Dairy,Dairy, Hindustan InsecticidesHindustan Insecticides along withalong with
Private chemicalPrivate chemical andand textile unitstextile units are the mainare the main
source of pollution.source of pollution.
Ashok-Vihar-WazipurAshok-Vihar-Wazipur complex causescomplex causes
maximum water pollution.maximum water pollution.
Electroplating worksElectroplating works releasesreleases cyanidecyanide
2mg/liter2mg/liter against the prescribed limit ofagainst the prescribed limit of
0.2mg/liter.0.2mg/liter.

30. GANGA & YAMUNAGANGA & YAMUNA
Sewage discharge fromSewage discharge from 29 Class I29 Class I cities wouldcities would
reduce the pollution byreduce the pollution by 75%.75%.
23 Class II23 Class II andand 48 towns48 towns all discharge theirall discharge their
waste in river.waste in river.
132 medium and large industries,132 medium and large industries, 8686 in U.P,in U.P, 0303
in Bihar,in Bihar, 4343 in West Bengal do not havein West Bengal do not have
treatment plant.treatment plant.
59 tanneries59 tanneries do not havedo not have waste treatmentwaste treatment plant.plant.

31. Water ManagementWater Management
Water treatment :Water treatment :
PrimaryPrimary treatmenttreatment-Water collected in-Water collected in
tank & allowed to settled, so as to removetank & allowed to settled, so as to remove
suspended waste.suspended waste.
Caustic soda & alumCaustic soda & alum added, helps to getadded, helps to get
rid of finer sand particles.rid of finer sand particles.
Collected waste is calledCollected waste is called sludgesludge used asused as
fertilizers.fertilizers.

32. Water Management.Water Management.
Secondary treatment:Secondary treatment:
Water is exposed toWater is exposed to centrifugal forcecentrifugal force, particles, particles
settle down as per their molecular weight.settle down as per their molecular weight.
Water is aerated so as to promote bacterialWater is aerated so as to promote bacterial
decomposition of organic waste.decomposition of organic waste.
Water is chlorinated to eliminate bacteria.Water is chlorinated to eliminate bacteria.

33. Water ManagementWater Management
Tertiary Treatment:Tertiary Treatment:
This involves removal ofThis involves removal of nitratesnitrates andand
phosphates.phosphates.
ChlorineChlorine has to be removed as per the norms ofhas to be removed as per the norms of
Health departmentHealth department, but it is very costly process., but it is very costly process.
Most of the developing countries release waterMost of the developing countries release water
whichwhich contain chlorinecontain chlorine..

34. DeforestationDeforestation
It is the process of conversion of fertile landIt is the process of conversion of fertile land
into desert.into desert.
Due to erosion, climate change or abusiveDue to erosion, climate change or abusive
land use.land use.
Time of independence in the country 75Time of independence in the country 75
million hectors about 22% land was undermillion hectors about 22% land was under
forest.forest.
India is losing 10 million trees every 24India is losing 10 million trees every 24
hours.hours.

35. DeforestationDeforestation
Clearing of forest cover for commercial, industrial andClearing of forest cover for commercial, industrial and
residential project leads to deforestation.residential project leads to deforestation.
India is loosing about 6000 million ton of top soilIndia is loosing about 6000 million ton of top soil
annually.annually.
The per capita forest land in India is 0.10 hectareThe per capita forest land in India is 0.10 hectare
compared to the world average of 1 hectare.compared to the world average of 1 hectare.
India consumes nearly 170 million tons of firewoodIndia consumes nearly 170 million tons of firewood
annually.annually.
10-15 millions hectors of forest cover is being stripped10-15 millions hectors of forest cover is being stripped
every year.every year.
10% of land surface of India is turning barren every year10% of land surface of India is turning barren every year
due to deforestation.due to deforestation.
Himalayan range rainfall decline 3 to 4% due toHimalayan range rainfall decline 3 to 4% due to
deforestation.deforestation.

36. DeforestationDeforestation

38. Indian Vital Statistics : Fatal FiguresIndian Vital Statistics : Fatal Figures
• Hardly 10 per cent of Indian farmers areHardly 10 per cent of Indian farmers are
covered by crop insurance.covered by crop insurance.
• Debt drove nearly 1 lakh members of farmingDebt drove nearly 1 lakh members of farming
community to commit suicide between 1998community to commit suicide between 1998
and 2003, says a government report.and 2003, says a government report.
• 17,000 farmers and their kin killed themselves17,000 farmers and their kin killed themselves
each year for six years.each year for six years.
• 12% of all suicides in the country was in the12% of all suicides in the country was in the
farming community.farming community.
• 2002 worst year. 16% of suicides among2002 worst year. 16% of suicides among
farmers.farmers.
• Agriculture provides nearly 600 million directAgriculture provides nearly 600 million direct
and another 200 million indirect jobs.and another 200 million indirect jobs.

39. Indian Vital Statistics : Fatal FiguresIndian Vital Statistics : Fatal Figures
• There is a total of about 455 million acres of land thatThere is a total of about 455 million acres of land that
is cultivated in India and only about a third of it isis cultivated in India and only about a third of it is
covered by irrigation.covered by irrigation.
• The four states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,The four states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Maharashtra and Kerala have recorded over 8,900Maharashtra and Kerala have recorded over 8,900
suicides between 2001-2002 and 2005-2006.suicides between 2001-2002 and 2005-2006.
• 70% of the Andhra's 78 million people are dependent70% of the Andhra's 78 million people are dependent
on agriculture.on agriculture.
• Due to the acute distress, more than 1500 farmersDue to the acute distress, more than 1500 farmers
committed suicide, mainly in Wayanad district, whichcommitted suicide, mainly in Wayanad district, which
is unprecedented in the history of Kerala.is unprecedented in the history of Kerala.
• Rural development expenditure as percentage of GDPRural development expenditure as percentage of GDP
between 1985-1990 was 14.5%, which came down tobetween 1985-1990 was 14.5%, which came down to
5.9% in 2000-01.5.9% in 2000-01.
• The expenditure on agriculture research is only aroundThe expenditure on agriculture research is only around
0.3 per cent of GDP.0.3 per cent of GDP.

40. DeforestationDeforestation

42. Strategy to Protect ForestStrategy to Protect Forest
1.1. Afforestation.Afforestation.
2.2. Conservation of Reserve Forest.Conservation of Reserve Forest.
3.3. Intensive Plantation.Intensive Plantation.

43. AfforestationAfforestation

44. Case StudiesCase Studies
Chipko MovementChipko Movement: Tehri Garhwal district of: Tehri Garhwal district of
Uttar Pradesh. In 1970 about 20 villages ofUttar Pradesh. In 1970 about 20 villages of
Tehri-Garhwal district were washed away byTehri-Garhwal district were washed away by
severe action of flood. Illiterate women from 20severe action of flood. Illiterate women from 20
villages decided that they would not permitvillages decided that they would not permit
cutting of trees.cutting of trees.
Mr. Sundarlal Bahuguna an renouncedMr. Sundarlal Bahuguna an renounced
environmentalist supported this movement.environmentalist supported this movement.
He gave 5 F:He gave 5 F:
Food, Fodder, Fuel, Fire, FertilizersFood, Fodder, Fuel, Fire, Fertilizers

45. MineralsMinerals
Thickness of Earth is about 30 kms.Thickness of Earth is about 30 kms.
Upper partUpper part of crust consist of Silica andof crust consist of Silica and
Aluminum- so calledAluminum- so called Sial.Sial.
Lower partLower part of crust consist of Silica andof crust consist of Silica and
Magnesium- so calledMagnesium- so called Sima.Sima.
MineralsMinerals are obtained from all the threeare obtained from all the three
types of rocks-types of rocks-
a)a) Igneous RockIgneous Rock
b)b) Sedimentary RockSedimentary Rock
c)c) Metamorphic RockMetamorphic Rock

46. MineralsMinerals

49. Land Resources & ManagementLand Resources & Management
India is a agricultural country.India is a agricultural country.
44% land is used for agricultural purpose.44% land is used for agricultural purpose.
11-14% is covered with forests.11-14% is covered with forests.
4% of land is used as Pastures and grazing field.4% of land is used as Pastures and grazing field.
8% for housing, agro forestry, development of8% for housing, agro forestry, development of
roads, industries.roads, industries.
14% land is barren, cannot be used for14% land is barren, cannot be used for
cultivation.cultivation.

51. Thank youThank you