Ravi noticed that the playground near his school had been dug up to build apartment buildings. He was upset that the grassy area with flowers and butterflies was gone. His teacher explained that the environment includes both natural and human-made surroundings. An ecosystem is formed by the interactions between living organisms and their environment, providing an example of the pond ecosystem. Humans have modified the natural environment over time to meet growing needs, such as growing crops, domesticating animals, and developing industry and transportation.
The United Arab Emirates is a federation formed in 1971 when Britain withdrew from the Gulf. It is comprised of seven emirates, with Abu Dhabi and Dubai being the most prominent. Dubai has experienced a boom through developments like the Burj Khalifa skyscraper and Palm Jumeirah artificial islands. However, the UAE also struggles with tensions between traditional Islamic and modern Western influences in its society and culture.
The document provides an overview of doing business in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) through a PESTLE analysis and discussion of cultural factors. It analyzes the UAE's political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental landscape. Key points include the UAE's federal system of government, oil-based economy, cultural norms around modest dress and prohibitions on pork and alcohol, and emphasis on loyalty and building personal relationships in business. Communication styles and challenges are also addressed, along with a SWOT analysis of opportunities and threats.
The document provides information on the economy and budget of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It discusses the history and formation of the UAE, key statistics like population and GDP per capita, and economic sectors like tourism and banking. It notes that while oil currently contributes significantly to GDP, the UAE is aiming to diversify its economy and reduce dependence on oil. The 2016 UAE budget allocated AED46.1 billion in expenditures with no projected deficit, and revenue comes mainly from government services. Sustainable development and reducing reliance on oil are ongoing priorities and challenges for the UAE.
The document discusses the environment and its components. It defines environment as the place, people, things and nature that surround any living organism and provides air, water, food and land. The environment has both natural and human-made aspects.
The natural environment includes the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) conditions on Earth and has four domains: the lithosphere (solid crust and landforms), hydrosphere (sources of water), atmosphere (layer of air) and biosphere (plant and animal kingdoms).
The human environment refers to human activities, creations and interactions that have modified the natural environment over time through dams, factories, roads and more. However, a balance between human
The United Arab Emirates is a federation formed in 1971 when Britain withdrew from the Gulf. It is comprised of seven emirates, with Abu Dhabi and Dubai being the most prominent. Dubai has experienced a boom through developments like the Burj Khalifa skyscraper and Palm Jumeirah artificial islands. However, the UAE also struggles with tensions between traditional Islamic and modern Western influences in its society and culture.
The document provides an overview of doing business in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) through a PESTLE analysis and discussion of cultural factors. It analyzes the UAE's political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental landscape. Key points include the UAE's federal system of government, oil-based economy, cultural norms around modest dress and prohibitions on pork and alcohol, and emphasis on loyalty and building personal relationships in business. Communication styles and challenges are also addressed, along with a SWOT analysis of opportunities and threats.
The document provides information on the economy and budget of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It discusses the history and formation of the UAE, key statistics like population and GDP per capita, and economic sectors like tourism and banking. It notes that while oil currently contributes significantly to GDP, the UAE is aiming to diversify its economy and reduce dependence on oil. The 2016 UAE budget allocated AED46.1 billion in expenditures with no projected deficit, and revenue comes mainly from government services. Sustainable development and reducing reliance on oil are ongoing priorities and challenges for the UAE.
The document discusses the environment and its components. It defines environment as the place, people, things and nature that surround any living organism and provides air, water, food and land. The environment has both natural and human-made aspects.
The natural environment includes the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) conditions on Earth and has four domains: the lithosphere (solid crust and landforms), hydrosphere (sources of water), atmosphere (layer of air) and biosphere (plant and animal kingdoms).
The human environment refers to human activities, creations and interactions that have modified the natural environment over time through dams, factories, roads and more. However, a balance between human
The document discusses the key topics of environment, types of environment, and factors of environmental change. It defines environment as everything that surrounds us, including natural components like air, water, soil, and biotic factors like plants, animals and decomposers. There are two main types of environment - natural environments where organisms live naturally, and man-made environments like cities, farms, and industries. Factors causing environmental changes include deforestation, pollution, climate change, and human activities that release greenhouse gases and increase ocean acidification.
The document discusses the environment and defines it as the surrounding atmosphere and conditions necessary for life. It notes that the environment consists of both living and non-living components that interact. It describes the different types of environments, including the natural environment, human-built environment, and social environment. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining a clean and balanced environment and outlines various threats to the environment like pollution, deforestation, and overpopulation.
This document discusses the environment, natural resources, and the importance of sustainable management. It defines the environment as all conditions that affect life, including physical surroundings like air, water, soil, and living organisms. An ecosystem is described as all interacting organisms in an area along with non-living elements, with plants as producers and various animals as consumers in a food chain. Proper management of natural resources like forests, coal, gas, and wildlife is needed to avoid overexploitation of resources and issues like pollution, extinction, and global warming. Sustainable management aims to provide services to the present generation while ensuring the same for future generations.
Sample essay: "Protection of natural ecosystems is a psychological and spirit...bernardsanch
The document discusses the importance of protecting natural ecosystems for human psychological and spiritual well-being. It argues that ecosystems provide essential services like food, water, and shelter that support well-being. Protecting ecosystems also maintains the balance of natural resources and humans' connection to nature, which impacts inner peace and spiritual faith. Overall, the document claims ecosystems must be protected to promote proper living standards and constituents that enhance well-being.
The document outlines 10 steps to protect the planet: 1) Use both sides of paper to reduce waste and protect trees; 2) Conserve water by turning it off when brushing teeth and taking quick showers; 3) Properly dispose of litter and waste from pets; 4) Segregate waste at home and school to promote reuse; 5) Use environmentally friendly transportation like walking or biking when possible; 6) Bring reusable bags for shopping to reduce plastic waste; 7) Be an informed consumer by choosing environmentally friendly products; 8) Donate or share toys, games and books to reduce waste; 9) Educate others on environmental protection; 10) Conserve energy by turning off electronics when not in use
This document discusses various types of ecosystems and their components. It begins by defining an ecosystem as a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. It then describes three major classes of ecosystems: freshwater, terrestrial, and oceanic. Each section provides details on the characteristics and examples of ecosystems within these classes. The document also discusses abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems, including producers, consumers, decomposers, and food chains/webs. It focuses specifically on carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water cycles, as well as symbiotic, parasitic, predatory, and competitive relationships between organisms within ecosystems.
This document discusses the relationship between humans and the natural environment. It defines the environment as including both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that affect human life. The natural environment consists of naturally occurring landforms, climate, soils, and minerals, while the cultural environment includes human settlements, infrastructure, and other manmade additions. The document then examines interactions within ecosystems between biotic and abiotic factors, different types of ecosystems, energy and nutrient flows, and the importance of maintaining environmental balance.
This document outlines the syllabus and important concepts for the Ecology & Ecosystems unit. It covers topics like introduction to ecology, ecosystem structure and function, components of ecosystems including producers, consumers, and decomposers. It also discusses biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. and energy flow within ecosystems. Other topics covered are food chains, ecological pyramids, and different ecosystem types. The document provides definitions and explanations of key terminology used in ecology. It also includes important questions related to the syllabus.
This document discusses different types of environments. It defines environment as the sum of all surroundings, including natural forces and living things. Environments can be categorized as built, natural, or social. The built environment refers to human-made surroundings like buildings and infrastructure. The natural environment includes living and non-living things found naturally on Earth, like various rock layers, bodies of water, the atmosphere, and biosphere. The social environment is the physical and cultural setting where people interact, including factors like culture, communication, social status, health, and economic conditions.
Ravi notices that the playground near his school has been dug up to make way for a new building. He is upset that the natural space with grass and flowers is being replaced. In class, Ravi learns about the concept of environment from his teacher. The teacher explains that the environment includes both natural elements created by nature as well as human-made objects. Ravi realizes that both natural spaces like fields as well as human constructions like roads and buildings are part of the environment. The teacher notes that as human needs increase, the natural environment is increasingly being modified or destroyed.
This document defines the environment and its components. It begins by defining the environment as the circumstances and conditions that surround us and influence our lives. It then discusses the origin of the word "environment" and provides a classification of the environment into physical/natural and human. The key components of the environment discussed are the abiotic (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere) and biotic (producers, consumers, decomposers) factors. Producers are able to make their own food, while consumers depend on other organisms for nourishment. Decomposers break down dead organic matter and release nutrients. The document concludes by listing references and group members.
The document defines key terms related to geography and the environment. It explains that the environment includes natural elements like air, water, land and living things; as well as man-made elements like buildings and infrastructure. It outlines the four main spheres of the environment - lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. The document also provides examples of different ecosystem types and discusses how humans interact with and modify their surroundings.
This document defines key terms and components related to the environment. It explains that the environment includes natural, man-made, and human elements that surround living things. The environment has several domains: the lithosphere (solid earth), hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (living things). The biosphere and ecosystems involve interactions between living things and their surroundings. Threats to the environment include pollution and overconsumption of natural resources. Humans both interact with and modify their environment to meet needs through activities like agriculture, trade, construction, and resource extraction.
Environment - Class 7 - Geography (Social Studies)AnjaliKaur3
This PPT is helpful for class 7 students and for teachers looking for teaching aids. This topic is about Environment and I have explained the same in a very simple and interesting manner.
The document provides information about the Environmental Studies semester 1 syllabus for Mrs. Archana Joshi's class. It outlines the 5 units that will be covered: Environment & Ecosystem, Natural Resources, Population Explosion, Urbanization, and Map Work. It also details the exam pattern, allocating marks across multiple choice questions testing each unit. Finally, it introduces the first unit on Environment & Ecosystem that will be covered.
02 Chap 3 The Physical And Human Environment (Jan 08)ganesh092929
The document contrasts physical and human environments. It defines the physical environment as natural features like land, water, air and living things. The human environment is formed through human modifications to the physical environment for housing, industry and other activities. It provides examples of the Kalahari Desert, which remains a largely physical environment for the !Kung Bushmen, and Singapore, which has been extensively modified into a human environment through land reclamation and development.
This document defines and describes key concepts relating to the environment. It begins by explaining that the environment includes all surrounding natural and human-made conditions. It then defines the three main components of the environment as the natural, man-made, and human elements. Some threats to the environment from human activity are also mentioned. The document goes on to describe biotic and abiotic factors, natural environments, and the four main domains of the environment: the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It provides definitions of ecosystems and how humans interact with and modify their environment to meet needs.
1) The document is a 7th grade geography lesson about the environment that includes pictorial activities and answers.
2) It defines the environment as the surroundings or conditions in which living things live, including biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.
3) The natural environment has four main components - lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere - which include land, water, air, and living things that interact in ecosystems.
Class 7 Geography chapter no. 01 Environmentvksaheenbegum
The document discusses the environment and its components. It defines environment as the natural and human-made phenomena that surround living organisms. The natural environment includes biotic factors like plants and animals, and abiotic factors like land, water, and air. The human environment comprises human activities and interactions. The environment has four domains - lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. An ecosystem is the relationship between living organisms and their interaction with the surrounding environment. The human environment involves humans interacting with and modifying the natural environment to meet their needs over time.
The document discusses the natural environment and how human beings modify it. It defines the environment as our basic life support system that provides air, water, food and land. It then gives examples of how human activities like driving cars, collecting water, using containers for food, and building factories impact the natural environment. Finally, it defines an ecosystem as a system formed by the interaction of living organisms with each other and their physical surroundings, with the transfer of energy and material between them.
The document discusses the key topics of environment, types of environment, and factors of environmental change. It defines environment as everything that surrounds us, including natural components like air, water, soil, and biotic factors like plants, animals and decomposers. There are two main types of environment - natural environments where organisms live naturally, and man-made environments like cities, farms, and industries. Factors causing environmental changes include deforestation, pollution, climate change, and human activities that release greenhouse gases and increase ocean acidification.
The document discusses the environment and defines it as the surrounding atmosphere and conditions necessary for life. It notes that the environment consists of both living and non-living components that interact. It describes the different types of environments, including the natural environment, human-built environment, and social environment. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining a clean and balanced environment and outlines various threats to the environment like pollution, deforestation, and overpopulation.
This document discusses the environment, natural resources, and the importance of sustainable management. It defines the environment as all conditions that affect life, including physical surroundings like air, water, soil, and living organisms. An ecosystem is described as all interacting organisms in an area along with non-living elements, with plants as producers and various animals as consumers in a food chain. Proper management of natural resources like forests, coal, gas, and wildlife is needed to avoid overexploitation of resources and issues like pollution, extinction, and global warming. Sustainable management aims to provide services to the present generation while ensuring the same for future generations.
Sample essay: "Protection of natural ecosystems is a psychological and spirit...bernardsanch
The document discusses the importance of protecting natural ecosystems for human psychological and spiritual well-being. It argues that ecosystems provide essential services like food, water, and shelter that support well-being. Protecting ecosystems also maintains the balance of natural resources and humans' connection to nature, which impacts inner peace and spiritual faith. Overall, the document claims ecosystems must be protected to promote proper living standards and constituents that enhance well-being.
The document outlines 10 steps to protect the planet: 1) Use both sides of paper to reduce waste and protect trees; 2) Conserve water by turning it off when brushing teeth and taking quick showers; 3) Properly dispose of litter and waste from pets; 4) Segregate waste at home and school to promote reuse; 5) Use environmentally friendly transportation like walking or biking when possible; 6) Bring reusable bags for shopping to reduce plastic waste; 7) Be an informed consumer by choosing environmentally friendly products; 8) Donate or share toys, games and books to reduce waste; 9) Educate others on environmental protection; 10) Conserve energy by turning off electronics when not in use
This document discusses various types of ecosystems and their components. It begins by defining an ecosystem as a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. It then describes three major classes of ecosystems: freshwater, terrestrial, and oceanic. Each section provides details on the characteristics and examples of ecosystems within these classes. The document also discusses abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems, including producers, consumers, decomposers, and food chains/webs. It focuses specifically on carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water cycles, as well as symbiotic, parasitic, predatory, and competitive relationships between organisms within ecosystems.
This document discusses the relationship between humans and the natural environment. It defines the environment as including both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that affect human life. The natural environment consists of naturally occurring landforms, climate, soils, and minerals, while the cultural environment includes human settlements, infrastructure, and other manmade additions. The document then examines interactions within ecosystems between biotic and abiotic factors, different types of ecosystems, energy and nutrient flows, and the importance of maintaining environmental balance.
This document outlines the syllabus and important concepts for the Ecology & Ecosystems unit. It covers topics like introduction to ecology, ecosystem structure and function, components of ecosystems including producers, consumers, and decomposers. It also discusses biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. and energy flow within ecosystems. Other topics covered are food chains, ecological pyramids, and different ecosystem types. The document provides definitions and explanations of key terminology used in ecology. It also includes important questions related to the syllabus.
This document discusses different types of environments. It defines environment as the sum of all surroundings, including natural forces and living things. Environments can be categorized as built, natural, or social. The built environment refers to human-made surroundings like buildings and infrastructure. The natural environment includes living and non-living things found naturally on Earth, like various rock layers, bodies of water, the atmosphere, and biosphere. The social environment is the physical and cultural setting where people interact, including factors like culture, communication, social status, health, and economic conditions.
Ravi notices that the playground near his school has been dug up to make way for a new building. He is upset that the natural space with grass and flowers is being replaced. In class, Ravi learns about the concept of environment from his teacher. The teacher explains that the environment includes both natural elements created by nature as well as human-made objects. Ravi realizes that both natural spaces like fields as well as human constructions like roads and buildings are part of the environment. The teacher notes that as human needs increase, the natural environment is increasingly being modified or destroyed.
This document defines the environment and its components. It begins by defining the environment as the circumstances and conditions that surround us and influence our lives. It then discusses the origin of the word "environment" and provides a classification of the environment into physical/natural and human. The key components of the environment discussed are the abiotic (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere) and biotic (producers, consumers, decomposers) factors. Producers are able to make their own food, while consumers depend on other organisms for nourishment. Decomposers break down dead organic matter and release nutrients. The document concludes by listing references and group members.
The document defines key terms related to geography and the environment. It explains that the environment includes natural elements like air, water, land and living things; as well as man-made elements like buildings and infrastructure. It outlines the four main spheres of the environment - lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. The document also provides examples of different ecosystem types and discusses how humans interact with and modify their surroundings.
This document defines key terms and components related to the environment. It explains that the environment includes natural, man-made, and human elements that surround living things. The environment has several domains: the lithosphere (solid earth), hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (living things). The biosphere and ecosystems involve interactions between living things and their surroundings. Threats to the environment include pollution and overconsumption of natural resources. Humans both interact with and modify their environment to meet needs through activities like agriculture, trade, construction, and resource extraction.
Environment - Class 7 - Geography (Social Studies)AnjaliKaur3
This PPT is helpful for class 7 students and for teachers looking for teaching aids. This topic is about Environment and I have explained the same in a very simple and interesting manner.
The document provides information about the Environmental Studies semester 1 syllabus for Mrs. Archana Joshi's class. It outlines the 5 units that will be covered: Environment & Ecosystem, Natural Resources, Population Explosion, Urbanization, and Map Work. It also details the exam pattern, allocating marks across multiple choice questions testing each unit. Finally, it introduces the first unit on Environment & Ecosystem that will be covered.
02 Chap 3 The Physical And Human Environment (Jan 08)ganesh092929
The document contrasts physical and human environments. It defines the physical environment as natural features like land, water, air and living things. The human environment is formed through human modifications to the physical environment for housing, industry and other activities. It provides examples of the Kalahari Desert, which remains a largely physical environment for the !Kung Bushmen, and Singapore, which has been extensively modified into a human environment through land reclamation and development.
This document defines and describes key concepts relating to the environment. It begins by explaining that the environment includes all surrounding natural and human-made conditions. It then defines the three main components of the environment as the natural, man-made, and human elements. Some threats to the environment from human activity are also mentioned. The document goes on to describe biotic and abiotic factors, natural environments, and the four main domains of the environment: the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It provides definitions of ecosystems and how humans interact with and modify their environment to meet needs.
1) The document is a 7th grade geography lesson about the environment that includes pictorial activities and answers.
2) It defines the environment as the surroundings or conditions in which living things live, including biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.
3) The natural environment has four main components - lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere - which include land, water, air, and living things that interact in ecosystems.
Class 7 Geography chapter no. 01 Environmentvksaheenbegum
The document discusses the environment and its components. It defines environment as the natural and human-made phenomena that surround living organisms. The natural environment includes biotic factors like plants and animals, and abiotic factors like land, water, and air. The human environment comprises human activities and interactions. The environment has four domains - lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. An ecosystem is the relationship between living organisms and their interaction with the surrounding environment. The human environment involves humans interacting with and modifying the natural environment to meet their needs over time.
The document discusses the natural environment and how human beings modify it. It defines the environment as our basic life support system that provides air, water, food and land. It then gives examples of how human activities like driving cars, collecting water, using containers for food, and building factories impact the natural environment. Finally, it defines an ecosystem as a system formed by the interaction of living organisms with each other and their physical surroundings, with the transfer of energy and material between them.
Environment that exist around us; supports our existence. Its little about our environment, how we all are co-related with our every little thing about environment.
This document discusses the environment and its components. It defines environment as the natural and human-made phenomena that surround living organisms. The environment has biotic components like plants and animals, and abiotic components like land, water, and air. The four main elements of the natural environment are the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The lithosphere comprises rocks, soil and landforms. The hydrosphere is the domain of water bodies like rivers and oceans. The atmosphere surrounds the earth and protects it. The biosphere is the zone supporting all life on earth. Humans have increasingly modified their environment over time through activities like agriculture, industry and urbanization.
This document discusses the environment and its components. It defines environment as the natural and human-made phenomena that surround living organisms. The environment has biotic components like plants and animals, and abiotic components like land, water, and air. The four main elements of the natural environment are the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The lithosphere comprises rocks, soil and landforms. The hydrosphere is the domain of water bodies like rivers and oceans. The atmosphere surrounds the earth and protects it. The biosphere is the zone supporting all life on earth. Humans have increasingly modified their environment over time through activities like agriculture, industry and urbanization.
This document discusses the environment and its components. It defines environment as the natural and human-made phenomena that surround living organisms. The environment has biotic components like plants and animals, and abiotic components like land, water, and air. The four main elements of the natural environment are the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The lithosphere comprises rocks, soil and landforms. The hydrosphere includes water bodies like rivers and oceans. The atmosphere surrounds the earth and protects it. The biosphere is the zone supporting all life on earth. Humans have increasingly modified their environment over time through activities like agriculture, industry and urbanization.
The document defines key terms related to the environment including: environment, components of the environment (natural, man-made, human), biotic and abiotic factors, threats to the environment, and domains of the environment including the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It also explains that an ecosystem includes all living and non-living things in a given area that interact with each other.
The document defines environment as everything that surrounds living organisms, including both natural and human-made elements. It notes that the natural environment comprises land, water, air, plants, and animals, while the human environment includes permanent settlements, transportation systems, and other infrastructure created by humans. It also outlines several components of the environment, including the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere, and explains how human activity has modified the natural environment through activities like agriculture, industry, and transportation.
This document defines and describes the different components of the environment. It discusses the natural (physical) environment including the biotic environment of living things and abiotic environment of non-living things. It then describes the major spheres (domains) of the Earth: the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Finally, it discusses the man-made (human) environment and how human activities both modify the natural environment and can degrade it through activities like pollution and global warming.
This document discusses the components of the environment. It defines environment as our basic life support system, providing air, water, food, and land. The environment has three main components: 1) the natural environment includes land, water, air, plants and animals; 2) the human-made environment includes buildings, roads, industries and bridges; 3) the human environment concerns how people live in different environments and the features they create. The document asks questions to help students identify natural vs. human-made parts of the environment and understand its key components.
This document discusses natural resources and ecosystems. It defines key terms like biotic and abiotic components, renewable and non-renewable resources, and sources of pollution. Specific examples of renewable resources include forests and land. Non-renewable resources mentioned are minerals, metals, oil and natural gas. Water is discussed in depth, including sources, types, and major pollutants like sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff. Specific rivers mentioned are the Ganges and Yamuna, which face severe pollution problems from cities and industries located along them. Water management techniques like primary, secondary and tertiary treatment are also summarized.
1. The student was asked to grow an uncontaminated culture of microbes. The method provided involved sterilizing equipment, heating an inoculating loop, spreading bacteria onto agar jelly in a petri dish, and incubating the dish at 25°C.
2. The student tested the effectiveness of four antibiotic solutions by placing sterile paper discs dipped in each solution onto agar with growing bacteria. After two days of incubation, different sized regions with no bacterial growth were observed around each disc.
3. The least effective antibiotic produced the smallest region without bacteria, as the size of this region indicates how strongly the antibiotic inhibited bacterial growth. Calculations of the area of the bacterial-free zones would be inaccurate
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes difficult-to-treat infections in humans. MRSA developed from a similar strain called Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) that was treatable with antibiotics. Through natural selection, some MSSA bacteria gained mutations that made them resistant to antibiotics. Those resistant bacteria survived exposure to antibiotics and passed on the resistance genes through asexual reproduction, leading to the emergence of the MRSA strain.
The document discusses antibiotic resistance, specifically Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA infections are difficult to treat with antibiotics that previously worked. This is because MRSA developed from a strain called Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus that was susceptible to antibiotics, through natural selection whereby bacteria resistant to antibiotics survived and passed on those resistance genes. New treatments are needed to kill MRSA since existing antibiotics are no longer effective.
The document summarizes data from a hospital in the 1800s that showed higher death rates for women giving birth in Ward A compared to Ward B. After 1840, only doctors worked in Ward A while only midwives worked in Ward B, resulting in a much lower death rate in Ward B. In 1847, Semmelweis required doctors to wash their hands with chloride of lime before childbirth. This led to a significant reduction in the Ward A death rate in 1848-1849, bringing it closer to the rate in Ward B. The hand washing killed bacteria that doctors were transmitting from autopsies to women during childbirth.
The document summarizes data from the 1800s that showed death rates of women giving birth in two hospital wards: Ward A and Ward B. Before 1840, both wards had similar high death rates as doctors and midwives worked in both. After 1840, Ward A had only doctors while Ward B had only midwives, and Ward B saw significantly lower death rates. Dr. Semmelweis later required doctors to wash their hands in chloride of lime solution before deliveries in Ward A, which further reduced Ward A's death rate to match Ward B's lower level.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. When someone with TB coughs or sneezes, the bacteria are expelled into the air and can be inhaled by others. If breathed in, the bacteria initially infect the lungs. In the lungs, the bacteria can multiply and cause lesions and inflammation. Other types of microorganisms besides bacteria, such as viruses, can also cause infectious disease. When the body is exposed to TB bacteria, it mounts an immune response to fight the infection by using white blood cells, antibodies, and other mechanisms of defense.
The document discusses diet, exercise, and metabolic rate. It defines metabolic rate as the rate of chemical reactions in the body. While genes affect metabolic rate, exercise can increase it. A balanced diet with carbohydrates, proteins, and fats provides energy, builds cells, and stores energy. An imbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition by providing too much or too little energy compared to what the body needs. The document questions an advert claiming quick weight loss from a program, as it lacks long-term data and sample size details.
The document discusses diet, exercise, and weight management. It defines metabolic rate as the rate at which the body burns calories and explains that some people have naturally low metabolic rates. It recommends exercise as a way to increase metabolic rate. Diet components like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats serve important functions, and an imbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition. The document questions the validity of an advert claiming quick weight loss from a "Dropweight" program based on reported one-day results.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. When people with TB cough or sneeze, they expel the bacteria into the air. If others breathe these bacteria in, they can become infected. The bacteria first infect the lungs or bronchioles. In the body, the bacteria produce toxins that damage cells. The body fights the infection through white blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria and produce antibodies and antitoxins. Vaccines work by exposing the body to an inactive form of the disease-causing microbe, allowing it to develop antibodies without risk of illness. These antibodies then provide future protection against the live microbe.
1) The document is a revision checklist for additional GCSE science covering topics in physics including forces, motion, braking, terminal velocity, elasticity, energy, momentum, static electricity, electrical circuits, household electricity, current, charge, power, atomic structure, radiation, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion.
2) It lists key terms, concepts, and formulas to define and explanations to provide for each topic.
3) The checklist provides resources for students to review physics content and ensure they understand the essential information for their GCSE exam.
This document contains a revision checklist for the GCSE Core Science P1 Physics exam. It lists several topics and subtopics that students should review in preparation for the exam, including: infrared radiation; states of matter; conduction, convection, and evaporation/condensation as methods of heat transfer; factors affecting the rate of heat transfer; solar panels; specific heat capacity; energy efficiency and Sankey diagrams; electrical appliances and calculating energy transfers; methods of generating electricity including alternative sources; the National Grid; waves including transverse/longitudinal waves, electromagnetic spectrum, reflection, refraction, and diffraction of waves; and Doppler effect and evidence for the Big Bang theory.
This document provides an overview of the content covered in additional science C2: chemistry. It outlines several key topics in chemistry including structure and bonding, atomic structure and quantitative chemistry, rates of reaction, endo/exothermic reactions, acids bases and salts, and electrolysis. For each topic, it lists the main concepts, definitions, and processes that students are expected to understand at a higher level, such as describing bonding using diagrams, calculating relative formula mass, explaining how factors affect reaction rates, writing equations for acid-base reactions, and describing electrolysis processes and products. The document serves as a revision checklist for students to ensure they have learned the essential high-level information and skills for the additional chemistry content.
This document is a revision checklist for GCSE core science covering various topics in chemistry. It provides a list of key concepts and processes to review for each topic, including fundamental chemistry ideas like atomic structure, limestone and building materials, metals and their uses, crude oil and fuels, and changes to the Earth's atmosphere. For each item, it indicates related videos, exam questions, and whether it is core or higher content.
This document provides an outline of topics covered in Additional Science B2: Biology. It includes sections on cells and transport, tissues and organ systems, photosynthesis, organisms and their environment, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, cell division and inheritance, speciation, and includes learning objectives for each section such as describing processes like diffusion, the roles of organs in the digestive system, the process of photosynthesis, and more. It also provides exam questions, activities, and checkpoints to evaluate understanding of the material.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a biology course, including:
- The components of a balanced diet and how exercise affects health.
- How pathogens make us ill and how the body protects against them.
- The development and testing of medical drugs, and issues around drug dependence.
- Genetic variation, inheritance, and different types of reproduction.
- Evolution by natural selection and genetic variation over generations.
- Ecological concepts like food chains, nutrient cycling, and indicator species.
X-rays have a short wavelength and can cause ionization. They are used in medicine for diagnosis and treatment, but precautions must be taken when operating X-ray machines. Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves above the human hearing range. The waves reflect off boundaries and the time of reflections can be used to determine distances between interfaces in different media. Lenses refract light to form images. A convex lens brings parallel rays to a focus at its principal focus, defined by the focal length. The nature of images depends on size, orientation, and whether real or virtual.
The document summarizes key concepts in chemistry including the periodic table, properties of groups in the periodic table, hard and soft water, chemical reactions, and organic compounds. It describes how elements are arranged in the modern periodic table by electronic structure and properties of groups such as metals, nonmetals, and halogens. It also discusses chemical tests and reactions including flame tests, precipitation reactions, acid-base titrations, and the production of ammonia via the Haber process.
This document provides information on various biology topics including:
- Diffusion and osmosis, the movement of substances through membranes. Active transport requires energy.
- Exchange surfaces are effective with large surface area, thinness, good blood supply and ventilation like in alveoli and villi.
- During breathing, the ribcage and diaphragm work to decrease thoracic pressure and draw air into the lungs. Artificial aids can help breathing.
- In plants, carbon dioxide enters leaves and water and minerals are absorbed by roots, transported by xylem and phloem.
- The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through two circulation systems. Blood flows through arteries, veins
The document discusses key economic concepts related to government objectives and the functioning of the economy. It covers topics such as different types of economies, market failures including externalities and public goods, the economic cycle, fiscal and monetary policies, and the role of the EU. The key points are that candidates should understand the principal objectives of governments in terms of economic growth, employment, prices and trade balances. They should also be aware of how markets can fail to allocate resources efficiently and the roles of government and central banks in addressing these issues.
The document outlines a specification for teaching personal finance concepts. It covers understanding the personal lifecycle and how needs and wants change throughout different stages of life. Students will learn to make financial decisions by weighing costs and benefits and considering opportunity costs. They will also explore concepts related to spending, saving, borrowing money, and managing personal finances. The specification also addresses topics related to work, including rewards, labor markets, unemployment, and the impact of globalization. Finally, it covers understanding international trade, exchange rates, and the influence of consumers on national and global economies.
1. 1 Environment
After the long vacation, when Ravi started going to school
again, he noticed that the only playground next to his school
was dug up. People said that a huge building with many
flats will be constructed there. Ravi was almost in tears,
when he realised that the big playground with its soft
grass, marigolds and butterflies is gone for ever. He shared
his feelings with his classmates. In the assembly, the
Principal too sadly observed, “See how our environment
Environment is our
is changing.” basic life support
In the class Ravi asked his teacher, “What is system. It provides
environment?” “Whatever you see in your surroundings,” the air we breath, the
said the teacher. water we drink, the
Ravi thought aloud, “That means, the school building, food we eat and the
tables, chairs in the classroom, even that open field, the land where we live.
road, the garbage, my friends – all are parts of our How do human
environment”! beings modify this
“Yes” said the teacher, “but wait….. Some objects are natural environment?
The car fumes pollute
created by nature – for example, mountains, rivers, trees,
the air, water is
animals. Others are made by people – for example roads,
collected in a pot,
cars, clothes, books”. food is served in
Now work in pairs. Make a list with your classmate vessels and land is
sitting next to you, of the creations of nature and by used to build
human beings. factories.
Human beings
make cars, mills,
factories and
manufacture
containers. This is
how human beings
modify natural
environment.
Ravi, Paramjeet, Jessy, Mustafa, Asha were all excited
about making the list. “Why is our environment changing?”
asked Iqbal. “It’s all because of our needs. They are
2. Parks
r e)
Ai her Water
sp (Hydrosphere)
t mo Bridges
(A Buildings
Hu
Natural Human
ma man
de
made
Land Components
(Lithosphere) Roads
of
Environment
Living Things Industries Monuments
(Biosphere)
Human
Individual Political
Situation
Family
Economic
Community
Religion Educational
Fig. 1.1: Components of Environment
increasing day by day; we are therefore modifying and
at times even destroying our natural surroundings”, the
teacher replied.
From the above conversation you
Biotic Abiotic understand that the place, people, things and
The world of The world of nature that surround any living organism is
living non-living called environment. It is a combination of
organisms. elements. natural and human made phenomena. While
e.g. plants e.g. land.
the natural environment refers to both biotic
and animals.
and abiotic conditions existing on the earth,
2 OUR ENVIRONMENT
3. human environment reveals the activities, creations and Word Origin
interactions among human beings.
Environment: French
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT word “Environer/
Environner” meaning
Land, water, air, plants and animals comprise the natural “neighbourhood”.
environment. You are familiar with the meaning of
lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere
from your previous class. Let us learn some more facts
about these domains.
Lithosphere is the solid crust or the hard top layer of
the earth. It is made up of rocks and minerals and covered
Let’s do
by a thin layer of soil. It is an irregular surface with
various landforms such as mountains, plateaus, plains, Look at your
valleys, etc. Landforms are found over the continents surroundings. Make a
and also on the ocean floors. list of uses that the
Lithosphere is the domain that provides us forests, land in your
grasslands for grazing, land for agriculture and human neighbourhood is
settlements. It is also a source of mineral wealth. being put to.
Atmosphere
Let’s do
Biosphere
Where does the water
Hydrosphere you use in your home
and school come
from? Make a list of
Lithosphere different uses of
water in our daily life.
Have you seen anyone
wasting water? How?
Fig. 1.2: Domains of the Environment
The domain of water is referred to as hydrosphere. It
Let’s do
comprises various sources of water and different types of
water bodies like rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, etc. It is Observe the sky while
essential for all living organisms. coming to school.
The atmosphere is the thin layer of air that Make a note whether
surrounds the earth. The gravitational force of the the day is cloudy,
earth holds the atmosphere around it. It protects us rainy, sunny, foggy etc.
ENVIRONMENT 3
4. Glossary from the harmful rays and scorching heat of the sun.
It consists of a number of gases, dust and water vapour.
Ecosystem: It is a The changes in the atmosphere produce changes in
system formed by the the weather and climate.
interaction of all
Plant and animal kingdom together make biosphere
living organisms with
each other and with
or the living world. It is a narrow zone of the earth
the physical and where land, water and air interact with each other to
chemical factors of support life.
the environment in What is ecosystem?
which they live, all
linked by transfer of At an NCC camp that Ravi’s class was attending, Jessy
energy and material. exclaimed, “What a heavy downpour. It reminds me of
my home in Kerala. You should come and see how it
pours and pours and pours over the lush green fields
and coconut plantations.”
Let’s do Heera from Jaisalmer exclaimed, “We get no rains.
Sketch or bring We see only ‘kikar’ and sand, as far as the eyes can
photographs of your see.” “But you also find camels”, said Ravi.
place like the
students in the story.
Fig. 1.3: A Pond Ecosystem
4 OUR ENVIRONMENT
5. Heera says, “Not just camels. If you visit our desert, Do you know?
you will see snakes, lizards and many insects too.”
Ravi wondered, “Why do the animals, the vegetation On 5 June every year
World Environment
and the way people live vary from place to place? Are
Day is celebrated.
they all related to each other?”
“Oh yes, very much so”, the teacher replied.
All plants, animals and human beings depend on
their immediate surroundings. Often they are also Glossary
interdependent on each other. This relation between the
living organisms, as well as the relation between the Barter System:
organisms and their surroundings form an ecosystem. It is a trade in which
There could be an ecosystem of large rain forest, goods are exchanged
without the use of
grassland, desert, mountains, lake, river, ocean and even
money.
a small pond.
Do you think the park in which Ravi and his friends
played formed an ecosystem?
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
Human beings interact with the environment and modify
it according to their need. Early humans adapted
themselves to the natural surroundings. They led a
simple life and fulfilled their requirements from the
nature around them. With time needs grew and became Let’s do
more varied. Humans learn new ways to use and change
environment. They learn to grow crops, domesticate Talk to some elderly
animals and lead a settled life. The wheel was invented, person in your
neighbourhood and
surplus food was produced, barter system emerged, trade
collect information
started and commerce developed. Industrial revolution
about–
enabled large scale production. Transportation became • The trees in his/
faster. Information revolution made communication her neighbourhood
easier and speedy across the world. when he/ she was
Have you ever thought why you love eating a juicy your age.
watermelon in summer and hot roasted peanuts in • The indoor games
winter? A perfect balance is necessary between the he/she played.
natural and human environment. Humans must learn • His/her favourite
to live and use their environment in a harmonious way. fruit at your age.
• How did they make
Nurie, a girl from Mizoram from Ravi’s class often talks themselves
about the lush green surroundings of her place. Seeing comfortable during
Ravi upset at having lost his playground, Nurie invited hot summers and
him to visit her home state during the coming vacation. cold winters?
Ravi’s teacher asked the students to draw the landscape, Display your answers
houses and activities of the people and places they visit on a wall/bulletin
during the holidays. board.
ENVIRONMENT 5
6. Exercises
1. Answer the following questions.
(i) What is an ecosystem?
(ii) What do you mean by natural environment?
(iii) Which are the major components of the environment?
(iv) Give four examples of human made environment.
(v) What is lithosphere?
(vi) Which are the two major components of biotic environment?
(vii) What is biosphere?
2. Tick the correct answer.
(i) Which is not a natural ecosystem?
(a) Desert (b) Aquarium (c) Forest
(ii) Which is not a component of human environment?
(a) Land (b) Religion (c) Community
(iii) Which is a human made environment?
(a) Mountain (b) Sea (c) Road
(iv) Which is a threat to environment?
(a) Growing plant
(b) Growing population
(c) Growing crops
3. Match the following.
(i) Biosphere (a) blanket of air which surrounds the earth
(ii) Atmosphere (b) domain of water
(iii) Hydrosphere (c) our surroundings
(iv) Environment (d) narrow zone where land water and air interact
4. Give reasons.
(i) Man modifies his environment
(ii) Plants and animals depend on each other
5. Activity.
Imagine an ideal environment where you would love to live. Draw the picture of
your ideal environment.
6 OUR ENVIRONMENT