The document discusses major nutritional problems in India. It outlines that nutritional deficiencies are common due to low socioeconomic status, illiteracy, lack of awareness, and other factors. Major nutritional issues include protein-energy malnutrition, anemia, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and low birth weight. The document then describes various national programs aimed at addressing these issues, including integrated child development services, mid-day meal programs, national iodine deficiency disorder control program, and vitamin A supplementation program.
Scaling Up Nutrition:-How to solve the problem of malnutrition?Aakash Guglani
It is about the status of malnutrition in India and how can we solve this problem.
It has also been selected for Manthan A national level event presided by Shri Narendra Modi Ji.
Background of National Nutrition Program
Malnutrition in Nepal
Efforts to address under-nutrition
Objectives of National Nutrition Programme
Targets of National Nutrition Programme
Strategies of National Nutrition Programme
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Scaling Up Nutrition:-How to solve the problem of malnutrition?Aakash Guglani
It is about the status of malnutrition in India and how can we solve this problem.
It has also been selected for Manthan A national level event presided by Shri Narendra Modi Ji.
Background of National Nutrition Program
Malnutrition in Nepal
Efforts to address under-nutrition
Objectives of National Nutrition Programme
Targets of National Nutrition Programme
Strategies of National Nutrition Programme
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
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Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
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Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
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Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
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Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
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VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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NATIONAL NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMS.pptx
1. Introduction
India is the first populated country . Among its
population majority of the people belongs to rural
community and they are from low socio- economic
status, illiteracy and lack of basic human needs.
From the nutritional point of view majority are
undernourished and only a small group are well-
fed. The high income groups are suffering from
the diseases of over nourishment.
National Nutritional Programs and Role
of nurse
2. MAJOR NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN
INDIA
• Nutritional deficiency is any deficiency of the
nutrients that are required to sustain human
life.
• Nutritional deficiencies occur when a person's
nutrient intake consistently falls below the
recommended requirement.
• Children between 10-19 years of age face
serious nutritional deficiencies worldwide,
according to the World Health Organization.
3. The specific causes for nutritional deficiency disorders
are:
Low socio economic status
Illiteracy
Lack of awareness regarding nutrients and their requirement
Over population
Decreased food production
Lack of health care facilities
Large families
Cultural influences
Infections
Over nourishment among the group of high socioeconomic
status
Superstitious beliefs, misconceptions
Limited availability/ inadequacy of food products
Dietary practices etc.
4. Major nutritional problems in India are
Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM).
Nutritional Anaemia.
Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD).
Vitamin-A deficiency.
Low birth weight.
Endemic fluorosis.
Cardio Vascular Diseases.
5. Protein Energy Malnutrition .
Malnutrition is a significant loss of lean tissue or
inadequate diet for a prolonged period in the
setting of severe stress.
It is a significant component of many diseases.
Malnutrition is more common in India. One in
every three malnourished children in the world
lives in India.
Malnutrition limits development and the capacity
to learn. It also costs lives: about 50 per cent of
all childhood deaths are attributed to malnutrition.
6. Anemia
Every age group is vulnerable to iron-
deficiency anemia. In children, anemia can
cause a 5-10 point deficiency in IQ and hamper
growth and language development.
In adolescents, it leads to a fall in academic
performance with a dip in memory and
concentration levels.
It can also lead to physical exhaustion and
susceptibility to infection.
7. Vitamin 'A' deficiency
• Vitamin A is necessary for good eyesight.
• In children, Vitamin A deficiency causes loss of
eyesight.
• If this deficiency is very severe, it may lead to
permanent blindness.
• In our country every year 30, 000 children lose eye
sight due to Vitamin A deficiency.
• Vitamin A deficiency symptoms are seen more
severely in children of age group 1 to 5 years.
• It is estimated that there are 12.5 million
economically blind persons in India. Of these over 80
per cent of blindness is due to cataract.
8. Iodine Deficiency Disorders
• lodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) has been
recognized as a public health problem in India.
• According to Union Ministry of Health it is
estimated that 71 million populations are
suffering from endemic goiter and about 8.8
million people have mental/motor handicap
due to iodine deficiency.
9. Low birth weight
• More than 20 million infants are born each year
weighing less than 2,500 grams (5.5 pounds),
accounting for 17 per cent of all births in the
developing world - a rate more than double the
level in industrialized countries (7 per cent).
• Infants with low birth weight are at higher risk of
dying during their early months and years.
• Those who survive are liable to have an impaired
immune system and may suffer a higher incidence
of such chronic illnesses as diabetes and heart
disease in later life.
10. Fluorosis
• Fluorosis is a disease caused due to excessive
ingestion of fluoride.
• Fluorides are the compounds of fluorine.
• Fluorine is the 13th most abundant element
available in the earth crust.
11. NATIONAL NUTRITION POLICY
• India's nutritional policy was formulated in the
year1993 by an act of the parliament
With the following goals:
• Reduction of incidence of low birth weight.
• Elimination of nutrition blindness.
12. • Reduction of anemia to 20% in pregnant women.
• Universal iodination of common salt to lower-
iodine deficiency disorders to less than 1%.
• Establish special care to geriatric nutrition.
• Increase annual food grain production to 250
metric tons.
• Steps to create household food security through
poverty alleviate Decrease incidence of moderate
and severe malnutrition in children.
• Promotion of appropriate diets and healthy
lifestyle.
13. NATIONAL NUTRITION POLICY
• NNP goals:
Short-term intervention.
Long-term interventions.
NATIONAL NUTRITION POLICY –
Short-term intervention
• Expanding the nutrition intervention net (ICDS)
• Empowering mothers with nutrition and health
education
• Teaching adolescent girls to avoid anaemia
• Ensuring better nutritional coverage for
expectant women.
14. NATIONAL NUTRITION POLICY
Long Term Interventions or Development Policy
Instruments.
• Food security.
• Improvement of dietary pattern.
• Increasing purchase power of the population.
• Streamlining and expanding Public
Distribution System. (PDS)
• Strengthening health and family welfare programs.
• Nutrition and public education.
• Education and literacy.
• Nutrition and surveillance.
• Information and communication.
• Ensure community participation.
15. Integrated Child Development Services
Scheme (ICDS)
• Integrated Child Development Service
(ICDS) scheme was launched on 2nd October,
1975 (5th Five year Plan)
Beneficiaries
1.Children below 6 years
2. Pregnant and lactating women
3. Women in the age group of 15-44 years
4. Adolescent girls in selected blocks
The Ninth Five Year Plan aim to universalise
the ICDS coverage to the whole country.
16. Objectives
Improve the nutrition and health status of
children in the age group of 0-6 years;
Lay the foundation for proper psychological,
physical and social development of the child
Effective coordination and implementation of
policy among the various departments; and
Enhance the capability of the mother to look
after the normal health and nutrition needs
through proper nutrition and health education.
17. The Package of services provided by ICDS
are:
• Supplementary nutrition, Vitamin-A, Iron and Folic
Acid.
• Immunization.
• Health check-us.
• Referral services.
• Treatment of minor illnesses.
• Nutrition and health education to women.
• Pre-school education of children in the age group of
3-6 years, and
• Convergence of other supportive services like water
supply, sanitation, etc.
18. Mid-day meal Programs
The Midday Meal Scheme is the popular name for
school meal programmed in India which started in the
1960s.
It involves provision of lunch free of cost to school-
children on all working days.
Objectives
Protecting children from classroom hunger,
Increasing school enrolment and attendance,
Strengthening child nutrition and literacy
Improved socialization among children belonging to all
castes, Addressing malnutrition, and
Social empowerment through provision of
employment to women.
19. Beneficiaries
• Children attending the primary school.
• Children belonging to backward classes,
scheduled caste, and scheduled tribe families
are given priority.
• The Scheme covers students (Class I-V) in the
Government Primary Schools / Primary
Schools aided by Govt. and the Primary
Schools run by local bodies.
20. Food grains (wheat and rice) are supplied free
of cost @ 100 gram per child per school day
where cooked/processed hot meal is being
served with a Minimum content of 300
calories and 8-12 gms of protein each day of
school for a minimum of 200 days and 3 kgs
per student per month for 9-11 months in a
year, where food grains are distributed in raw
form.
In drought affected areas the mid day meal is
distributed in summer vacations also.
21. National lodine deficiency disorder control
programme (NIDDCP)
Iodine is an essential micronutrient with an
average daily at 100-150 micrograms for
normal human growth and development.
Deficiency of iodine can cause physical and
mental retardation, abortions, stillbirth, deaf
mutism, squint & various types of goitre.
It is estimated that more than 71 million
persons are suffering from goitre and other
lodine Deficiency Disorders.
22. • The programme was initially called as "Goitre
Control Programme" and was renamed by Govt.
of India in 1992 as NIDDCP. The programme is
monitored by the Deputy Director Health
Services situated in the Directorate of Health
Services, Mumbai.
23. Objectives
• Surveillance of Goitre cases
• Supply of iodized salt in place of common salt.
• Monitoring through analysis of salt and urine
samples.
• Assessment of impact of control measures over a
period of time.
• To monitor regular intake of iodized salt by
people .
24. Vitamin A supplementation (VAS)
programme in India
• The National Prophylaxis Programme against
Nutritional Blindness due to Vitamin A
Deficiency(NPPNB) was initiated in 1970 with
the specific aim of preventing nutritional
blindness due to keratomalacia.
• It was launched as an urgent remedial measure
to combat the unacceptably high magnitude of
xerophthalmic blindness in the country reported
in the 1950s and 1960s.
25. • To begin with, this Programme was initiated in
11 States of the country.
• In subsequent years, the Programme was
extended to all States in the country.
26. • Accordingly, each child was to receive five
doses of VA before her/his 3rd birthday
(children age 6-11 months, 1 dose of 100,000
IU of VA and in age 12-36 months of age one
dose of 200,000 IU of VA every six months).
• In view of operational feasibility, the
administration of first dose of VA was linked
to measles immunization.
27. • Presently, vitamin A supplementation (VAS) is
implemented through the existing network of
primary health centres and sub-centres.
• The female multipurpose worker and other
paramedics at the village level sub-health
centres are responsible for administering
vitamin A solution.
28. Goal
• To make vitamin-A deficiency no more a
public health problem
• To reduce Bitot's spot to less than 0.5%
• To bring down the prevalence of night
blindness to less than 1%
29. It was first launched in 1970 as the National
Nutritional Anemia Prophylaxis Programme
(NNAPP) and in 2018 changed the programme's
name to Anemia Mukt Bharat.
• In 2018, the Government of India launched the
Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) strategy to reduce
prevalence of anemia in women, children and
adolescents through life cycle approach.
• Anemia Mukt Bharat is divided into a
6X6X6strategy, including 6 beneficiaries, 6
interventions, and 6 institutional mechanisms.
This strategy aims to help the benefits of the
program reach the target audience
Anemia Mukt Bharat program
30.
31.
32.
33. Weekly Iron and Folic acid Supplementation
programme.
• Started in the Year 2000 as UNICEF initiated a
pilot to control Adolescent Anemia
• Target
• Government school going and out of school.
adolescent girls in 20 districts in 5 states
• Platform
• Government school
• Anganwadi centers (village level child
development center).
• Channels
• Nodal Teachers. Anganwadi workers and peer
educators.
34. Objectives
• To reduce the prevalence and severity of
nutritional Anemia in adolescent population (10-
19) years.
• Target groups
• School going Girls and Boys (6 to 12 class)
• Adolescent girls who are not in school
35. • WIFS –
Intervention
• Weekly IFA (100mg of elemental iron plus
500microgram folic acid) round the year)
• Deworming (Albendazole 400mg) every six
months
• Screening and Referral Services
• Nutrition and Health Education counselling
36. • The role of a nurse in a nutritional program can vary depending
on the specific setting and context, but generally includes the
following
• Assessment: Nurses play a key role in assessing a patient's
nutritional needs and status. This involves collecting
information about a patient's diet, medical history, and any
conditions that may affect their nutritional needs.
• Planning: Based on the assessment, nurses develop a plan to
meet a patient's nutritional needs. This may involve creating a
personalized diet plan, recommending supplements or other
interventions, and coordinating with other healthcare providers
to ensure that the patient's nutritional needs are being met.
• Education: Nurses also play a crucial role in educating
patients and their families about the importance of good
nutrition and healthy eating habits. This may involve providing
information about specific foods and nutrients, as well as
offering guidance on meal planning and preparation.
ROLE OF NURSE IN NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMMES
37. • Monitoring: As patients follow their nutritional
plans, nurses monitor their progress and make any
necessary adjustments to the plan. This may
involve monitoring weight, blood sugar levels, or
other indicators of nutritional status.
• Advocate: Nurses may also advocate for their
patients' nutritional needs, working to ensure that
patients have access to healthy food options and
appropriate nutritional support.
• Overall, the role of a nurse in a nutritional
program is to support patients in achieving
optimal health and well-being
through good nutrition.