Carbohydrates are the main source of energy and are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar units. The three main monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram and are important for energy, sparing protein use, and regulating blood glucose. Deficiencies can cause malnutrition like marasmus while overconsumption can lead to obesity.
Mitigating methane in livestock systems: Scaling up feed additives & evidence...Sadie W Shelton
This presentation was given on May 18, 2022, by Sinead Waters, The Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Ireland, and the Livestock Research Group of the GRA.
The presentation was part of the "Scaling up feed additives & evidence for impacts" webinar, an Aim4Climate Ideation event.
This event is coordinated by The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT in partnership with:
• New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC)
• Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA)
• The Gund Institute for Environment at the University of Vermont
• Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC)
• United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
• Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC)
• Aim4Climate, USDA
It describes all the necessity of nutrition plus what nutrition includes and from which type of food u can get it.It also refers to deficiency diseses and diorders,
Mitigating methane in livestock systems: Scaling up feed additives & evidence...Sadie W Shelton
This presentation was given on May 18, 2022, by Sinead Waters, The Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Ireland, and the Livestock Research Group of the GRA.
The presentation was part of the "Scaling up feed additives & evidence for impacts" webinar, an Aim4Climate Ideation event.
This event is coordinated by The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT in partnership with:
• New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC)
• Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA)
• The Gund Institute for Environment at the University of Vermont
• Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC)
• United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
• Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC)
• Aim4Climate, USDA
It describes all the necessity of nutrition plus what nutrition includes and from which type of food u can get it.It also refers to deficiency diseses and diorders,
INTRODUCTION
“Carbohydrates” When people hear this word
the first thing comes to their mind is “weight gain”. Many weight loss plans which captured the attention of public are designed with less carbs as a result more groups of people believe that carbohydrates are inherently bad.
Carbohydrates are the chief source of energy
Provide 40- 85% of food energy in different population
Used for oxidation of fates
Also for the synthesis of certain non-essential amino acid
OCCURRENCE
Carbohydrates get synthesized by plant through the process of photosynthesis .Each plant is a complex food factory that takes water from soil,carbon dioxide from the air and energy from the sun to make glucose, a simple sugar that later convert into starch.In animals it is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
Starch and glycogen are stored in the form of polysaccharide. Carbohydrates also have a structural role ,particularly in cell membrane as a component of glycoprotien and glycolipids.
Every day we are eating something, so these food products giving energy to human body.
in that CHO is the primary source of energy. Carbohydrates are one of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy. Carbohydrates are mainly sugars and starches that the body breaks down into glucose (a simple sugar that the body can use to feed its cells).
Food is necessary to normal life, and provides the body with energy
for its physiological functions. The oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins leads to the generation of high energy bonds in ATP
(adenosine tri phosphate), the energy currency of the cell. In addition
some of these oxidative products are used to generate the
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins of which the body is composed.
Adequate diet
* It is the diet which is essential for normal growth ,
maintenance of life and reproduction.
* It must supply essential nutrients as vitamins, essential amino
acids and essential fatty acids.
* It must contain :-
1- Carbohydrates 2- Lipids
3- Proteins 4- Vitamins
5- Minerals 6- Water
Energy Requirements
The energy requirement for a 70-kg adult male is 2300- 3100 Kcal,
while it is 1600- 2400 kcal for a female
Carbohydrates in nutrition (lippincott and mushtaq ahmed) Maryam Fida
Carbohydrates in nutrition (lippincott and mushtaq ahmed)
what are carbohydrates?
Produced by plants during photosynthesis
After eating plant foods, humans convert the carbohydrates into glucose
Glucose
Most abundant carbohydrate
Preferred source of energy for the blood, brain, and nervous system
Carbohydrate-rich plant foods make up the foundation of diets all over the world
INTRODUCTION
“Carbohydrates” When people hear this word
the first thing comes to their mind is “weight gain”. Many weight loss plans which captured the attention of public are designed with less carbs as a result more groups of people believe that carbohydrates are inherently bad.
Carbohydrates are the chief source of energy
Provide 40- 85% of food energy in different population
Used for oxidation of fates
Also for the synthesis of certain non-essential amino acid
OCCURRENCE
Carbohydrates get synthesized by plant through the process of photosynthesis .Each plant is a complex food factory that takes water from soil,carbon dioxide from the air and energy from the sun to make glucose, a simple sugar that later convert into starch.In animals it is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
Starch and glycogen are stored in the form of polysaccharide. Carbohydrates also have a structural role ,particularly in cell membrane as a component of glycoprotien and glycolipids.
Every day we are eating something, so these food products giving energy to human body.
in that CHO is the primary source of energy. Carbohydrates are one of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy. Carbohydrates are mainly sugars and starches that the body breaks down into glucose (a simple sugar that the body can use to feed its cells).
Food is necessary to normal life, and provides the body with energy
for its physiological functions. The oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins leads to the generation of high energy bonds in ATP
(adenosine tri phosphate), the energy currency of the cell. In addition
some of these oxidative products are used to generate the
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins of which the body is composed.
Adequate diet
* It is the diet which is essential for normal growth ,
maintenance of life and reproduction.
* It must supply essential nutrients as vitamins, essential amino
acids and essential fatty acids.
* It must contain :-
1- Carbohydrates 2- Lipids
3- Proteins 4- Vitamins
5- Minerals 6- Water
Energy Requirements
The energy requirement for a 70-kg adult male is 2300- 3100 Kcal,
while it is 1600- 2400 kcal for a female
Carbohydrates in nutrition (lippincott and mushtaq ahmed) Maryam Fida
Carbohydrates in nutrition (lippincott and mushtaq ahmed)
what are carbohydrates?
Produced by plants during photosynthesis
After eating plant foods, humans convert the carbohydrates into glucose
Glucose
Most abundant carbohydrate
Preferred source of energy for the blood, brain, and nervous system
Carbohydrate-rich plant foods make up the foundation of diets all over the world
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. INTRODUCTION
Carbohydrates is the main source of energy and form the bulk of our
diet.they are availablein the market in the natural form,processedform or
modified form as an additive in many different products.carbohydrates
are widely, distribute in plants in Which they are formed by the action of
photosynthesis.
3. DEFINITION
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen.they are calledcarbohydrates because they contain hydrogen
and oxygen in same proportion as found in water.
C6h12o6(glucose)
C12h22o11(table sugar).
4. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
1.monosaccharides (made up of 2-6 carbon units)
2.disaccharides(made up of 2monosaccharides)
3.oligosaccharides(made up of 3-10monosaccharides)
4.polysaccharides(made up of 10or more monosaccharides)
5. MONOSACCHARIDES
1.Monosaccharides=(containa singleunit)
These are the simplest forms of carbohydrates found in nature. Three
monosaccharides are of important in human nutrition.they are glucose,
fructose,andgalactose.
✓glucose – it is the primary carbohydrates used by the body glucose is the
sugar.which is absorbed into the bloodstream after carbohydrates are
digested in the body it is also known as dextrose and availablein powder
and liquidform.
6. ✓fructose= it is the sweetest of all sugar and is also known as fruit sugar
because it is found in fruits and honey in human body it is convertedto
glucose and oxidisedas a source of energy it is also calledlevulose.
✓galactose= it is found in combination with glucosein milk this sugar is
convertedto glucose in human body.
7. DISACCHARIDES
2.disaccharides=(contain two’sugar unit)
These are double sugars composedof two monosaccharides linked
together with the removal of water molecule.
The disaccharides which are of important in the diet are sucrose,maltose
and lactose.their general formulais c12h22o11.
8. OLIGOSACCHARIDES AND
POLYSACCHARIDE
3.oligosaccharides=they are composedof three to ten monosaccharides
unit’s linkedto each other by the removal of water molecules.
They are formedduring break down of starch into simpler sugars
eg,raffinose and stachyose.theyare not as common in good as the
mono,di and polysaccharid
4.polysaccharides=(most contain glucose as the monosaccharides unit’s)
These are complex carbohydrates made up of 100to2000 glucose unit’s
linkedto each other in a chain or branched form..
9. • starches- they form approximately half the diatray carbohydrates which
are consumed.they are present in abundance in cereals,pulses, Tapioca,
root’s.
•glycogen- this also calledanimal starch as it is the form in which the
animal source of energy approximately 400to500gm of glycogen is stored
in the body.
•Dextrin
•Dietary fibers
10. CALORIE VALUE
Calorie value= 1gm of carbohydrates yields 4calories of energy.
RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCES
At Least 313gm of carbohydrates per day shouldbe consumed,ifdaily
calorie requirements is 2,500 calories.
At least 250gm of carbohydrates per day should be consumed,if daily
calorie requirements is 2,000 calories.
At least 188gm of carbohydrates per day should be consumed,if daily
calorie requirements is 1,500 calories.
11. Most people shouldget between 40%and60% of total calories from
carbohydrates, preferably from complex carbohydrates (starches) and
natural sugars.complexcarbohydrates provide calories, vitamins,
minerals,andfiber.
Food that are High in processed, refined simplesugars provide calories,but
very little nutrition.it is wise to limit these sugars.
To increase complexcarbohydrates and healthy nutrients.
12. Dietary sources
1)Dairy- milk, yogurt, ice-cream.
2)Fruit- whole fruit and fruit juice.
3) Grains- bread, rice, crackers, and cereal
4) Legumes- beans and other plant based proteins.
5)Starchy vegetables- potatoes and corn.
13. Functions
Carbohydrates have six major functions with in the body.
• providing energy and regulations of blood glucose.
• sparing the use of proteins for energy.
• preventing breakdown of fatty acids and ketosis.
• biological recognition processes.
• Flavor and sweeteners.
•dietary fiber.
14. Digestion, Absorption and storage.
Digestion
Carbohydrates are formed in growingplants and are found in grains,leafy
vegetables and other edible plants food. The digestive system starts the
process of breakingdown polysaccharide in the mouth through the
introduction of amylase,a digestive enzyme in Saliva.
The High acid content of the stomach inhibits the enzyme activity,so
carbohydrates digestion is suspended in the stomach.
Simple sugars are the predominant carbohydrates absorbed in the digestive
tract, and in many animals the,most important source of
energy.monosaccharides, however,are only rarely found in Normal
diets.rather,they are derived by enzymatic digestion of more complex
carbohydrates with in the digestive tube
15. Absorption
Absorption of glucose entails transport from the intestinal lumen, across the
epithelium and into blood.
1. The transporter is initially oriented facing into the lumen at this point it is
capable of binding sodium,but not glucose.
2. Sodium binds, inducing a conformational changes that opens the
glucose-binding pocket.
3. Glucosebinds and the transporter reorient in the membrane such that
the pocket holding sodium and glucose are movedinside the cell.
4. Sodium dissociates into the cytoplasm, causing glucose binding to
destabilize.
16. 5. Glucosedissociates into the cytoplasm and the unloaded transporter
reorient back to it’s original, outward facing position.
17. Storage
There are only 1200 calories stored as carbohydrates in liver and muscle
glycogen. There are clear adaptive advantages to storing calories as
fat,Since fat can provide more energy Per gram than carbohydrates or
protein.
COVERSION OF CARBOHYDRATES INTO FAT.
Conversionof carbohydrates into fat allows animals to buildup fat reserves
even when their feed contains very little fat.
In adult human such de Novo lipogenesis is primarily a hepatic process.
18. Metabolism of carbohydrates
Glucose,galactose and fructose are absorbed in the intestineand pass to
the liver through portal circulation.in the liver,apart of glucose and the
entire galactose and fructose are convertedinto glycogen.
A part of glucose passes into the general circulation, to the various tissues
for being oxidized and used as energy.
A small part of glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen and
some portion of glucose is convertedinto fat and stored in adipose tissue.
The oxidation of glucose in the tissue occurs in two stages called'glycolysis’
and tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Glycogen = Glucose = Pyruvicacid = Lactic acid
19. In this stage glucose is oxidizedto form Pyruvic acid.the oxidation of
Pyruvicacid takes place through a series of reaction or various metabolic
cycles;energy is releasedin the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Pyruvicacid = Oxidation = Carbon dioxide + water
The waste products of carbohydrates metabolism are carbon dioxide and
water, excreted by the body.
20. Malnutrition deficiencies and over
consumption
MALNUTRITION
Not getting enough carbohydrates can cause a lack of calories
(malnutrition), or getting too many carbohydrates can lead to an increase
in total calories, causing obesity.
DEFICIENCIES
Marasmus – marasmus is the most common form of proteins energy
malnutrition(PEM) you will observe among children below 1year of
age.marasmus is caused when the mother suddenly stops breast feeding
the childand instead feeds him on Starchy food’s like sago, potato,etc
This results in providing insufficient energy and protein to the childleading
to marasmus.lack of these important nutrients, results in marasmus.
21. Clinical features of marasmus child
• Muscle wasting: due to the inadequacy of energy and protein in the
diet, the muscles get loose and skin becomes wrinkled. The childlooks
very'thin and week’.
• Irritability: the child become extremely weak and becomes irritable.the
childcries continuously.his cries can be barely heard due to extreme
weakness.
• Growth failure: deficiency of energy and protein can not meet the
increase requirements of the growing body the child.hence the childfails
to grow and thus is smaller than the healthy children of his age.
23. Kwashiorkor
KWASHIORKOR = is mainly caused by inadequate protein intake the main
symptoms are edema wasting, liver enlargement
24. Over consumption
Obesity is an excess proportion of total body fat. A person is considered
obese when his or her weight is 20% or more above normal weight. The
most common measure of obesity is the body mass index.
