National income
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
3 likes•7,718 views
The document discusses how a nation determines its national income and whether the results are always accurate. It describes three common methods used to calculate national income - the product or output method, income method, and expenditure method. It then provides details on Nepal's economy, the main sources and composition of its national income, and challenges in obtaining accurate measurements due to issues like a lack of records, unstable politics, and income from illegal activities.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Inflation & Price index
Inflation is defined as a continuous increase in general price levels over time. It can be caused by increases in money supply, government spending, exports, wage rates, and raw material prices. Governments use monetary and fiscal policies like tightening money supply and reducing spending to control inflation. In Pakistan, inflation rates for CPI, WPI, and SPI are measured and these indices track price levels of consumer, wholesale, and essential items respectively. The government monitors various inflation metrics to gauge economic conditions and formulate appropriate policies.
MACROECONOMICS-CH4
This chapter discusses the relationship between money, inflation, and prices according to the quantity theory of money. It introduces key concepts such as the money supply, monetary policy, the quantity equation, velocity of money, and how the money supply and inflation are connected. The quantity theory predicts a direct relationship between the growth of the money supply and the inflation rate in the long run.
national income accounting
This document provides information on national income accounting concepts. It defines key terms like gross national product (GNP), gross domestic product (GDP), real GNP, and per capita GNP. It also describes the three approaches to measuring national income: the income approach, output approach, and expenditure approach. National income statistics are useful for economic planning and assessing economic growth but have limitations as they exclude non-market activities and may overstate or understate welfare.
Inflation
Inflation is defined as a persistent rise in prices over time rather than a single increase in the price level. It is measured by calculating the percentage change in a price index from one period to the next. India measures inflation using several indices, with the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) historically being the main measure and the Consumer Price Index (CPI) now being the primary target of the Reserve Bank of India's inflation targeting. The CPI is further broken down by location (rural, urban, combined), consumer category (industrial workers, agricultural laborers), and type (headline inflation includes volatile food and fuel prices, while core inflation excludes them).
Rural to urban migration in India
PowerPoint examining the push and pull factors for people moving from rural areas to urban areas within India. It also looks at the consequences for the urban areas due to this movement.
Market Failure
This document discusses various types of market failures including externalities, public goods, and imperfect information. It provides examples of negative and positive externalities and how they can lead to inefficient market outcomes. Methods for dealing with externalities include direct regulation, tax incentives, and market incentives. Public goods are nonexclusive and nonrival, but their value is difficult to determine via markets due to free rider problems. Imperfect information between buyers and sellers can also cause market failures. While government intervention may aim to correct market failures, governments can also fail due to issues like lack of proper incentives, information, and flexibility.
Measurements of poverty
This document discusses various methods used to measure poverty, including absolute and relative poverty. It defines absolute poverty as the minimal requirements for food, clothing, shelter, etc., while relative poverty compares standard of living to the average in a society. Absolute measures discussed include poverty lines for food and non-food costs, as well as the national poverty line. The document also examines the human poverty index and criticisms of poverty lines. Relative poverty is measured using Lorenz curves and the Gini coefficient, which indicate inequality in household income distribution. Other indexes used by the World Bank to measure poverty are also listed.
Inflation
This document discusses inflation, including its definition, types, theories, causes, and impact in India. Inflation is defined as a rise in general price levels over time. The main causes of inflation are an increase in demand for goods/services and a decrease in supply. There are two theories of inflation - demand-pull (excess demand) and cost-push (rising costs). Factors that can cause inflation include increased money supply, disposable income, deficit financing, and foreign exchange reserves on the demand side, and rising administered prices, erratic agriculture, price policies, and inadequate industry on the supply side. Measures to control inflation focus on underlying causes and include investment, interest rate adjustments, demonetization, fiscal
Recommended
Inflation & Price index
Inflation is defined as a continuous increase in general price levels over time. It can be caused by increases in money supply, government spending, exports, wage rates, and raw material prices. Governments use monetary and fiscal policies like tightening money supply and reducing spending to control inflation. In Pakistan, inflation rates for CPI, WPI, and SPI are measured and these indices track price levels of consumer, wholesale, and essential items respectively. The government monitors various inflation metrics to gauge economic conditions and formulate appropriate policies.
MACROECONOMICS-CH4
This chapter discusses the relationship between money, inflation, and prices according to the quantity theory of money. It introduces key concepts such as the money supply, monetary policy, the quantity equation, velocity of money, and how the money supply and inflation are connected. The quantity theory predicts a direct relationship between the growth of the money supply and the inflation rate in the long run.
national income accounting
This document provides information on national income accounting concepts. It defines key terms like gross national product (GNP), gross domestic product (GDP), real GNP, and per capita GNP. It also describes the three approaches to measuring national income: the income approach, output approach, and expenditure approach. National income statistics are useful for economic planning and assessing economic growth but have limitations as they exclude non-market activities and may overstate or understate welfare.
Inflation
Inflation is defined as a persistent rise in prices over time rather than a single increase in the price level. It is measured by calculating the percentage change in a price index from one period to the next. India measures inflation using several indices, with the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) historically being the main measure and the Consumer Price Index (CPI) now being the primary target of the Reserve Bank of India's inflation targeting. The CPI is further broken down by location (rural, urban, combined), consumer category (industrial workers, agricultural laborers), and type (headline inflation includes volatile food and fuel prices, while core inflation excludes them).
Rural to urban migration in India
PowerPoint examining the push and pull factors for people moving from rural areas to urban areas within India. It also looks at the consequences for the urban areas due to this movement.
Market Failure
This document discusses various types of market failures including externalities, public goods, and imperfect information. It provides examples of negative and positive externalities and how they can lead to inefficient market outcomes. Methods for dealing with externalities include direct regulation, tax incentives, and market incentives. Public goods are nonexclusive and nonrival, but their value is difficult to determine via markets due to free rider problems. Imperfect information between buyers and sellers can also cause market failures. While government intervention may aim to correct market failures, governments can also fail due to issues like lack of proper incentives, information, and flexibility.
Measurements of poverty
This document discusses various methods used to measure poverty, including absolute and relative poverty. It defines absolute poverty as the minimal requirements for food, clothing, shelter, etc., while relative poverty compares standard of living to the average in a society. Absolute measures discussed include poverty lines for food and non-food costs, as well as the national poverty line. The document also examines the human poverty index and criticisms of poverty lines. Relative poverty is measured using Lorenz curves and the Gini coefficient, which indicate inequality in household income distribution. Other indexes used by the World Bank to measure poverty are also listed.
Inflation
This document discusses inflation, including its definition, types, theories, causes, and impact in India. Inflation is defined as a rise in general price levels over time. The main causes of inflation are an increase in demand for goods/services and a decrease in supply. There are two theories of inflation - demand-pull (excess demand) and cost-push (rising costs). Factors that can cause inflation include increased money supply, disposable income, deficit financing, and foreign exchange reserves on the demand side, and rising administered prices, erratic agriculture, price policies, and inadequate industry on the supply side. Measures to control inflation focus on underlying causes and include investment, interest rate adjustments, demonetization, fiscal
4 national income
The document discusses various concepts related to national income such as GDP, NDP, NNP, per capita income. It provides estimates of these figures for India from 1999-2000 to 2004-2005 at both current and constant prices. It also explains key terms like domestic territory, normal residents, stock and flow variables, closed and open economies, and methods of measuring national income such as the product, income and expenditure methods.
Harris-Todaro Migration Model and it's Applicability in Bangladesh
This document presents on the Harris-Todaro Migration Model and its applicability in Bangladesh. It provides background on the model, which was developed in response to rural-urban migration despite high urban unemployment. The model predicts that expected incomes across rural and urban sectors will equalize when factoring informal work. While the model applies to Bangladesh due to wage differentials and higher earning potential in cities, push factors like natural disasters and marriage are also significant drivers of migration in Bangladesh. Therefore, the Harris-Todaro model explains some migration patterns but not completely for Bangladesh.
Microeconomics: Income and Substitution Effects
Consumer Behavior: Income and Substitution Effects
The Consumer’s Reaction to a Change in Income
Engel Curve or Engel’s Law
The Consumer’s Reaction to a Change in Price
The Consumer’s Demand Function
Cobb-Douglas Utility Function
The Slutsky Substitution Effect
The Hicks substitution effect
Measurement of national income
National income is defined as the total money value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It includes incomes from all sectors - labor, capital, land, and entrepreneurship. There are several methods to measure national income, including the income method, expenditure method, and production method. The income method sums all factor incomes, the expenditure method sums individual and government expenditures, and the production method sums outputs across all sectors. National income estimates are useful for measuring economic growth, standard of living, investment patterns, and the success of national planning.
Aggregate demand
1) Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in an economy, including household spending, investment spending, government spending, exports and imports.
2) A rise in the price level causes aggregate demand to contract as real incomes fall, exports become less competitive, and interest rates may rise.
3) Shifts in aggregate demand, caused by factors like fiscal policy changes, monetary policy changes, or external economic events, impact the overall level of output in an economy.
Public and private finance
Public finance deals with government revenue and spending at national, state and local levels. It aims to provide maximum social benefits to society. Private finance involves personal and business financial management, with the goal of fulfilling private interests and gaining profit. Both public and private finance have limited resources and must allocate funds rationally. They also both may borrow funds and adopt sound financial policies. However, public finance deals with transparent yearly budgets and long-term planning, while private finances can be kept secret and focus on shorter-term goals and individual benefits.
Keynesian theory of income determination
This document provides an overview of Keynesian theory of income determination. It discusses some key concepts:
1) According to Keynes, the equilibrium level of national income and employment is determined by the interaction of aggregate demand (C+I) and aggregate supply (C+S). This equilibrium is called the effective demand point.
2) Effective demand represents the total spending in the economy that matches aggregate supply. It is the level of income and employment where there is no tendency to increase or decrease production.
3) The effective demand point may be below full employment, indicating underemployment. Government spending can increase aggregate demand and move the economy to a new equilibrium with higher income and full employment.
Rural – urban migration
Lewis theory, Rani-Fie-Lewis Theory on unlimited supplies of Labour and Todaro Model of Rural Urban Migration are famous theories on Rural_Urban Migration in Development economics
public revenue and expenditure.ppt
Public revenue comes from two main sources - tax revenue and non-tax revenue. Tax revenue includes direct taxes like income tax and indirect taxes like sales tax. Non-tax revenue comes from fees, fines, donations, and surpluses from public enterprises. Governments use public revenue to fund various types of expenditures, including recurring operating costs, capital investment projects, transfer payments, and debt servicing costs. Proper management of public revenue and expenditure is important for economic growth, stability, and equitable distribution of resources.
Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy
The document discusses the transmission mechanism of monetary policy through four key points:
1. It introduces the transmission mechanism and defines it as the series of links between monetary policy changes and their impacts on output, employment, and inflation.
2. It outlines the session, which will cover the impact of interest rate changes on other interest rates, consumption, and investment.
3. It provides brief definitions and discussions of consumption and investment, and how monetary policy influences them through several channels like interest rates, asset prices, and exchange rates.
4. It notes that monetary policy is likely to influence aggregate demand in various ways and that the relationship between interest rates and aggregate demand is complex, being influenced by expectations and time
Balance of Payment, Exchange rate Determination, Internal and External Equili...
This document summarizes a presentation on the foreign sector and balance of payments. It includes:
- An overview of topics like the balance of payments, balance of payments and the LM curve, and balance of payments adjustment policies with fixed and flexible exchange rates.
- Descriptions of the components of the balance of payments including the current account (exports, imports, transfers) and capital account (financial flows).
- Explanations of balance of payments equilibrium curves and how they show combinations of interest rates and income that balance the current and capital accounts.
- Discussions of how monetary and fiscal policies can impact the balance of payments and how central banks intervene to maintain fixed exchange rates.
public-goods.ppt
The document discusses different types of goods based on their characteristics of excludability and rivalry. Private goods are both excludable and rival. Public goods are neither excludable nor rival. Common goods are rival but not excludable. Club goods are excludable but not rival. Mixed goods have characteristics of both public and private goods. The market typically underprovides public goods and overexploits common goods due to externalities. Government intervention may be needed to efficiently allocate resources for goods with externalities.
INFLATION : NATURE,EFFECT AND CONTROL
Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over time. It can be caused by factors on both the demand side, such as an increase in money supply, and the supply side, such as a rise in production costs. Inflation is measured by indexes that track changes in consumer prices (CPI) or wholesale prices (WPI) over time. There are different views on the causes and solutions for inflation, with Keynesians focusing on demand management and monetarists emphasizing the role of money supply.
Inflation and its trends in indian economy
This document discusses inflation in the Indian economy. It lists the team members and objective to study causes and effects of inflation trends in India. It defines inflation as a rise in general prices and fall in money value. The types of inflation include creeping, trotting, galloping, and hyper. Causes include rises in crude oil and food prices, GDP, and wages. Measuring inflation includes wholesale price indices. Effects are hoarding, risks, consumption impacts. Curbing inflation involves strengthening currency, interest rate hikes, and fiscal policies. Recent inflation is attributed to food and commodity prices. References are also provided.
Structural Changes in Indian Economy
This document summarizes the structural changes in the Indian economy after liberalization. It discusses how the Indian economy transitioned from a predominantly state-run economy to a mixed economy with a larger private sector role after 1991. The key policies driving this transition included liberalization, privatization, and opening the economy to global trade and investment. Liberalization reduced licensing requirements and other regulations, privatization sold state-owned enterprises to private owners, and globalization made the economy more open internationally. These reforms aimed to increase economic growth by enhancing competition and private sector participation in the economy.
Inflation ppt
This document discusses inflation including its definition, types, causes, effects, measurement, and measures to control it. Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in prices or fall in the value of money. The main types are open, suppressed, galloping, and hyper inflation. Key causes include an increase in money supply and deficit financing. Effects include inefficiencies in markets and uncertainty discouraging investment. Inflation is primarily measured using the Consumer Price Index. Measures to control inflation involve monetary, fiscal, and other policies like increasing production and implementing price controls.
Gdp
This document discusses how economists define and measure GDP. It provides three main methods for calculating GDP - the production, expenditure, and income methods. It explains how GDP is a measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. However, GDP has limitations as a measure of economic well-being, as it does not account for non-market activities, environmental factors, inequality, and other social considerations. The document emphasizes using real GDP, which accounts for changes in quantities rather than just current dollar values, when analyzing economic growth over time.
Macroeconomic Policy
This presentation speaks in the concept of Macroeconomic policy and how it affects the economy. It discusses the basic concepts of macroeconomy, it's definition, types, features, effect, importance and weakness.
Macroeconomics (from the Greek prefix makro- meaning "large" + economics) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole.
Concept and definition of national income
This document defines and compares different methods of calculating national income and GDP. It discusses calculating GDP at market prices versus factor cost, and how GDP is the sum of final goods and services produced domestically but excludes earnings of citizens working abroad. It also defines related terms like GNP, NNP, real versus nominal national income, per capita income, personal disposable income, and compares the product, income, and expenditure methods of calculating national income.
Substitution effect
This document discusses the substitution effect in economics. It defines the substitution effect as the change in consumption of goods x and y that occurs due to a change in their relative prices, with consumers substituting the now relatively cheaper good for the more expensive one. It provides an example using indifference curves and budget lines to illustrate how the substitution effect represents the movement along the same indifference curve from one consumption bundle to another in response to a change in relative prices.
Concepts of national income
The document defines various concepts of national income for India such as gross domestic product, gross national product, net domestic product, net national product, personal income, and disposable income. It provides India's current national income as 48,77,842 crores and GDP for 2012-13 as 1.824 trillion. The primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors contributed 13.7%, 15.7%, and 70.6% respectively to GDP in fiscal year 2013. National income is influenced by these concepts and India's economy is growing faster due to faster growth in national income.
National income
National income of India for 2010-2011 is summarized as follows:
1) The Central Statistics Office estimated India's national income for 2010-2011 using the output and income methods for different sectors of the economy.
2) National income was estimated at both constant and current prices to account for inflation.
3) Key sectors of the economy such as agriculture, manufacturing, mining, construction, transport, public administration and external trade were accounted for in the estimates.
4) National income estimates provide important information on the performance of the Indian economy and living standards over time.
More Related Content
What's hot
4 national income
The document discusses various concepts related to national income such as GDP, NDP, NNP, per capita income. It provides estimates of these figures for India from 1999-2000 to 2004-2005 at both current and constant prices. It also explains key terms like domestic territory, normal residents, stock and flow variables, closed and open economies, and methods of measuring national income such as the product, income and expenditure methods.
Harris-Todaro Migration Model and it's Applicability in Bangladesh
This document presents on the Harris-Todaro Migration Model and its applicability in Bangladesh. It provides background on the model, which was developed in response to rural-urban migration despite high urban unemployment. The model predicts that expected incomes across rural and urban sectors will equalize when factoring informal work. While the model applies to Bangladesh due to wage differentials and higher earning potential in cities, push factors like natural disasters and marriage are also significant drivers of migration in Bangladesh. Therefore, the Harris-Todaro model explains some migration patterns but not completely for Bangladesh.
Microeconomics: Income and Substitution Effects
Consumer Behavior: Income and Substitution Effects
The Consumer’s Reaction to a Change in Income
Engel Curve or Engel’s Law
The Consumer’s Reaction to a Change in Price
The Consumer’s Demand Function
Cobb-Douglas Utility Function
The Slutsky Substitution Effect
The Hicks substitution effect
Measurement of national income
National income is defined as the total money value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It includes incomes from all sectors - labor, capital, land, and entrepreneurship. There are several methods to measure national income, including the income method, expenditure method, and production method. The income method sums all factor incomes, the expenditure method sums individual and government expenditures, and the production method sums outputs across all sectors. National income estimates are useful for measuring economic growth, standard of living, investment patterns, and the success of national planning.
Aggregate demand
1) Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in an economy, including household spending, investment spending, government spending, exports and imports.
2) A rise in the price level causes aggregate demand to contract as real incomes fall, exports become less competitive, and interest rates may rise.
3) Shifts in aggregate demand, caused by factors like fiscal policy changes, monetary policy changes, or external economic events, impact the overall level of output in an economy.
Public and private finance
Public finance deals with government revenue and spending at national, state and local levels. It aims to provide maximum social benefits to society. Private finance involves personal and business financial management, with the goal of fulfilling private interests and gaining profit. Both public and private finance have limited resources and must allocate funds rationally. They also both may borrow funds and adopt sound financial policies. However, public finance deals with transparent yearly budgets and long-term planning, while private finances can be kept secret and focus on shorter-term goals and individual benefits.
Keynesian theory of income determination
This document provides an overview of Keynesian theory of income determination. It discusses some key concepts:
1) According to Keynes, the equilibrium level of national income and employment is determined by the interaction of aggregate demand (C+I) and aggregate supply (C+S). This equilibrium is called the effective demand point.
2) Effective demand represents the total spending in the economy that matches aggregate supply. It is the level of income and employment where there is no tendency to increase or decrease production.
3) The effective demand point may be below full employment, indicating underemployment. Government spending can increase aggregate demand and move the economy to a new equilibrium with higher income and full employment.
Rural – urban migration
Lewis theory, Rani-Fie-Lewis Theory on unlimited supplies of Labour and Todaro Model of Rural Urban Migration are famous theories on Rural_Urban Migration in Development economics
public revenue and expenditure.ppt
Public revenue comes from two main sources - tax revenue and non-tax revenue. Tax revenue includes direct taxes like income tax and indirect taxes like sales tax. Non-tax revenue comes from fees, fines, donations, and surpluses from public enterprises. Governments use public revenue to fund various types of expenditures, including recurring operating costs, capital investment projects, transfer payments, and debt servicing costs. Proper management of public revenue and expenditure is important for economic growth, stability, and equitable distribution of resources.
Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy
The document discusses the transmission mechanism of monetary policy through four key points:
1. It introduces the transmission mechanism and defines it as the series of links between monetary policy changes and their impacts on output, employment, and inflation.
2. It outlines the session, which will cover the impact of interest rate changes on other interest rates, consumption, and investment.
3. It provides brief definitions and discussions of consumption and investment, and how monetary policy influences them through several channels like interest rates, asset prices, and exchange rates.
4. It notes that monetary policy is likely to influence aggregate demand in various ways and that the relationship between interest rates and aggregate demand is complex, being influenced by expectations and time
Balance of Payment, Exchange rate Determination, Internal and External Equili...
This document summarizes a presentation on the foreign sector and balance of payments. It includes:
- An overview of topics like the balance of payments, balance of payments and the LM curve, and balance of payments adjustment policies with fixed and flexible exchange rates.
- Descriptions of the components of the balance of payments including the current account (exports, imports, transfers) and capital account (financial flows).
- Explanations of balance of payments equilibrium curves and how they show combinations of interest rates and income that balance the current and capital accounts.
- Discussions of how monetary and fiscal policies can impact the balance of payments and how central banks intervene to maintain fixed exchange rates.
public-goods.ppt
The document discusses different types of goods based on their characteristics of excludability and rivalry. Private goods are both excludable and rival. Public goods are neither excludable nor rival. Common goods are rival but not excludable. Club goods are excludable but not rival. Mixed goods have characteristics of both public and private goods. The market typically underprovides public goods and overexploits common goods due to externalities. Government intervention may be needed to efficiently allocate resources for goods with externalities.
INFLATION : NATURE,EFFECT AND CONTROL
Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over time. It can be caused by factors on both the demand side, such as an increase in money supply, and the supply side, such as a rise in production costs. Inflation is measured by indexes that track changes in consumer prices (CPI) or wholesale prices (WPI) over time. There are different views on the causes and solutions for inflation, with Keynesians focusing on demand management and monetarists emphasizing the role of money supply.
Inflation and its trends in indian economy
This document discusses inflation in the Indian economy. It lists the team members and objective to study causes and effects of inflation trends in India. It defines inflation as a rise in general prices and fall in money value. The types of inflation include creeping, trotting, galloping, and hyper. Causes include rises in crude oil and food prices, GDP, and wages. Measuring inflation includes wholesale price indices. Effects are hoarding, risks, consumption impacts. Curbing inflation involves strengthening currency, interest rate hikes, and fiscal policies. Recent inflation is attributed to food and commodity prices. References are also provided.
Structural Changes in Indian Economy
This document summarizes the structural changes in the Indian economy after liberalization. It discusses how the Indian economy transitioned from a predominantly state-run economy to a mixed economy with a larger private sector role after 1991. The key policies driving this transition included liberalization, privatization, and opening the economy to global trade and investment. Liberalization reduced licensing requirements and other regulations, privatization sold state-owned enterprises to private owners, and globalization made the economy more open internationally. These reforms aimed to increase economic growth by enhancing competition and private sector participation in the economy.
Inflation ppt
This document discusses inflation including its definition, types, causes, effects, measurement, and measures to control it. Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in prices or fall in the value of money. The main types are open, suppressed, galloping, and hyper inflation. Key causes include an increase in money supply and deficit financing. Effects include inefficiencies in markets and uncertainty discouraging investment. Inflation is primarily measured using the Consumer Price Index. Measures to control inflation involve monetary, fiscal, and other policies like increasing production and implementing price controls.
Gdp
This document discusses how economists define and measure GDP. It provides three main methods for calculating GDP - the production, expenditure, and income methods. It explains how GDP is a measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. However, GDP has limitations as a measure of economic well-being, as it does not account for non-market activities, environmental factors, inequality, and other social considerations. The document emphasizes using real GDP, which accounts for changes in quantities rather than just current dollar values, when analyzing economic growth over time.
Macroeconomic Policy
This presentation speaks in the concept of Macroeconomic policy and how it affects the economy. It discusses the basic concepts of macroeconomy, it's definition, types, features, effect, importance and weakness.
Macroeconomics (from the Greek prefix makro- meaning "large" + economics) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole.
Concept and definition of national income
This document defines and compares different methods of calculating national income and GDP. It discusses calculating GDP at market prices versus factor cost, and how GDP is the sum of final goods and services produced domestically but excludes earnings of citizens working abroad. It also defines related terms like GNP, NNP, real versus nominal national income, per capita income, personal disposable income, and compares the product, income, and expenditure methods of calculating national income.
Substitution effect
This document discusses the substitution effect in economics. It defines the substitution effect as the change in consumption of goods x and y that occurs due to a change in their relative prices, with consumers substituting the now relatively cheaper good for the more expensive one. It provides an example using indifference curves and budget lines to illustrate how the substitution effect represents the movement along the same indifference curve from one consumption bundle to another in response to a change in relative prices.
What's hot (20)
Harris-Todaro Migration Model and it's Applicability in Bangladesh
Harris-Todaro Migration Model and it's Applicability in Bangladesh
Balance of Payment, Exchange rate Determination, Internal and External Equili...
Balance of Payment, Exchange rate Determination, Internal and External Equili...
Viewers also liked
Concepts of national income
The document defines various concepts of national income for India such as gross domestic product, gross national product, net domestic product, net national product, personal income, and disposable income. It provides India's current national income as 48,77,842 crores and GDP for 2012-13 as 1.824 trillion. The primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors contributed 13.7%, 15.7%, and 70.6% respectively to GDP in fiscal year 2013. National income is influenced by these concepts and India's economy is growing faster due to faster growth in national income.
National income
National income of India for 2010-2011 is summarized as follows:
1) The Central Statistics Office estimated India's national income for 2010-2011 using the output and income methods for different sectors of the economy.
2) National income was estimated at both constant and current prices to account for inflation.
3) Key sectors of the economy such as agriculture, manufacturing, mining, construction, transport, public administration and external trade were accounted for in the estimates.
4) National income estimates provide important information on the performance of the Indian economy and living standards over time.
NATIONAL INCOME PPT
National income measures the total value of goods and services produced in an economy over a period of time. It is important for economists to measure national income to analyze economic growth, living standards, and income inequality. There are several concepts for calculating national income, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), personal income, and per capita income. National income can be measured using the product, income, and expenditure methods, each with their own steps and considerations to account for issues like double counting. Calculating national income precisely poses challenges but the statistics are useful for economic planning, analysis, and international comparisons.
National income concepts
1. The document defines several concepts related to national income:
2. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year. It is calculated as the sum of consumption (C), gross investment (GI), government spending (G), and net exports (exports - imports).
3. Gross National Product (GNP) is GDP plus income earned from abroad (foreign assets), minus income earned domestically by foreign entities.
4. Net National Product (NNP) is GNP minus depreciation on capital goods like buildings and equipment. NNP at market prices uses market valuations, while NNP at factor cost adjust
National Income Concepts
National income or national product is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy over a period of time. There are three main concepts used to measure national income - gross national product, net national product, and national income. National income can be estimated using the product method, income method, and expenditure method. However, there are several difficulties in accurately estimating a country's national income, particularly in less developed countries, such as accounting for non-monetary transactions, production not entering the market, and lack of record keeping.
Assignment on NATIONAL INCOME MEASUREMENT
1) The document outlines the contents of national income measurement in Bangladesh, including methodology, indicators, and sources of national income.
2) It discusses the contribution and problems of key economic sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, industry, electricity, and garments. It also examines tourism, human resource development, and tax rates.
3) The document acknowledges the efforts of the group members in preparing the assignment on national income measurement in Bangladesh under the guidance of their course teacher.
National income
National income accounting measures the total income generated in an economy. It was first developed in the 17th century and modernized by Kuznets. There are separate accounts for production sectors, households, government, and the rest of the world. National income accounting identifies economic achievements and provides an objective basis for policy evaluation. It is useful for estimating and comparing national incomes, describing economic growth, and suggesting policies. National income is measured through the income, expenditure, and value added methods by estimating payments to factors of production, final expenditures, and value of total output less intermediate consumption respectively.
Concept and method national income in india 5
National income is defined as the total money value of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a year. It is measured using product, income, and expenditure methods. The key concepts are GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP measured at market price, factor cost, and constant/current prices. National income estimation faces problems due to non-monetized sectors, illegal activities, and lack of data in developing countries like India. Its growth rate has increased from 4.4% initially to over 6% in recent decades.
NATIONAL INCOME====by sumit mukherjee
National income is defined as the value of all final goods and services produced by the normal residents of a country in a year. It is measured to understand the size and performance of a country's economy, trace economic growth trends, know the structure of the national income, and help formulate development plans and policies. National income is calculated using the production, income, and expenditure methods and aggregates at current and constant prices. It is important but does not fully reflect human development or income distribution.
national income
National income is the total value of goods and services produced in an economy over a period of time. It can be measured using the final product approach, value added approach, and expenditure approach. The final product approach sums the market value of all final goods and services. The value added approach sums value added at each stage of production. The expenditure approach sums all final expenditures on goods and services, including consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. There are challenges in accurately measuring national income, such as double counting, transfer payments, and difficulties in valuing non-monetary activities.
National income concept,principles and application
The document discusses various methods of measuring a nation's income and economic output, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), national income, and per capita income. It provides definitions and explanations of GDP components like consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. Real GDP is distinguished from nominal GDP.
National income
National income refers to the total value of final goods and services produced in a country in one year. There are several ways to measure national income, including GDP, GDI, NNP, and NI. GDP is the total market value of goods and services produced within a country in a year. It can be calculated using the production, income, and expenditure approaches. Other key metrics include per capita income, which is total income divided by population, and NNP and NDP, which are GDP and GNP minus depreciation. National income data provides information on a country's economy, growth trends, production sectors, living standards, and helps guide government policymaking.
Introduction of national income
1. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the aggregate money value of final goods and services produced in a country during one year.
2. Net domestic product (NDP) is GDP minus depreciation charges.
3. Gross national product (GNP) is the money value of goods and services produced by a country in one year, plus incomes earned abroad by its citizens, minus incomes earned within the country by foreigners.
A case study on national income of India
This document presents a case study on India's national income from 1975-2010. It summarizes key growth rates during this period, such as 9.5% in 1975-76 and 8.9% in 2010. It defines national income as the value of goods and services produced within a country during a year. National income in India is prepared based on three categories: agriculture and related sectors, electricity and related sectors, and other services. The document also discusses measuring national income at constant prices to analyze physical output over time and limitations of different measurement methods.
Measuring of national output and national income
This document outlines key concepts for measuring national output and income, including:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total market value of final goods and services produced domestically in a given period. GDP can be calculated using the expenditure approach (personal consumption + investment + government spending + net exports) or the income approach (compensation of employees + business income). Real GDP adjusts nominal GDP for inflation using a price index. While GDP measures market output, it does not account for non-market activities or income distribution, and other factors like leisure time or crime rates are not included.
National income
This document discusses concepts related to measuring national income, including gross domestic product (GDP), net domestic product (NDP), gross national product (GNP), and net national product (NNP). It describes how national income is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a year. National income can be measured using several methods, including the product method, income method, and expenditure method. The document also notes some challenges in accurately measuring national income.
Sources of funds for the national government
The document discusses the sources of funds for the National Government which include tax revenues, non-tax revenues, borrowings, and withdrawals from cash balances. It provides details on different types of taxes and non-tax revenues. It also explains the purpose of government borrowings from domestic and foreign sources. The document then discusses the different dimensions of the national budget such as sectors, cost structures, expense classes, major recipients, and regional allocations. It concludes by outlining the process of creating pork barrel funds through the preparation, authorization, and execution of the national budget.
Methods of measuring National Income
National income can be measured using three methods:
1) The value added or product method measures the market value of final goods produced. It deducts intermediate goods and costs from total output.
2) The income method measures payments (rent, wages, interest, profit) to factors of production. It sums labour income, capital income, and mixed income.
3) The expenditure method measures total domestic expenditure by summing household consumption, investment, government spending, and exports minus imports.
contribution of agriculture to the national economy employment and output
this is very good and help full for you all, and it will give you idea of contribution of agriculture to the national economy employment and output .
thank you....
fascial policy
This document appears to be a project report submitted by students to their faculty member on the topic of Indian fiscal policy and changing tax structures. It includes an acknowledgment thanking the faculty member for the project assignment. The index lists various sections of the report, including introductions to fiscal policy, instruments of fiscal policy like the budget and taxation, discretionary versus non-discretionary fiscal policy, effectiveness of fiscal policy, and fiscal deficits over the past 12 years. The introduction provides an overview of the role and objectives of fiscal policy in developing economies.
Viewers also liked (20)
National income concept,principles and application
National income concept,principles and application
contribution of agriculture to the national economy employment and output
contribution of agriculture to the national economy employment and output
Similar to National income
crisil -glossary and important links.pptx
The document describes the basic structure of a market economy. It discusses how a household in Mumbai buys goods and services from Shah Communications. When the household purchases these items, it provides revenue for Shah Communications. Shah Communications then uses this revenue to pay for land, labor, and other resources, providing income back to the household. This illustrates the basic cycle of expenditures, revenues, incomes, and payments that characterize a market economy.
nationalincomeaccounting-copy-130210014919-phpapp01.pptx
The document discusses key concepts related to calculating and measuring national income, including:
1) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given time period.
2) There are several approaches to calculating national income including the expenditure, income, and product approaches.
3) There are various challenges involved in accurately calculating national income for countries, especially less developed nations, such as problems with non-monetized sectors, illiteracy, lack of expertise, and double counting issues.
Economic environment
This document summarizes the key economic structures and dimensions of Nepal's economy. It outlines the main sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary), their contribution to GDP, and expected growth rates. The primary sector includes agriculture, forestry and fishing. The secondary sector includes manufacturing and construction. The tertiary sector or service sector makes up the largest portion of GDP at 57.6%. It also discusses economic indices like GDP, income distribution, savings and investment rates, trade issues, employment, privatization policies, and challenges faced by industries in Nepal.
Nationa lincome accounting
The document discusses key concepts related to measuring a nation's economic output, including gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), net national product (NNP), national income, personal income, and disposable personal income. It also describes three approaches to calculating GDP - expenditure, product, and income - and lists common problems in accurately measuring a country's national income such as non-monetized sectors, illiteracy, lack of expertise, and double counting.
National Income Accounting
National income accounting involves calculating the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It can be measured using the expenditure approach, income approach, or product approach. There are several challenges to accurate national income calculation including non-monetized sectors, illiteracy, lack of expertise, less sophisticated tools, double counting, false reporting, and multi-occupations. National income data is used to measure economic growth, real income, per capita income, and growth rates.
Chapter 20-Macro
The document discusses how the World Bank classifies economies based on gross national income per capita into high, middle, and low-income groups. It then describes key characteristics of developing economies like high rates of poverty, malnutrition, and infant mortality compared to industrialized countries. Common challenges facing developing countries include low labor productivity, lack of capital and infrastructure, brain drain, and difficulties integrating into the global trading system. The document also examines different approaches to economic development like import substitution, export promotion, and the roles of foreign aid, privatization, and institutions.
Natl income
National income is defined as the value of all final goods and services produced by residents of a country in a year. It is measured to analyze the size and growth of the economy, trace economic trends over time, understand the structure of different sectors, and help formulate government development plans and policies. National income is estimated using the production, income, and expenditure methods and is presented in current and constant prices to allow for inflation adjustments. While it provides a overall measure of economic activity, national income does not fully reflect human development or welfare as it does not consider income distribution, unpaid work, and environmental costs.
Eme unit 2
National Income and Its Measurement
Techniques
• Inflation, Causes and Controlling
• Business Cycle
• Forms of Business
• Management Functions
• Managerial Skills
• Levels of Management
• Role of a manager
Chapter 19 economic development
The document summarizes key concepts about economic development and classifying economies. It discusses how the World Bank estimates Gross National Income to sort countries into high, middle, and low-income economies. High-income economies comprise a small portion of the global population but produce most of the world's output, while low-income economies face challenges like malnutrition, high birth rates, and low labor productivity that contribute to cycles of poverty. Developing strategies like import substitution and foreign aid have mixed records of success in promoting economic growth.
Adobe Scan 28-Nov-2023 (1).pdf national income of macroeconomics
National income is the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It is measured using the income, expenditure, and value added methods. The income method sums incomes from factors of production. The expenditure method sums consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. The value added method sums value added at each stage of production. National income aggregates include GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP, and per capita income. Calculating national income faces difficulties from data collection, double counting, non-monetized transactions, and illegal/unreported incomes.
Lecture 2
National income accounting measures a country's total economic output and income. It uses Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) to calculate the total value of final goods and services produced. GDP measures output within a country's borders, while GNP includes income from domestic and foreign sources. GDP can be calculated using either the income approach by adding up wages, profits, interest and rents, or the expenditure approach by adding consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. Real GDP adjusts for inflation to measure output in constant prices.
Managerial Economics - Module 5.pptx
This document discusses key concepts in macroeconomics including the circular flow of income, national income, business cycles, and macroeconomic policy tools. It defines circular flow as the continuous movement of money between households and firms as goods and services are produced and exchanged. It outlines the measurement of national income using the product, income, and expenditure approaches. It also describes the phases of business cycles including expansion, peak, contraction, and trough, and how factors like investment, interest rates, expectations, and external shocks can influence the business cycle. Key macroeconomic policy tools are also briefly introduced including fiscal and monetary policy.
Current business scenario (Pakistan)
The document outlines challenges facing Pakistan's business environment, including a high inflation rate, energy crisis, security issues, and increasing utility costs. It analyzes opportunities in local and international markets and makes recommendations to address problems. Key points discussed are low foreign investment, exports less than imports, the need for consistent policies, controlling energy and security issues, lowering customs duties to promote exports, and offering tax incentives to attract investment. The document aims to inform Pakistan's Ministry of Commerce & Trade of pressing business concerns.
National income(gnp)
National income accounting is the process of measuring a country's total economic output. It involves tracking all economic transactions between households, businesses, government, and the rest of the world. The main measures are GDP, which represents the total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given year, and GNP, which also includes income earned abroad. National income can be calculated using different approaches such as expenditure, income, and industrial origin.
Som Mittal PM Conference India 2009
NASSCOM represents the Indian IT/BPO industry. The industry has grown rapidly over the past decade and now employs over 2.2 million professionals. It generates over half of India's exports and has had a significant positive economic and social impact through job creation, contributions to the GDP, and promoting diversity and education. The government has invested over $10 billion in e-governance projects across 200,000 locations to further develop infrastructure and public services. NISG assists the government by providing consulting services and technical expertise for various e-governance initiatives.
Som Mittal PM Conference 15th Nov09
The document discusses how the Indian IT-BPO industry has grown significantly and is expected to continue growing. It projects that by 2020, the industry could generate $225 billion in total revenue, with $175 billion coming from exports. The industry is also expected to have a major impact on India's economy and society by 2020, contributing an estimated 6% to annual GDP and creating over 30 million jobs directly and indirectly. However, for the industry to achieve this vision, challenges like developing world-class talent, innovating business models, and expanding into new markets and verticals will need to be addressed. Project management practices will also need to evolve to manage increasingly complex, critical, and transformation-focused projects.
Makein india Namrata Shah
The document discusses India's "Make in India" campaign which aims to promote the country as a global manufacturing hub and boost economic growth. It outlines key objectives of the campaign such as generating employment, attracting foreign investment, and increasing manufacturing's contribution to GDP. Several sectors are covered including automobiles, electronics, food processing, and more. Financial incentives are provided for various sectors to encourage local manufacturing.
National Income
GDP is the sum of final goods and services produced within a country in a year and can be measured at current or constant prices. GNP includes net income from abroad. NNP is GNP less depreciation. National income data are important for understanding an economy's aggregate production and expenditures, and difficulties in measurement include multiple counting and exclusion of non-market activities. National income is considered a measure of economic welfare as it rises with aggregate production of goods and services.
National income measurement
This document discusses different methods of measuring national income:
1) Production method measures the total value added by all producing units. It avoids double counting by excluding intermediate goods.
2) Income method measures total factor incomes (wages, rent, interest, profit). It equals the sum of compensation of employees, operating surplus, and mixed income.
3) Expenditure method measures total final expenditures including household consumption, government spending, investment and net exports. This equals gross domestic product.
Most Successful Small Business Ideas
Are you ready to take the plunge and start an own business? Taking the first steps to becoming an entrepreneur can be daunting, but it doesn't have to be. This blog post will provide a step-by-step guide on how to build your entrepreneurial dream and start a successful business. We will cover everything from creating a business plan to finding funding, so you can go from aspiring entrepreneur to business owner in no time!
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐮𝐬
NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES, DELHI
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
ENTREPRENEUR INDIA
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Mall ST,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com
info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886
Mobile: +91-9097075054, 8800733955
Website: https://www.entrepreneurindia.co
https://www.niir.org
Similar to National income (20)
nationalincomeaccounting-copy-130210014919-phpapp01.pptx
nationalincomeaccounting-copy-130210014919-phpapp01.pptx
Adobe Scan 28-Nov-2023 (1).pdf national income of macroeconomics
Adobe Scan 28-Nov-2023 (1).pdf national income of macroeconomics
More from Chhitiz Shrestha
Letter of Credit
This document defines key terms and documents related to letters of credit (LC). It explains that an LC requires certain documents to be presented for payment, including a draft, commercial invoice, transport documents, insurance documents, and certificates. It then provides more detail on each type of document, including what information they contain and their purpose. It also defines common terms found in LCs, such as applicant, beneficiary, currency amount, shipment details, descriptions of goods and additional conditions.
Generation of accounting reports
This document provides an overview of accounting reports for two Nepalese banks, Nabil Bank LTD and Nepal Investment Bank LTD. It discusses the different types of reports generated on a daily, monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, and annual basis. It also describes how the banks' core banking software, Finacle, facilitates generation of reports such as cash vault balances and supports accounting processes like double-entry bookkeeping. Finally, the document outlines the process for generating reports from the Finacle system.
International Trade Practices & Trade Financing Provisions in Nepal
This document summarizes international trade practices and trade financing provisions in Nepal. It outlines several key points, including common methods of payment in international trade like cash in advance, letters of credit, and open accounts. It also discusses Incoterms and their role in facilitating international trade agreements. Furthermore, it provides an overview of Nepal's history with international trade, focusing on its strong trade relationship with India and the impact of trade disputes. Finally, the document outlines various trade documentation requirements and financing options available through Nepalese commercial banks.
Presentation on Internship at Nabil Bank
The document summarizes Chhitiz Shrestha's internship presentation at Nabil Bank. It outlines Nabil Bank's mission, values, major customers and markets, products and services, organizational structure, performance, activities performed, skills learned, feedback for the organization, and feedback for the university. The presentation covered all aspects of Nabil Bank and Chhitiz's internship experience.
A project on monopolistic market context in nepal
This document provides an overview of monopolistic markets in the context of Nepal. It discusses how Nepal Oil Corporation has a monopoly on petroleum products in Nepal as the sole provider. It describes the characteristics of monopoly markets, including having a single seller, market power to influence prices, unique products, and barriers to entry. The document also discusses monopolistic competition in Nepal using examples like toothpaste and restaurants. It examines short-run and long-run relevance for monopolistically competitive firms and industries that exist in Nepal's developing economy.
Business proposal
The document discusses plans to take out a loan from a bank to start a department store business. Key points include:
1) A loan of 40 lakhs will be taken from Himalayan Bank due to its competitive interest rates and support for small/medium businesses.
2) Funds will be used for rent, goods, employee salaries, and other startup expenses totaling 18.75 lakhs needed by May 2010.
3) Himalayan Bank offers loans specifically for small/medium businesses between 0.5-40 lakhs at interest rates of 10-12.5% per year.
Profitability analysis of dabur nepal
The document analyzes the profitability and working capital management of Dabur Nepal over 5 years from 2006-2010. It finds that Dabur Nepal has significant profitability as measured by return on assets of 24.4% on average. It also finds negative relationships between liquidity and leverage, and liquidity and profitability. Specifically, increases in the cash conversion cycle were positively correlated with profitability, while liquidity and leverage were negatively correlated.
Wcm and a firm's performance
This document analyzes the relationship between working capital management and firm performance of 30 manufacturing companies in Sri Lanka over the period of 2006-2010. Regression analyses found that cash conversion cycle had a negative relationship with return on total assets, while current ratio and quick ratio were positively related. The study indicates that effective working capital management through reducing cash conversion cycle can increase profitability for manufacturing companies.
Home Owners Insurance
The document discusses homeowner insurance policies. It defines homeowner insurance and explains that policies provide property coverage, liability coverage, and other coverages. It outlines the main types of home insurance policies including basic, broad, special, renter's, and premier forms. It details the typical coverage areas in home policies and underwriting guidelines insurance companies use.
Technological Environment
Nepal is transitioning from a rural to urban economy and has a literacy rate of 68.2%. Agriculture accounts for about 40% of GDP and 80% of the population derives their livelihood from it. Technology is viewed as a means to increase productivity by combining resources. Nepal's industrial sector relies on imported and low grade technologies with little focus on R&D. Exports are mainly raw materials and skill development lags requirements. Technology transfer occurs through foreign investment but the scale of projects is generally small. Information technology is increasing access to education and tourism information but remains limited outside urban areas.
Service providers
This document provides an overview of services and service marketing presented by a group consisting of Satish, Ashish, Aayush, Sapan, and Chhitiz. It defines services, lists examples, and discusses the contributions of services to the world economy. It also outlines the key characteristics of services, differences between services and goods, elements of the service marketing mix including the traditional and extended "7Ps", and challenges faced by service marketers.
Expected rate of return of Chilime Hydropower
This document analyzes the financial performance of the Chilime Hydropower Project located in Rasuwa District, Nepal. A group of 6 students conducted the analysis to calculate the variance, covariance, beta, and expected rate of return of the project. They collected market index and stock price data from July 2009 to June 2010 and used the capital asset pricing model formula in Excel. The results showed the project's beta was low at 0.08982, variance was positive, and expected returns were higher than the risk-free rate, indicating the investment was profitable. Therefore, the document concludes Chilime Hydropower is a good investment opportunity.
Prime life insurance
This document discusses insurance in Nepal and Prime Life Insurance. It provides an overview of the insurance industry and Prime Life Insurance, including key statistics on transactions. It also summarizes Prime Life Insurance's products and marketing strategies. The document then discusses concepts like the insurance process, imperfections, claim settlement, premium calculation, reinsurance and the role of underwriters.
Primary market
This document discusses capital structure and financial markets, specifically the primary market. It defines the primary market as the market for new issuers, where companies can directly issue shares, bonds, or other securities to raise capital. The document outlines the key participants and processes in the primary market in Nepal, including requirements for disclosure, underwriting, and issue procedures that must follow the Company Act and SEBON guidelines. Overall, the primary market provides an important channel for companies and governments to raise funds for investment and growth.
Personality traits
The document presents findings from a study of personality traits among staff members at Hotel Himalayan Horizon. Personality was assessed based on the Big Five model, which examines Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Surveys of 15 staff found most to be emotionally stable yet some easily irritated. Those in roles requiring interaction scored high in Extraversion. Most staff showed Openness and Agreeableness. Conscientiousness levels varied, with managers and front-line staff scoring highest. The study provided insights but was limited by not assessing all traits. Suggestions focus on personality fit and developing traits like stability, creativity, and appreciation.
Insurance in nepal
The document discusses the process of registering banks and financial institutions in Nepal according to the Bank and Financial Institutions Act (BAFIA) 2063. It involves getting approval from the Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB), incorporating and registering the company with the Company Registrar's Office, and obtaining an operating license from NRB. Fees for registration depend on the company's registered capital and range from Rs. 150000 to Rs. 160000 + Rs. 3000 per crore. Challenges include excessive bureaucracy, lack of proper documents, and a time-consuming process. The document also summarizes the registration process for insurance companies according to the Insurance Act 2049 and discusses some major insurance companies in Nepal like Prime
Integration
This document discusses integration in mathematics. It defines integration as the process opposite to differentiation, where integration finds the direct relationship between two variables given their rate of change. Several techniques for integration are described, including integration by parts and substitution. The document outlines the history of integration and its applications in fields like engineering, business, and its use in estimating important values.
Everest insurance company
Assignment, Fundamentals of Money Banking & Insurance, BBA-BI 2nd semester, Ace Institute of Management
Report on hotel himalayan horizon
This report summarizes a study of Hotel Himalayan Horizon. It describes the hotel's history, founding in 1968, organizational structure as a family-run business, and services offered including rooms, restaurant, and activities. The report also outlines employee numbers, achievements receiving several hospitality awards, and future plans to expand while maintaining standards. In conclusion, Himalayan Horizon provides qualified staff and old-world Nepali hospitality in modern facilities.
Accounting system of an organization in nepal
The group report discusses the accounting system of Krishna Pauroti Pvt. Ltd, a bakery in Nepal. It describes the company's objective to understand basic accounting practices. It then explains the purpose is to describe their accounting methodology, compare theoretical and practical accounting, and provide complete accounting information. The report outlines their accounting process involving a daybook to record daily transactions, ledger to separate accounts, and books of purchase for cash transactions. It concludes their informal system is sufficient to determine outputs like financial position and profit/loss.
More from Chhitiz Shrestha (20)
International Trade Practices & Trade Financing Provisions in Nepal
International Trade Practices & Trade Financing Provisions in Nepal
National income
- 1. Macroeconomics Topic: National Income “How Does a nation determine the National Income?” Are the results always accurate? www.company.com
- 2. Group Members • Chhitiz Shrestha • Digaj Amatya • Dhundup Tsering Lama • Manzil Bhattarai • Narayan Gurung • Niraj Taujale • Nirmal Shrestha www.company.com
- 3. Need to Study National Income • The overall size of the country’s economy. • Economic growth trends in comparison to the previous year’s performance and the nation’s economic health. • The contribution of various production sectors to the national economy. • Future growth prospects. www.company.com
- 4. Nepal: Economic Overview • Among the poorest and least developed countries in the world, • One-third of its population living below the poverty line • Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for three-fourths of the population and accounting for about one- third of GDP www.company.com
- 5. Nepal: Economic Overview • Industrial activity mainly involves processing of agricultural products, like – Pulses, – Jute, – Sugarcane, – Tobacco, etc. • Has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower, with an estimated 42,000 MW of feasible capacity www.company.com
- 6. Nepal: Economic Overview • Challenges to Nepal's growth: – Political instability – Technological backwardness, – Landlocked geographic location, – Civil strife and labor unrest, – Its susceptibility to natural disaster www.company.com
- 7. Methods to calculate the National Income • Product or Output Method: – Utilizes the overall value of goods and services produced by the country, – The output of a production unit can be the input for another unit, – Hence, this method suffers from ‘double counting.’ • Income method: – Utilizes the overall income generated by various factors of production – Includes employee wages, income of self- employed people, profits earned by business houses, etc. www.company.com
- 8. Methods to calculate the National Income • Expenditure method: – Sum of all the expenditures incurred by the economy, – The formula to calculate aggregate expenditure is: • E = C + I + G + (X-M) – Where, – E = Expenditure – C = consumer expenditures – I = domestic investment – G = total value of government expenditures www.company.com
- 9. Sources of National Income • Agriculture – Pulses, – Rice, – Corn, – Wheat, – Sugarcane, – Jute, – Root crops, – Milk, – Buffalo meat www.company.com
- 10. Sources of National Income • Industries – Tourism, – Carpets, – Textiles, – Cigarettes, – Cement, – Brick production, www.company.com
- 11. National Income of Nepal • GDP (Purchasing power parity): – $33.26 billion (2009 est.) • GDP (Official exchange rate): – $12.47 billion (2009 est.) • GDP (Real growth rate): – 4.7% (2009 est.) • GDP (Per Capita): – $1,200 (2009 est.) www.company.com
- 12. National Income of Nepal • GDP (Composition by sector): – Agriculture: 35% – Industry: 16% – Services: 49% • www.company.com
- 13. National Income of Nepal GDP (Composition by sector) 16% 35% Agriculture 49% Industry Services www.company.com
- 14. National Income of Nepal • www.company.com
- 15. Comparison with Bangladesh & Bhutan www.company.com
- 16. Comparison with Bangladesh & Bhutan www.company.com
- 17. Comparison with Bangladesh & Bhutan www.company.com
- 18. Problems of calculating National Income (Is it accurate?) • Lack of proper records • Unstable Political scenario • Lack of in depth data research • Data gaps • Lack of skilled experts • Income from Illegal activities • Radical change in the price level • Depreciation www.company.com
- 19. Conclusion • National income not totally reliable • Lot of items excluded • Non-conventional estimating procedure used • Gives somewhat approximate values • Yet, vital in planning for the future • Provides necessary statistics • National Income – very important! www.company.com
- 20. www.company.com