National income accounting involves calculating the total value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a year. It can be measured using the expenditure approach, income approach, or product approach. There are several challenges to accurate national income calculation including non-monetized sectors, illiteracy, lack of expertise, less sophisticated tools, double counting, false reporting, and multi-occupations. National income data is used to measure economic growth, real income, per capita income, and growth rates.
All the three methods of national income accounting are explained with mathematical questions and answers. It is very helpful for the NCERT and SCERT plus two commerce and humanities students who have to learn these methods in the second chapter of macroeconomics.
All the three methods of national income accounting are explained with mathematical questions and answers. It is very helpful for the NCERT and SCERT plus two commerce and humanities students who have to learn these methods in the second chapter of macroeconomics.
National income: concept, methods, Importance and challengesPankaj Bhaydiya
In this presentation you are going to know about the concept of national income, circular flow of income under four sector economy its methods, Importance and the challenges faced by government in calculation of national income
Concept of National Income with GDP GNP NNP& NDPAnkit Singh
It is the detailed study of National Income in a macro economics of a country with the methods of its measurement and concepts related to it like Gross Domestic Product, Gross National Product, Net Domestic Product, Net National Product.
National income: concept, methods, Importance and challengesPankaj Bhaydiya
In this presentation you are going to know about the concept of national income, circular flow of income under four sector economy its methods, Importance and the challenges faced by government in calculation of national income
Concept of National Income with GDP GNP NNP& NDPAnkit Singh
It is the detailed study of National Income in a macro economics of a country with the methods of its measurement and concepts related to it like Gross Domestic Product, Gross National Product, Net Domestic Product, Net National Product.
The theory of multiplier and acceleration principle chapter 3Nayan Vaghela
The theory of multiplier and acceleration principle chapter 3, functioning of investment multiplier, the process of income generation through multiplier, acceleration principle, limitations of multiplier and acceleration.
Concept of national income and comparison with pakistanAgamya Dixit
It discusses the various concepts of national income like GDP, GNP, circular flow of income , etc .. It also brings to light the data related to national income for past few years and the trends. It also presents a comparison with the national income trends of Pakistan.
National Income and Its Measurement
Techniques
• Inflation, Causes and Controlling
• Business Cycle
• Forms of Business
• Management Functions
• Managerial Skills
• Levels of Management
• Role of a manager
concepts of NATIONAL INCOME, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, GNP. NET INCOME, PER CAPTA INCOME, CALCULATION OF NATIONAL INCOME AT CURRENT RATE & CONSTANT RATE, IMPORTANCE OF ESTIMATION, PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATION, CURRENT INDIAN GDP, INDIAN ECONOMIC STATUS.
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
Quiz, week #2Measuring macro outcomesMy expectations are that .docxcatheryncouper
Quiz, week #2
Measuring macro outcomes
My expectations are that it will take a page or more to answer the two questions below
1.Are people worse off when the price level rises as fast as their income? Why do people often feel worse off in such circumstances?
2.Identify two groups that benefit from deflation and two that lose.
Chapter 5
1.NATIONAL-INCOME ACCOUNTING
This chapter introduces national-income accounting. The data generated by national-income accounting is used to track the economy’s performance. This chapter provides a framework on which future chapters will build. The three questions that are to be kept in mind while reviewing the chapter are:
1. How much income is being produced? What is it being used for?
2. How much income is being generated in the marketplace?
3. What’s happening to prices and wages?
OUTLINE
I. Introduction
A. Government only wants to tackle problems that it can measure.
B. The Great Depression resulted in a commitment to national income accounting.
1. Definition: National-Income Accounting – The measurement of aggregate economic activity, particularly national income and its components.
2. Developed by Simon Kuznets and the U.S. Department of Commerce, it answers questions such as:
• How much output is being produced? What is it being used for?
• How much income is being generated in the marketplace?
• What’s happening to prices and wages?
II. Measures of Output
A. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Figure 5.1a and b, Table 5.1)
1. Definition: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – The total dollar value of final output produced within a nation’s borders in a given time period.
2. The use of prices to value market output allows us to summarize output activity and compare outputs of one period with that of another.
3. GDP vs. GNP
• GNP refers to output produced by American-owned factors regardless of location.
• GDP refers to output produced within America’s borders.
• GDP is geographically focused, including all output produced within a nation’s borders regardless of whose factors of production are used to produce it.
• For example, Apple’s output in Singapore ends up in Singapore’s GDP; the cars produced at Honda’s Ohio plant are counted in US GDP.
4. International Comparisons
• The geographic focus of GDP facilitates international comparisons of economic activity.
• The World View in chapter 2 illustrates a comparison of GDP values.
5. GDP per Capita
• Definition: GDP per Capita - Total GDP divided by total population: average GDP.
• GDP per capita is commonly used as a measure of a country’s standard of living.
• Disparities in per capita GDP mean that people in low-income countries have little access to telephones, televisions, paved roads, schools, and healthcare.
• World View: “Global Inequalities”
Over 1.3 billion people live in nations the World Bank calls “low-income”. The average income in low-income nations is only $1,500. Behind sta ...
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2. The flow of goods and services in a nation over a certain period of time. (usually
one year)
The total money value of all goods and services produced by a nation during one
year after deducting the depreciation value of the machines used in production.
The total payments received by the factors of production through the production
of goods and services in a country in a year.
Total net output of the nation.
National income of a country is its annual consumption and not units annual
production.
3. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
• Total money value of the all final goods and
services produced within a country in a given
time period.
Gross National Product (GNP)
• Total market value of all final goods and
services produced by the residents of a
country during period of time.
4. Market Price and Factor Cost
• GDP can be measured at market price and factor
cost.
• Market price – current price in the market
through the forces of demand and supply. (actual
price paid by consumers)
• Factor cost – real price earned by producer or
seller.
5. Net National Product (NNP)
• The market value of the net output of goods and
services produced by nation in a year.
• Also referred to as the national income at market
prices.
National Income at Factor Cost (NI)
• The total of all income payments made to factor
of production.
• Can be derived from NNP.
6. Personal Income (PI)
• The income that is actually received by
individuals and household in an economy in a
year.
• Deduction made from national income:-
(i) Corporate income taxes
(ii) Retained earning
(iii) Social security contributions
(iv) Insurance premium
Disposable Personal Income (DPI)
• Part of the personal income that is left after the
payment of personal direct taxes.
7. INCOME = PRODUCT = EXPENDITURE
3 Approaches :
Expenditure Approach
Product Approach
Income Approach
EXPENDITURE APPROACH
Personal Consumption (C)
- purchase of good and services produced by firms, individuals or
households .
Investment
- purchase of capital goods by firms for use in production and in
changes in the firm inventories .
Government Spending (G)
- expenditure incurred by federal, state and local government for
final good and services .
Net Exports ( X-M)
- differences between the value of exports and the value of imports .
8. INCOME APPROACH
Wages and Salaries
- income received by labour from firm for services rendered to
them .
Net Interest
- differences between total interest payment received and total
interest payment made by households .
Rental income
- payment for rented inputs .
Profit
- corporate profits earned by business corporations or
payment of dividends to shareholders .
PRODUCT APPROACH
- measured by net value of all final goods and services
produced by nation during a year .
- OUTPUT APPROACH or VALUE ADDED APPROACH
9. 3 Sectors Contributing in GDP
a) PRIMARY SECTOR : compare Mining and Quarrying, Agriculture,
Forestry and Fishing .
b) SECONDARY SECTOR : compare Manufacturing and Construction .
c) TERTIARY SECTOR : compare Electricity, Gas and Water, Wholesale and
Retail Trade, Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and
Business Services, Transport, Storage and
Communication Government Services and other
services .
10. National Income Accounting = helps to identify sources of income and
heads of expenditure.
REASONS :
Standard of living comparison .
Economic performance over time .
National planning .
Sectoral contribution .
Economic policy .
Inflationary and deflationary gaps .
National expenditure .
Public sector .
Distribution of income .
11. Thecalculation of the national income of a
country is not an easy task . National income
calculations are complicated and complex .
These problems arise due to a lack of a clear
grasp of the national income accounting
procedures . These are two major problems
which will arise when calculating national
income . These problems are practical and
conceptual in natural .
12. 1.Problems of non-monetized sector
Problems of a non-monetized sector usually arise in
most third world countries like India , Bangladesh ,
Myanmar , Cambodia , Vietnam and Many African
countries . The existence of a large number of non-
monetized activities in these countries especially in
the agriculture sector makes the computation of the
national income more difficult . This sis due to the fact
that a large quantity of agricultural output in these
countries does not reach the market . It is either
consumed directly by farmers or exchanged for other
goods and services . This lead to difficulties in
calculating the national income .
13. 2. Problem of illiteracy
A large number of small producers in third
world countries are illiterate and are unable to
keep accounts of their productive activities .
Most of the products that they produce are for
self - consumption and not for the market and
records are not kept productivity activity . Thus
they fail to provide accurate information to the
government for the purpose of calculating
national income .
14. 3. Problems of expertise
The lack of professionals such as statisticians ,
researchers , programmers and analysis is a
major problems in third world countries . The
services of these professionals is very important
in estimating national income data accurately
with minimum errors .
15. 4. Problems of less sophisticated machinery
Another important difficulty is the non-availability
of sophisticated machinery such as advanced
computers or programs to compute national
income data . Data collected on national income
regardless of which method is used , need to be
analyzed using sophisticated machinery .
16. 5. Problem of double counting
Another difficulty is double counting which is
usually associated with the product methods .
Double counting implies the possibility of
intermediate goods being included in the national
income more than once.
6. Problem of false information
This problem arises in developed as well as
developing countries . people do not disclose
their income or underestimate their income to
avoid paying higher taxes .
17. 7. Problems of multi - occupations
Another difficulty in calculating national income is
the problem of multi - occupations . People have
been found to be engaged in a number of economic
activities which are not included in the national
income .
18. REAL INCOME
Used to measure the economic growth of a country .
Real Gross National Product (GNP) measured on a fixed
price
or base year .
NOMINAL GNP = measured in current prices .
Convert Nominal GNP = Real GNP using GNP deflator .
PER CAPITA INCOME
The average income per head of population .
Used as an index change in the standard of living of a
country.
19. GROWTH RATE
The percentage change in the quantity of goods and
services
produced from one year to another .