The labour and capital of a country acting on its natural resources produce annually a certain net aggregate of commodities material and immaterial including services of all kinds- (Marshall)
The labour and capital of a country acting on its natural resources produce annually a certain net aggregate of commodities material and immaterial including services of all kinds- (Marshall)
This presentation says about concepts and methods to measure National income, Estimation of national income pre and post independence and trends over years
It shows the meaning of aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Why aggregate demand curve downward slopping? Show the Short run and Long run Aggregate demand aggregate supply.
Balance of Payment Disequilibrium and CausesNeema Gladys
1.Balance of Payment
The balance of payment of a country is a systematic accounting record of all economic transactions during a given period of time between the residents of the country and residents of foreign countries.
2.Componets of BOP
Current Account
It includes imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfer of goods and services.
Capital Account
Under this are grouped transactions leading to changes in foreign assets and liabilities of the country.
3. Accounting Treatment of Items (Debit and Credit Items)
Any item which gives rise to a sale of foreign exchange (an inflow) is recorded as a credit item (+) in the accounts e.g. export of goods and services
Any item which gives rise to the purchase of foreign exchange (an outflow) is recorded as a debit item (-) in the accounts e.g imports of goods and services.
4. BOP Disequilibrium
BOP is a double entry accounting record, then apart from errors and omissions, it must always balance.
The BOP deficit or surplus indicate imbalance in the BOP.
This imbalance is interpreted as BOP Disequilibrium.
A country’s balance of payments is said to be in disequilibrium when its autonomous receipts (credits) are not equal to its autonomous payments (debits).
5.BOP Deficit
A deficit or an unfavorable balance exists when the value of autonomous debit items exceeds the value of autonomous credit items.
6. BOP Surplus
A surplus or a favourable balance exists when the value of autonomous credit items exceeds the value of autonomous debit items.
Balance of payments Presentation (complete)E Concepts
The presentation covers all important aspects of balance of payments majorly including;
Rules of Balance Of Payments
Balance of payments vs Balance of trade
Debit vs Credit transactions
Equilibrium vs disequilibrium in BOP
Measures to correct disequilibrium
The Importance of estimating the National Income of a country and the difficu...Abdirahman Dahir
The Importance of estimating the National Income of a country and the difficulties economist encounter while carrying such estimation especially in the developing countries.
This presentation says about concepts and methods to measure National income, Estimation of national income pre and post independence and trends over years
It shows the meaning of aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Why aggregate demand curve downward slopping? Show the Short run and Long run Aggregate demand aggregate supply.
Balance of Payment Disequilibrium and CausesNeema Gladys
1.Balance of Payment
The balance of payment of a country is a systematic accounting record of all economic transactions during a given period of time between the residents of the country and residents of foreign countries.
2.Componets of BOP
Current Account
It includes imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfer of goods and services.
Capital Account
Under this are grouped transactions leading to changes in foreign assets and liabilities of the country.
3. Accounting Treatment of Items (Debit and Credit Items)
Any item which gives rise to a sale of foreign exchange (an inflow) is recorded as a credit item (+) in the accounts e.g. export of goods and services
Any item which gives rise to the purchase of foreign exchange (an outflow) is recorded as a debit item (-) in the accounts e.g imports of goods and services.
4. BOP Disequilibrium
BOP is a double entry accounting record, then apart from errors and omissions, it must always balance.
The BOP deficit or surplus indicate imbalance in the BOP.
This imbalance is interpreted as BOP Disequilibrium.
A country’s balance of payments is said to be in disequilibrium when its autonomous receipts (credits) are not equal to its autonomous payments (debits).
5.BOP Deficit
A deficit or an unfavorable balance exists when the value of autonomous debit items exceeds the value of autonomous credit items.
6. BOP Surplus
A surplus or a favourable balance exists when the value of autonomous credit items exceeds the value of autonomous debit items.
Balance of payments Presentation (complete)E Concepts
The presentation covers all important aspects of balance of payments majorly including;
Rules of Balance Of Payments
Balance of payments vs Balance of trade
Debit vs Credit transactions
Equilibrium vs disequilibrium in BOP
Measures to correct disequilibrium
The Importance of estimating the National Income of a country and the difficu...Abdirahman Dahir
The Importance of estimating the National Income of a country and the difficulties economist encounter while carrying such estimation especially in the developing countries.
This presentation includes the definition of National Income Accounting, it also covers Gross Domestic Products including: types, difference between nominal and real GDP and it also covers the other measure of output and income :)
Concept of national income and comparison with pakistanAgamya Dixit
It discusses the various concepts of national income like GDP, GNP, circular flow of income , etc .. It also brings to light the data related to national income for past few years and the trends. It also presents a comparison with the national income trends of Pakistan.
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
This slide is too much easy for beginners of economics students and I am trying to represent shortly to understand National Income Accounting. It must be helpful for your better understanding.
Tangible market information and stock returns the nepalese evidence synopsisSudarshan Kadariya
This is a synopsis of the work done for the academic fulfillment purpose. The study have assumptions. The findings are suggested to related with its assumptions. I believe this work will help the financial / stock market in Nepal and it will also be accessible and share some features to the international financial market researchers.
Market information and stock returns the nepalese evidenceSudarshan Kadariya
This is a work done for the academic fulfillment purpose. The study have assumptions. The findings are suggested to related with its assumptions. I believe this work will help the financial / stock market in Nepal and it will also be accessible and share some features to the international financial market researchers.
We do have ‘no excuses’ other than learning new things, it is very important to start learning new things specially that has direct impact in your pockets or wallets.
Standardization of services and the democratization of the nepali stock marketSudarshan Kadariya
In the financial and investment services sector, this should be the right timing to discuss the need for standardization or the rating system in Nepal.
Financial Market is a important area of study and its a most practical education where is News on Stock Market is even crucial as the market moves how we share the news coverage of the specific events and how fast we would disseminate them to the public.
Factors Affecting Investor Decision Making: A Case of Nepalese Capital MarketSudarshan Kadariya
From the past decades, the financial market has been suffering from the unforeseen and sudden economic turbulences that have been directly or indirectly contributing for the stock returns. The study primarily analyzes the market reactions to tangible information and intangible information in Nepalese stock market and to examine the investors’ opinions in Nepalese stock market issues. The sample size is 185 stock investors and the response rate is 27 percent. The major findings of the study are: the capital structure and average pricing method is one factor that influence the investment decisions, the next is political and media coverage, the third factor is belief on luck and the financial education, and finally the forth component for stock market movement is trend analysis. Thus, it is concluded that both the tangible and intangible information are essential to succeed in Nepalese capital market.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
NO1 Uk Divorce problem uk all amil baba in karachi,lahore,pakistan talaq ka m...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
2. National income measures the total value of
goods and services produced within the economy
over a period of time
3. It is the final outcome of all economic activities of a nation. In
another words, it is the value of the final goods and service
produced in the country in a year.
Production of goods and service generates income and income give
rise to demand for goods and service, demand give rise to
expenditure, and expenditure give further rise to production of
goods and service. Hence, there is a circular flow of production,
income and expenditure.
On the basis of these flows, national income can be analysed at (1)
as a flow of goods and services, or (2) as a flow of incomes, or (3)
as a flow of expenditure on goods and services.
4.
5.
6.
7. (a) Final product approach
The final product approach involves estimation of the
market value of final goods and services produced in the
economy in a given period.
8. Steps in Final Product Approach
(i) The market value of all final goods and service produced
within the country gives the estimate of Gross Domestic
Product at Market Price (GDP at MP), or
GDP at MP=P1Q1+ P2Q2+P3Q3+ .......+ PnQn, Or = ∑PiQi
(ii) The addition of net factor income from abroad in GDP at
MP gives Gross National Product at Market Price
(GNP at MP).
(iii) The deduction of depreciation from Gross National
Product at market price (GNP at MP) MP provides
Net National Product at market Price (NNP at MP).
(iv) The deduction of net indirect taxes from NNP at MP give
Net National Product at Factor Cost (NNP at FC)
(v) Net National Product at factor cost equals National
Income.
9. Problem of Double Counting
The calculation of national income through final product
approach considers the market value of final goods and
services.
The value of intermediate goods is not included. If the value of
intermediate goods are considered, it will involve the problem
of double counting.
Double counting means, consideration of certain item more
than once which leads to over estimation of national income.
For example, bread is final goods while wheat and flour are
considered as intermediate goods. The price of bread includes
in Nation Income while cost of flour and wheat does not.
10. (b) Value Added Approach
This approach includes value added at different stages of
production. This method considers national income as sum
total of value added by different production units of a country.
In this method, the cost of intermediate products is deducted
from the total value of the output.
11. Table: Estimation of Value Added
Producers
Stages of
Production
Value of
Output
(Rs.)
Cost of
Intermediate
Goods (Rs.)
Gross Value
Added (Rs.)
Farmer Wheat 400 - 400
Miller Flour 700 400 300
Baker Bread 900 700 200
Total 2000 1000 900
12. Steps in Value Added Approach
The value added approach measures the contribution of
production units of the country. This methods involves
following steps.
1. All production units of the country are grouped into various
industrial sectors according to their production activities
2. Obtain net value added by deducting depreciation.
3. Adding of net value added of all sector provides Net
Domestic Product at factor Cost (NDP at FC)
4. Addition of net factor income from abroad gives Net
National Product at Factor Cost or National income.
13. B. Income Method
Income method measures national income from the side of
factor incomes. It is the sum of all income derived from
providing the factors of production.
It includes wages and salaries, rent, interest and profits within a
country in a given year. This is also to note that the net value
added in each production unit is equal to the factor income
generated in that production unit.
The Net Domestic Product at factor cost is equal to the
Domestic Factor Income.
14. Steps in Income Method
1. Obtain Net Domestic Product at Factor cost (NDP at FC) by
summing up factors payment paid in form of wages & salary,
rent, interest and profit by all production units of all sectors in
the country.
2. Add Net factor income from abroad in Net Domestic Product
at Factor Cost to obtain Net National Product at Factor Cost
(NNP at FC) or national income.
The inclusion of incomes from the various sources to obtain
national incomes should take precaution. The incomes from
those sources which are productive and legal should only be
included to derive national income
15. Incomes for Inclusion
Value of production for self employment, imputed rent,
corporation tax should be included as factor income
Incomes for Exclusion
Transfer payment, illegal income, windfall gains (like lottery),
gift tax/wealth tax and tax on windfall gain, money received
from selling second hand goods, interest on national debts
(considered as transfer payment) are to be excluded in
estimating factor incomes.
16. C. Expenditure Method
Expenditure method measures national income as aggregate of
all the final expenditure on gross domestic product in an
economy during a year.
This is the sum of expenditure made for final consumer goods
and investment demand, and for net export.
This method also known as "income disposal method", or
"consumption and investment method" . The total income
generated in the economy is spent either on consumption goods
or on investment goods (capital goods).
Therefore, the sum of total income (Y) equals to the sum of final
expenditure incurred on consumption goods (C) and the sum of
investment goods (I). Symbolically, Y = C + I.
17. The final consumption expenditure includes
(a) private household consumption expenditure and
(b) government final consumption expenditure.
• Similarly, final investment expenditure comprises
(a) gross final investment or gross fixed capital formation,
(b) changes in stock or inventory investment, and net export of goods
and services or net foreign investment (X - M).
18. Steps in Expenditure Method
1. GDP at MP = Gross National Expenditure at Market Price (GNE
at MP) which is obtained with the sum of Final private
consumption expenditure (C), Government final consumption
expenditure (G), Gross domestic private investment (I) which
includes gross fixed capital formation plus changes in stocks,
and Net export or export minus import (X- M)
Or, GDP at MP = GNE = C + G+ I +(X - M)
2. An addition of net factor income from abroad (NFIA) to
GDP at MP provides Gross National Product at market price
(GNP at MP).
Or, GNP at MP = GDP at MP + NFIA
19. 3.The deduction of net indirect tax (tax - subsidy) from
Gross
National Product at MP provides Gross National Product
at Factor Cost (GNP at FC). Or,
GNP at FC = GNP at MP - Net Indirect Taxes.
4.The deduction of depreciation from Gross National
Product
at Factor Cost provides Net National Product at Factor
Cost
(NNP at FC) or National Income. Or,
NNP at FC = GNP at FC - Depreciation.
20. Factors to be taken care
1. Expenditure on second hand goods should be excluded It is
because such expenditure on the goods is not considered
to be expenditure on currently produced goods.
2. Expenditure on the purchase of new or old shares and
bonds should be excluded because they are not payments
for goods and services.
3. Government expenditure in the form of transfer payments
should be excluded because these payments do not make
any contribution to the flow of goods and services.
4. Expenditure on intermediate goods and services should be
excluded, otherwise this will lead to the problem of double
counting.
21. Measuring the level and rate of growth of national
income is important to economists when they are
considering:
◦ Economic growth and where a country is in the business
cycle
◦ Changes to average living standards of the population
◦ Looking at the distribution of national income (i.e.
measuring income and wealth inequalities)
22. There are problems of measuring NI, some of
them are as follows:
1. Simon Kuznet’s difficulties (Definition of the term
Nation, Method to be used, Stage of economic
activity, Types of goods and services)
2. Problem of double counting
3. Transfer payments
4. Income generated by foreign firms
5. Public services
6. Calculation of depreciation
23. 7. Inventory revaluation
8. Capital gains or losses
9. Changes in value of money
10. Income from illegal activities
11. Imputations (non-monetary activities)
In case of developing countries, there are special
problems for measuring NI as follows:
a) Large non-monetized sector
b) Inadequate and unreliable statistics
c) Illiteracy and ignorance
d) Less occupational specialization
Source: Joshi, S. (2066) Economic Policy Analysis, Taleju Prakashan, Kathmandu