Narrative
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This document discusses different narrative types in film and their effects on audiences. It explains that narrative is complex and part of everyday life, encountered through stories from friends and in most texts. The document then covers 5 types of narrative: 1) openings that set the scene, 2) structures like binary oppositions between characters and actions, 3) chronology including typical story development, 4) positioning of the audience, and 5) narrative voice and agents like first-person perspectives. Readers are prompted throughout to consider narrative examples and analyze scenes using film terminology.
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There are several important narrative theories and theorists that are useful to understand different types of narratives and how meaning is conveyed. Vladimir Propp and Tzvetan Todorov looked at common structural elements of narratives including equilibrium, disruption, quest, climax and resolution. Roland Barthes identified action and enigma codes that drive narratives. Allan Cameron defined modular narratives that manipulate time like anachrony, forking paths and episodic structures. Understanding these theories can help analyze and create strong narratives.
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3. Additionally, the document examines common film trailer conventions such as the voiceover and mode of address used to engage the audience.
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Narrative is the way a story is told through a sequence of events. Structuralist analyses have identified common character types like heroes and villains. Binary oppositions privilege one term over another. Narratives can be open-ended like soap operas or closed with a clear ending like films. Closed narratives invite audiences to make judgments about characters. Narrative elements include plot, character, point-of-view, setting, and theme. Theories explore concepts like narrative structure, codes and conventions.
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Narrative
- 1. Film Narrative L.O: to explain that there are different narrative types which have a varied set of effects on the audience.
- 2. Why is narrative important? • Narrative is something we encounter on a daily basis; it is part of human society. • Part of storytelling and the way a story is told. The story itself is called the plot. • How many stories do you experience on a daily basis? • What types of texts do you encounter that include stories?
- 3. Narrative is complex • Stories are an inescapable part of everyday life. • Did you include the stories that your friends tell you about what happened last weekend at a party? Or something they witnessed on a train ride? • Most stories are complex in the way they are told, and some are crafted to have a specific effect on the audience. • Stories are often also bias in some way, and the audience are positioned in relation to the narrator or storyteller.
- 4. 1. Narrative openings • An opening sets the scene and indicates what the story is going to be about.
- 5. Trainspotting HARD • Which parts of this opening grab the attention of the audience? HARDER • What themes will be developed in Trainspotting based on the opening? Who is the hero of the tale? What do you predict will happen next? HARDEST • Can you identify specific film techniques that Boyle has used in order to hook the audience, but also develop particular themes?
- 6. 2. Narrative structures Binary Opposition – Levi Strauss • We understand a signs meaning in relation to its context, and we can decode signs according to a system of opposition. These are often used to reinforce dominant ideologies. • How many types of “oppositions” can you think of that feature in film texts?
- 7. CHARACTERS • Hero/villain • Princess (love)/siren (sex) • Helper/henchmen • Villains who are really good/false heroes/heroines ACTIONS • Escape/imprison • Reveal/pretend • Search/evade • Allow/prohibit Choose three film examples – can you identify how binary opposites are working? Extend yourself! Can you think of any examples where binary opposites are challenged? Why does this happen?
- 8. Independent task • Choose a film opening. • How does the opening position you as an audience member? What reaction are we meant to have? What predictions could we make? • Choose one micro element and make notes on how it is used in order to hook the audience and develop particular themes.
- 9. 3. Narrative chronology How many different narrative orders can you think of? How does a typical story unfold and develop? Todorov – narrative equilibrium 1. A state of equilibrium (all is as it should be) 2. A disruption of that order by an event 3. A recognition that the disorder has occurred 4. An attempt to repair the damage of the disruption 5. A return or restoration of a NEW equilibrium Think: Die Hard
- 10. Braningan – decoding narrative • We make two kinds of prediction to make sense of a text. • Existents: asserting the existence of characters/settings. • Processes: acknowledging change that causes development such as actions or forces of nature. What gratifications would this offer an audience? 1. Offers a time frame over which signifiers will come into play. 2. Reinforces a network of shared social meaning. 3. Adds to enjoyment through ability to predict and forecast.
- 11. Different types of chronology • Cyclical narrative • Multi-strand narrative • Parallel narrative • Flashback narrative Any other types of narrative chronology?
- 12. 4. Narrative positioning How we are positioned in relation to the action and narrative in film. • Identification • Restricted • Shared point of view
- 13. 5. Narrative voice/agents Dramatised • First or third person direct point of view from characters. Story through their eyes, and often from the main lead. Undramatised • Omniscient, unidentified narrator. Constant reflectivity of narrator upon the text. Director can manipulate feelings of audience through narrator.
- 14. Independent task For each strand of narrative knowledge, can you think of a key example or scene to illustrate the idea? You should, as always, not only choose a scene but use film terminology to analyse and comment on it. 1. Narrative openings 2. Narrative structures 3. Narrative chronology 4. Narrative positioning 5. Narrative voice
Editor's Notes
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCxgqHqakXc