Nano materials have properties that make them well suited for addressing issues with current water treatment technologies. Their large surface area and reactivity allows them to more effectively adsorb contaminants. Nano adsorbents like carbon nanotubes and metal oxides can remove higher levels of pollutants. Nano catalysts like titanium dioxide and zinc oxide use photoactivity to break down chemicals. Nanoscale filters made of alumina or carbon nanotubes can remove bacteria and viruses. While nanotechnology shows promise for improving water treatment, further research is needed to assess environmental and health risks and make the techniques economically viable at large scales.
Water Pollution Prevention and Treatment using NanotechnologyAshish Kavaiya
If nanotechnology is to represent societal as well as technical progress, It will have to contribute to the solution of global problems such as water quality. Providing clean and affordable water to meet human needs is a grand challenge of the 21st century. Worldwide, water supply struggles to keep up with the fast growing demand, which is exacerbated by population growth, global climate change, and water quality deterioration. The need for technological innovation to enable integrated water management cannot be overstated. Nanotechnology holds great potential in advancing water and wastewater treatment to improve treatment efficiency as well as to augment water supply through safe use of unconventional water sources.
Given the importance of clean water to people in developed and developing countries, numerous organizations are considering the potential application of nanoscience to solve technical challenges associated with the removal of water contaminants. Technology developers and others claim that these technologies offer more effective, efficient, durable, and affordable approaches to removing specific types of pollutants from water. A range of water treatment
devices that incorporate nanotechnology are already on the market and others are in advanced stages of development. These nanotechnology applications include:
• Nanofiltration membranes, including desalination technologies;
• Attapulgite clay, zeolite, and polymer filters;
• Nanocatalysts;
• Magnetic nanoparticles; and
• Nanosensors for the detection of contaminants
nanotechnology has entered the sphere of water treatment processes. Many different types of nanomaterial’s are being evaluated and also being used in water treatment process.
Desalination is a key market area. Vast majority of worlds water is salt water, and though technology has existed for years that enables the desalination of ocean water, it is often a very energy intensive procedure and therefore expensive
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other scientific fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering. The potential impact areas for nanotechnology in water treatment are divided into three categories, i.e., treatment and remediation, sensing and detection, and pollution prevention"
Biological method for the preparation of nanoparticles(Sheersho)Sheersha Pramanik 🇮🇳
I have described about the biological processes(other than physical,chemical) for the preparation of Nanoparticles.
do like comment share if you like it.
Water Pollution Prevention and Treatment using NanotechnologyAshish Kavaiya
If nanotechnology is to represent societal as well as technical progress, It will have to contribute to the solution of global problems such as water quality. Providing clean and affordable water to meet human needs is a grand challenge of the 21st century. Worldwide, water supply struggles to keep up with the fast growing demand, which is exacerbated by population growth, global climate change, and water quality deterioration. The need for technological innovation to enable integrated water management cannot be overstated. Nanotechnology holds great potential in advancing water and wastewater treatment to improve treatment efficiency as well as to augment water supply through safe use of unconventional water sources.
Given the importance of clean water to people in developed and developing countries, numerous organizations are considering the potential application of nanoscience to solve technical challenges associated with the removal of water contaminants. Technology developers and others claim that these technologies offer more effective, efficient, durable, and affordable approaches to removing specific types of pollutants from water. A range of water treatment
devices that incorporate nanotechnology are already on the market and others are in advanced stages of development. These nanotechnology applications include:
• Nanofiltration membranes, including desalination technologies;
• Attapulgite clay, zeolite, and polymer filters;
• Nanocatalysts;
• Magnetic nanoparticles; and
• Nanosensors for the detection of contaminants
nanotechnology has entered the sphere of water treatment processes. Many different types of nanomaterial’s are being evaluated and also being used in water treatment process.
Desalination is a key market area. Vast majority of worlds water is salt water, and though technology has existed for years that enables the desalination of ocean water, it is often a very energy intensive procedure and therefore expensive
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other scientific fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering. The potential impact areas for nanotechnology in water treatment are divided into three categories, i.e., treatment and remediation, sensing and detection, and pollution prevention"
Biological method for the preparation of nanoparticles(Sheersho)Sheersha Pramanik 🇮🇳
I have described about the biological processes(other than physical,chemical) for the preparation of Nanoparticles.
do like comment share if you like it.
Nanomaterials in biomedical applicationsumeet sharma
An introduction to emerging technology in medicinal science, "nanodrugs" a fruitful combination of nano-science and medical science. In this presentation, use of nano shells for delivery of drugs to targeted cancer cells has been explained. along with In Vivo and In Vitro studies on use of nanomaterials for biomedical application. For any information please feel free to contact me or refer to the references.
Green nanotechnology & its application in biomedical researchRunjhunDutta
This presentation gives detailed description of Green Nanotechnology including its principles & significance. Illustrated with examples for its application in various biomedical research fields.
A part of nanotechnology. Nanosensors is very hot topic for research. As nanosensor has immense applications in the fields like medical, analysis, research etc. Nanosensor recude the cost and also the time require for analysis.
The use of nanoparticles and nanotechnology to enhance the microbial activity to remove pollutants, they also enhance bioremediation.
NanoBioremediation has the potential not only to reduce the overall costs of cleaning up large-scale contaminated sites, but it can also reduce clean up time.
It is an unforgettable thing and it is the first conference paper which I have presented in my university. This describes how the Nanotechnology alters the world to advance. It also has lots of applications due to it's large surface area.
Nanotechnology is the emerging technology in almost all fields of science ..It is preferred and studied due to its high efficiency in all fields of its application... Also being used in overcoming or eliminating environmental pollution to a greater level, this presentation is all about how Nanotechnology is useful in treating polluted water
Nanomaterials in biomedical applicationsumeet sharma
An introduction to emerging technology in medicinal science, "nanodrugs" a fruitful combination of nano-science and medical science. In this presentation, use of nano shells for delivery of drugs to targeted cancer cells has been explained. along with In Vivo and In Vitro studies on use of nanomaterials for biomedical application. For any information please feel free to contact me or refer to the references.
Green nanotechnology & its application in biomedical researchRunjhunDutta
This presentation gives detailed description of Green Nanotechnology including its principles & significance. Illustrated with examples for its application in various biomedical research fields.
A part of nanotechnology. Nanosensors is very hot topic for research. As nanosensor has immense applications in the fields like medical, analysis, research etc. Nanosensor recude the cost and also the time require for analysis.
The use of nanoparticles and nanotechnology to enhance the microbial activity to remove pollutants, they also enhance bioremediation.
NanoBioremediation has the potential not only to reduce the overall costs of cleaning up large-scale contaminated sites, but it can also reduce clean up time.
It is an unforgettable thing and it is the first conference paper which I have presented in my university. This describes how the Nanotechnology alters the world to advance. It also has lots of applications due to it's large surface area.
Nanotechnology is the emerging technology in almost all fields of science ..It is preferred and studied due to its high efficiency in all fields of its application... Also being used in overcoming or eliminating environmental pollution to a greater level, this presentation is all about how Nanotechnology is useful in treating polluted water
In the present scenario, water pollution caused by domestic, industrial, commercial, and
agricultural activities has emerged as one of the major environmental challenges in both
developed and developing countries. The consumption of available freshwater is almost
70%, 22%, and 8% in agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors, respectively. The current
trend of a growing population might lead to an acute shortage of water and it is anticipated
that by the end of 2027, around four billion people will encounter the problem of clean
drinking water due to groundwater depletion and water pollution (Nemerow and
Dasgupta 1991; Helmer and Hespanhol 1997; Lehr and DeMarre 1980; Ali and Aboul-
Enein 2004; Murray et al. 2015). Freshwater is essential for the survival of life. River and
water resource contamination around the world is directly increasing due to rapid expansion
in population and urbanization, as well as the rapid pace of industrialization leading
to direct disposal of untreated noxious industrial waste, sanitary waste, and excess from
agricultural fields. The scarcity of freshwater and its treatment cost impose paying for clean
water and water tariffs in developing countries (Nemerrow 1978; Forgacs et al. 2004).
Wastewater contains several pollutants such as biological pollutants, undesirable inorganic
and organic chemicals that include heavy metal ions, dyes, and medication waste, which
makes water unsafe for drinking purposes. Treatment of this contaminated water is a large
challenge at present (Rai et al. 2005; Reddy and Yun 2016; Santhosh et al. 2016). These pollutants
are not only harmful to living beings but also directly affect the ecosystem. Hence,
removing these kinds of pollutants completely from wastewater or to reduce it to below a
certain level as per World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines is an urgent need to
ensure human health and environmental safety.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Role of nanotechnology in insect pest managementbajaru
Nanotechnology is an emerging area in the field of agriculture. Nanopesticides and nanofungicides will give 100% better results when compared with the normal chemicals.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. INTRODUCTION
Nano Science
Nano means a factor of one billionth
Size of 7 oxygen atoms or 3-4 water molecules
Nanomaterials don’t obey
the normal laws of
physics and chemistry.
Manufactured either by
top down or bottom up
approach
3. WHY TO USE NANOTECHNOLOGY IN WATER
TREATMENT ?
Present scenario
Water scarcity & pollution of water bodies are
increasing
Current water treatment & distribution technologies
concepts are mostly inefficient
Draw backs include
-- Formation of DBPs during chlorination
-- Possibility of contamination during water
transport
-- High Cost of operation during RO process
-- Low adsorption capacities.
-- Inability to reuse Activated carbon after one
cycle
-- Membrane fouling
4. NANATECHNOLOGY – A SOLUTION ?
Nano technology have the potential to resolve the
current problems in water sector.
Their unique properties of materials when they
are at nanoscale are utilized for environmental
applications
This includes
-- Very large specific surface area
-- High degree of functionalization
-- High reactivity
-- Super magnetism
-- Anti microbial properties
-- Photo catalysis
5. NANOADSORPTION
Efficiency of conventional adsorbants limited by lesser
surface area and lack of selectivity
Nanoadsorbants provide better adsorption properties
Carbon‐based nano adsorbents
-- CNTs comes under this category.
-- In aqueous phase, CNT form aggregates, containing
interstitial spaces accessible for bulky organic
molecule [Xiaole et al ]
-- The surface functional groups (carboxyl, hydroxyl &
phenol) of CNTs are the major adsorption sites for
metal ions
-- Mainly through electrostatic attraction and chemical
bonding
6. METAL BASED NANO-ADSORBENTS
Metal oxides like alumina, iron oxide are effective
for metal based nano adsorbants
Wastewater treatment using polyrhodanine-
magnetic nanoparticles
Manufactured using aqueous solution of rhodanine
,iron chloride & sodium borohydride
Adsorbtion is due to metal-binding functional groups
of Rhodanine monomeric unit
Higher adsorption observed for mercury ions
Song et al
7. PR-MNPs can be recovered after use by external
magnetic field followed by treatment with HCl
http://nanowatertreatment.wikispaces.com
8. NANOCATALYSTS
Under UV light illumination, TiO2 produces
electron-hole pairs on the surface.
Charged points on reaction with electron donors,
such as water or hydroxide ions forms hydroxyl
radicals
TiO2 application limited due to its higher band
gap energy- 3-3.2eV(Jatinder et al)
Nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanocatalysts emerged as a
possible solution by narrowing band gap (Liu et al)
9. E Coli removal with N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles
under the solar light was studied (Liu et al)
The initial cell counts was about 109 CFU/ml.
At the end of reactions, the residual cell counts for
E.coli were almost non detectable.
(Liu et al)
10. NANO FILTRATION
Pressure driven process wherein the pore size of the
membrane (0.5-1 nm) & trans-membrane pressure
(5-10 bars)
Nanofilters soften water by retaining scale-forming,
hydrated divalent ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+ while
passing smaller hydrated monovalent ions.
CNT filters were effective at removing bacteria
(Escherichia coli and Staphylococus aureus) from
contaminated water (Srivastava et al)
The carbon nanotube filters are readily cleaned by
ultrasonication and autoclaving.
11. NANO ALUMINA FIBERFILTERS
A 2 nm alumina fiber is combined with a microglass
fiber to produce a nonwoven filter(pore size of 2
microns)
Microglass- nano alumina mixture is highly
electropositive ( zeta potential of 32 mV)
They adsorb negatively charged contaminants such
as viruses, bacteria, and organic and inorganic
colloids
Capable of adsorbing > 6 LRV of MS2 virus (Fred et al)
Flow rate of about 1 to 1.5 liters per hour per square
centimeter of media.
12. ANTIMICROBIAL NANOMATERIALS
Chemical disinfectants currently used can react
with various constituents in natural water to form
DBPs-which are potential carcinogens.
The resistance of some pathogens to conventional
chemical disinfectants requires extremely high
disinfectant dosage ,leading to aggravated DBP
formation
Nanomaterials like chitosan, silver nanoparticles
,photocatalytic Ti02, aqueous fullerene
nanoparticles and CNTs have strong antimicrobial
properties.(Qilin et al)
13. Antimicrobial Peptides & Chitosan
Charge interaction between chitosan particles &
cell membranes causing an increase in membrane
permeability and eventual rupture
Applications of nanoscale chitosan and peptides
include surface coatings of water storage tanks or as
an antimicrobial agent in membranes
ZnO Nanoparticles
ZnO shows high UV absorption efficiency
Mechanism of photocatalytic degradation by ZnO is
due to the generation of hydrogen peroxide within
the cells.
14. Silver Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles of silver release large quantities of
silver ions when they interact with bacterial cells.
These ions are very reactive and form ROS within
the cells by reacting with thiol groups in the
enzymes.
ROS formation renders the respiratory enzymes
inactive leading to cell death
Economic analyses must be done before decision
regarding lower DBP formation as well as the cost
associated with escape of nanoparticles
15. NANOREMEDIATION
Iron nanoparticles can be used nano remediation
particularly groundwater contamination problems
Preferred for nanoremediation
-- Posses dual properties of adsorption and reduction
-- Non toxic
nZVI is also efficient in removing dissolved metals from
solution -Cr (VI) to Cr (III) (Wei et al)
Synthesis of nanoscale iron
4Fe3+ + 3BH4
- + 9H2O → 4Fe0↓ +3H2BO3
- + 12H+ + 6H2
16. nZVI is very effective in destroying halomethanes,
polychlorinated hydrocarbons pesticides and dyes
C2Cl4 + 4Fe0 +4H+ C2H4 + 4Fe2+ + 4Cl−
(Andrew et al)
Groundwater remediation
-mobile nZVI is injected to form a plume of reactive
Fe particles that destroy organic contaminants that
dissolve from a DNAPL source in the aquifer
-With this technique, the formation of a pollutant
plume is inhibited.(Bernd et al)
18. NANO SENSORS
Conventional indicator -slow and can’t monitor the
presence of viruses
Pathogen detection is the key component of
diagnosis-based water disinfection approach, in
which disinfection is triggered by the detection of
target microorganisms.
Sensors consist of recognition agents, nanomaterials
& signal transduction mechanism
Recognition agents interact with antigens
Sensitivity and fast response achieved by the
nanomaterial related signal transduction upon the
recognition event
19. LSPR biosensors made from noble metal NPs
LSPR spectra are extremely sensitive to changes in
the local refractive index.
When foreign molecule attaches , shift in the LSPR
spectrum is used to detect molecules attached to
the noble metal NPs.
Biosensing mechanism using Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance
Jordi et al
20. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
nZVI based nano remediation for 100 m2 area
--6 kL of slurry containing 11kg of nZVI required
--cost ranging US$40 to $50 per kg
Titanium dioxide nanopowders
-- US$1.10 per kilogram.
Nanofibrous Alumina Filters
-- US$3 per square meter
Adsorbent resin made of hydrous iron oxide
nanoparticles with polymer substrate
-- US$0.07 to $0.20 per thousand liters
Global Dialogue on Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risks
21. ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
Studies were conducted to analyze mobility, toxicity
& persistence of nanoparticles (Talia et al)
Ag, ZnO & TiO2 nanoparticle effects were studied
Adverse health effects where observed from
exposure to nanoparticles through in vitro and in
vivo experiments.
The observed effects in aquatic organisms ranged
from higher activity of certain stress-related genes
,glutathione depletion & lipid peroxidation to reduced
fertility at high particle concentrations
(Bernd et al)
After 5 days of ingesting TiO2 nanoparticles in
drinking water, rats had detectable DNA damage.
22. CONCLUSION
Current water treatment & distribution system
have a lot of drawbacks.
Nanotechnology have the potential to replace
them and increase the efficiency
However most of techniques for the treatment of
wastewater involving nanotechnology so far have
been done in laboratory scale only
Development of cost effective nanomaterials
with proven non toxicity effects on environment
could revolutionize water treatment domain
23. REFERANCES
Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: Potential
applications and implications- Qilin Li, Shaily Mahendra, Delina Y.Lyon, Lena
Brunet, Michael V. Liga, Dong Li, Pedro J.J. Alvarez
Meridian Institute, Global Dialogue on Nanotechnology and the Poor:
Opportunities and Risks
Role of nanotechnology in water treatment and purification: Potential applications
and implications Sayan Bhattacharya, Indranil Saha
Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment - Xiaolei Qu,
Pedro J.J.
Photocatalysis by Nanoparticles of Titanium Dioxide for Drinking Water
Purification: A Conceptual and State-of-Art Review- Jatinder Kumar , Ajay Bansal
Novel TiO2 Nanocatalysts for Wastewater Purification-Tapping Energy from the
Sun- Y.Liu, J. Li, X. Qiu, C. Burda
Particle removal efficiency of nano alumina fiber Filter- Fred Tepper, Leonid
Kaledin, Argonide Corp., Sanford, FL
Adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by polyrhodanine-
encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles- Jooyoung Song, Hyeyoung Kong, Jyongsik
Jang
24. Nanosensors in environmental analysis - Jordi Riu, Alicia Maroto, F. Xavier
Long-Term Performance of Zero-Valent Iron Permeable Reactive Barriers: A
Critical Review Andrew D. Henderson and Avery H. Demond
Nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation: An overview -Wei-xian
Zhang
Carbon nanotube filters - Srivastava, Talapatra, R Vajtai and P M. Ajayan
Pollution Prevention and Treatment Using Nanotechnology-Bernd Nowack
Evaluating Nanoparticle Breakthrough during Drinking Water Treatment.-Talia E.
Abbott Chalew, Gaurav S. Ajmani
Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: Potential
applications and implications :Qilin Li, Shaily Mahendra, Delina Y.Lyon, Lena
Brunet
Online Sources
http//superparamagnetic-nanoparticles-and-the-separation-problem
http//clu.in.org- clean up information USEPA
http://nanowatertreatment.wikispaces.com