Abstract Mobility and stability of nano Zero Valent Iron (n-ZVI), in subsurface, for in-situ remediation of groundwater, has been an issue of concern. This may be enhanced by adding various surfactants to n-ZVI slurry. This study was conducted to determine the effect of surfactants like Poly (Acrylic Acid) (PAA), anionic part of Sapindus mukorossi (reetha) extract and Tween 20, at different volume percentages, on the stability and mobility of n-ZVI slurry, through sand and loamy sand column. Results indicate that PAA-modified n-ZVI slurry had maximum mobility and stability through both the soil column followed by reetha-modified and Tween 20 modified n-ZVI slurry. Index Terms: Nano Zero Valent Iron (n-ZVI), Ground Water, In-Situ Remediation, Polyelectrolytes, Surfactants.
Optimization of temperature imposed on activator before mixinginventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES ON GEOPOL...Journal For Research
The usage of practical advancement in structural building society has prompted the utilization of new materials with low environmental effects. One of the most commonly used construction material in the world is concrete, which is normally produced by OPC. However, the production of OPC has prompted ecological worries over the creation of CO2. Almost to create 1 ton of OPC 1 ton of CO2 is discharged to the atmosphere. With a specific end goal to diminish the utilization of OPC and CO2, the new concrete has been created, that is GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. Latest research has demonstrated that it is conceivable to utilize fly ash or slag as a binder in concrete by activating them with alkali components through a polymerization procedure. This paper reports the point of interest of the test work that has been embraced to examine the strength and durability properties of ultra-fine slag and processed fly ash mortar mixes. At first specimens were casted for normal GGBS and fly ash in the ratio of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and later for the best ratio (75:25), GGBS is replaced by ultra-fine GGBS by 7.5, 12 and 20%. Samples were compared with cured at ambient temperature and oven curing. The results showed that mix proportion of 20% replacement of ultra-fine GGBS gave the maximum strength for both oven and ambient curing (76.2 and 91.1 MPa). Even all the durability properties are within the permissible limits.
The objective of this research is to study the possibility of using water based drilling mud waste as
raw material in the production of building brick making. The water based drilling mud wastes from a petroleum
drill hole of Phitsanulok basin, an onshore Tertiary basin located in northern Thailand, had been collected,
dried, ground, and analyzed its chemical composition by XRF and XRD analysis. Dried and ground drilling
mud waste powders were molded into a square shape steel box size 6.5x16x4 cm. to make the building brick
samples and sintered at1000oC, and were then tested according to the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) C67-11 and the Thai Industrial Standard(TIS) 77-2545 B.E. to test their water absorption
and compressive strength. The results of laboratory tests showed that the water absorption percent and the
compressive strength of building brick samples could be met the acceptable limits and was classified into grade
A brick according to the ASTM C67-11 and TIS 77-2545 B.E. standard. Therefore, the reuse of this waste
material in the building industry will contribute to the protection of the environment through great advantages
in waste minimization and beneficial income to the community through the utilization process in building
industry.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Modification of mesoporous silica SBA-15 with different organic molecules to ...Iranian Chemical Society
The recognition of the biologically and environmentally important ions is of great interest in the field of chemical sensors in recent years. The fluorescent sensors as a powerful optical analytical technique for the detection of low level of various analytes such as anions and metal cations have been progressively developed due to the simplicity, cost effective, and selectivity for monitoring specific analytes in various systems. Organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials have important advantages as solid chemosensors and various innovative hybrid materials modified by fluorescence molecules were recently prepared. On the other hand, the homogeneous porosity and large surface area of mesoporous silica make it a promising inorganic support. SBA-15 as a two-dimensional hexagonal mesoporous silica material with stable structure, thick walls, tunable pore size, and high specific surface area is a valuable substrate for modification with different organic chelating groups. This review highlights the fluorescent chemosensors for ionic species based on modification of the mesoporous silica SBA-15 with different organic molecules, which have been recently developed from our laboratory.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Optimization of temperature imposed on activator before mixinginventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES ON GEOPOL...Journal For Research
The usage of practical advancement in structural building society has prompted the utilization of new materials with low environmental effects. One of the most commonly used construction material in the world is concrete, which is normally produced by OPC. However, the production of OPC has prompted ecological worries over the creation of CO2. Almost to create 1 ton of OPC 1 ton of CO2 is discharged to the atmosphere. With a specific end goal to diminish the utilization of OPC and CO2, the new concrete has been created, that is GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE. Latest research has demonstrated that it is conceivable to utilize fly ash or slag as a binder in concrete by activating them with alkali components through a polymerization procedure. This paper reports the point of interest of the test work that has been embraced to examine the strength and durability properties of ultra-fine slag and processed fly ash mortar mixes. At first specimens were casted for normal GGBS and fly ash in the ratio of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and later for the best ratio (75:25), GGBS is replaced by ultra-fine GGBS by 7.5, 12 and 20%. Samples were compared with cured at ambient temperature and oven curing. The results showed that mix proportion of 20% replacement of ultra-fine GGBS gave the maximum strength for both oven and ambient curing (76.2 and 91.1 MPa). Even all the durability properties are within the permissible limits.
The objective of this research is to study the possibility of using water based drilling mud waste as
raw material in the production of building brick making. The water based drilling mud wastes from a petroleum
drill hole of Phitsanulok basin, an onshore Tertiary basin located in northern Thailand, had been collected,
dried, ground, and analyzed its chemical composition by XRF and XRD analysis. Dried and ground drilling
mud waste powders were molded into a square shape steel box size 6.5x16x4 cm. to make the building brick
samples and sintered at1000oC, and were then tested according to the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) C67-11 and the Thai Industrial Standard(TIS) 77-2545 B.E. to test their water absorption
and compressive strength. The results of laboratory tests showed that the water absorption percent and the
compressive strength of building brick samples could be met the acceptable limits and was classified into grade
A brick according to the ASTM C67-11 and TIS 77-2545 B.E. standard. Therefore, the reuse of this waste
material in the building industry will contribute to the protection of the environment through great advantages
in waste minimization and beneficial income to the community through the utilization process in building
industry.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Modification of mesoporous silica SBA-15 with different organic molecules to ...Iranian Chemical Society
The recognition of the biologically and environmentally important ions is of great interest in the field of chemical sensors in recent years. The fluorescent sensors as a powerful optical analytical technique for the detection of low level of various analytes such as anions and metal cations have been progressively developed due to the simplicity, cost effective, and selectivity for monitoring specific analytes in various systems. Organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials have important advantages as solid chemosensors and various innovative hybrid materials modified by fluorescence molecules were recently prepared. On the other hand, the homogeneous porosity and large surface area of mesoporous silica make it a promising inorganic support. SBA-15 as a two-dimensional hexagonal mesoporous silica material with stable structure, thick walls, tunable pore size, and high specific surface area is a valuable substrate for modification with different organic chelating groups. This review highlights the fluorescent chemosensors for ionic species based on modification of the mesoporous silica SBA-15 with different organic molecules, which have been recently developed from our laboratory.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles via aqueous solution, sol...iosrjce
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by aqueous solution method, sol-gel method and hydrothermal
method.The synthesized particles were characterized by XRD ,SEM ,EDX and UV .The X-ray diffraction studies
reveals that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have wurtzite structure and the particle size varies from 13 to 18
nm. Scanning Electron Microscopic investigation reveals that the surface morphology of ZnO nanoparticle is
spherical in hydrothermal process and varies to flower like arrangement in aqueous solution and sol-gel
process. The UV-Visible spectrum of the nanoparticles shows a blue shift compared to that of the bulk sample.
2018 - Flexible and porous cellulose aerogels-zeolitic imidazolate framework ...DrChimie
la courbe d'étalonnage peut être configurée en mesurant ou en entrant jusqu'à 10 étalons ou en entrant K et B facteursla courbe d'étalonnage peut être configurée en mesurant ou en entrant jusqu'à 10 étalons ou en entrant K et B facteurs
Today, the ion exchange method is widely used in water treatment systems. Ion exchange systems are used to correct the mineral composition of water to the required standards; wastewater treatment; desalination and softening of natural waters. To present day, there are technical solutions to improve the process of water purification, treatment, softening and demineralization. They include: improvement of physical and chemical conditions; intensification of the ion exchange process; use of new ion exchange materials; modification of ion exchange resins; combination with other water treatment methods; modernization of equipment and designs of ion exchange devices. In order to improve the flow conditions and reduce the burden on the environment, it is promising to implement technologies aimed at intensifying the ion exchange process by activating the components of the process. The paper investigates the effect of magnetic modification on the intensification of ion exchange processes during the adjustment of the mineral composition of natural waters. The obtained results demonstrate the influence of the magnetic field on the ion exchange process.
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION AND REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS IN PHARMACEUTICAL WAST...Journal For Research
In recent years pharmaceutical wastes (PW) deposal of has become a major difficulty for the environment. Therefore, pharmaceutical waste removal is very necessary before its discharge from the pharma industry. The separation of drugs containing organic compounds in wastewater streams is failed by convectional and biological treatments. Thus, the reduction of harmful effects of pharmaceutical compounds is possible by heterogeneous photocatalysis process. Herein we reported the degradation of pharmaceutical concentration in pharmaceutical waste by heterogeneous photocatalyst ZnO doped with Selenium prepared by cost effective hydrothermal method. In addition the heavy metals in pharmaceutical waste were also removed by ZnO/Se nanocomposite. The average band gap of nanocomposite (~2.5 eV) increase the photocatalytic activity and degrade the organic compounds in pharmaceutical waste. The heavy metals get adsorbed on the high surface area of nanocomposite and removed completely by filtration method. The Selenium doped ZnO photocatalyst semiconductor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDAX) and also the characteristic crystalline forms of ZnO/Se nanocomposite was confirmed by XRD. The functional groups and particle size distribution of ZnO/Se nanocomposite was characterized by FTIR and DLS respectively. The reduction of organic compounds in the pharmaceutical waste was confirmed by COD analysis and removal of heavy metals was performed by AAS analysis.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Synthesis, Characterization of ZnS nanoparticles by Coprecipitation method us...IOSR Journals
ZnS nanoparticles are prepared by coprecipitation method using various capping agents like PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), PVA (polyvinylalcohol) and PEG-4000 (polyethyleneglycol). These are characterized by UV-Visible spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, Fourier Transform Infra-red spectra (FTIR) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV-Visible absorption spectra are used to find the optical band gap and the values obtained have been found to be in the range of 3.80-4.00eV. The particle size of nanoparticles calculated from XRD pattern has been in the range of 2-4 nm. It is also observed that the particle size of nanoparticle is affected by the nature of capping agent. Photo catalytic degradation of xylenol orange (XO) by the nanoparticles shows that these act as photo catalysts under sunlight irradiation. The XO dye was degraded more than 87.24, 83.42 and 73.05% in the presence of PEG-4000, PVA and PVP capped ZnS nanoparticles in 120, 150 and 180 min. respectively. The kinetics of catalyzed by synthesized ZnS nanoparticles with XO dye follows pseudo-first order kinetics with reasonable apparent rate constants.
Catalytic Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol Using Gamma Irradiated PVA/Ag Nanocomp...IJERA Editor
In this work, PVA/Ag nanocomposites were prepared by adding different volumes of AgNO3 to PVA solution. PVA/Ag nanocomposites used as a catalyst for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP). The responsive catalyst is easily synthesized, environmentally compatible, cost-effective and can be easily recovered by handling from the aqueous solution. The shape and particle size distribution were studied using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-visible Absorption Spectra of Gamma-irradiated PVA/AgNO3 Films were studied.
Role of salt precursor in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticleseSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, Zinc oxide nanoparticles having wurtzite crystalline structure are synthesized. The temperature, base concentration and the salt precursor used for the synthesis affects the morphology and particle size. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy and Diffused reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy. As the temperature is increased from 800 C to 1000C, keeping the concentration of the base viz sodium hydroxide at 5M, the particle size increases from 30nm to 500nm. With change in base concentration from 2M to 10M, at constant reaction temperature of 800C, the particle size increases from 30 nm to 500 nm. Herein the precursor used is zinc chloride. The effect of salt precursor is studied for three different salt precursors, viz. zinc chloride, zinc nitrate and zinc acetate. This paper is an attempt to give the information about salt precursor to be used, optimum values of temperature and base concentration for synthesis of the ZnO nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial property for suitable biomedical application. Keywords: Zinc Oxide nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, nanotechnology.
Role of salt precursor in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticleseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Application of Fe3O4 Sphere Doped with Zn for Enhanced Sonocatalytic Removal ...ijtsrd
Fe3O4 sphere doped Zn were successfully prepared by the simple one pot solvothermal method. Morphology and structure of the as synthesised products was checked through the XRD, SEM, HRTEM techniques. The Fe3¬O4 hollowsphere doped showed the high photocatalytic activity for degradation of hexavalent chromium under visible light irradiation. The effects of reaction conditions such as initial pH, photocatalyst dosage and hexavalent chromium contratentation were also studied systematically. The stability of the catalsyts and and possible catalytic mechanism was also proposed. The results indicate that Fe3O4 sphere doped Zn can be promising catalyst for photo reduction of hexavalent chromium. Xuan Sang Nguyen "Application of Fe3O4 Sphere Doped with Zn for Enhanced Sonocatalytic Removal of Cr (VI) From Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47862.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/47862/application-of-fe3o4-sphere-doped-with-zn-for-enhanced-sonocatalytic-removal-of-cr-vi-from-aqueous-solutions/xuan-sang-nguyen
Chitosan capped Silver nanoparticles used as Pressure sensorsIOSR Journals
In the present work, we report the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles, capped with chitosan (biopolymer ). The majority of the particles produced in this way had sizes around 18 nm. Composite films of capped silver nanoparticles and chitosan polymer were studied to understand the charge transport under different pressure. Films of different compositions were prepared to measure current voltage curves across the film thickness. The results reveal that these materials exhibit electrical conductivity as predicted by the “classical theory of percolation”. Pressure dependent electrical conductivity and these composites can be explored to develop low cost pressure sensors.
Similar to Mobilization of nano zero valent iron (n zvi) particles in subsurface (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
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experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
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shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
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the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
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Mobilization of nano zero valent iron (n zvi) particles in subsurface
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 365
MOBILIZATION OF NANO ZERO VALENT IRON (n-ZVI) PARTICLES
IN SUBSURFACE
Yangdup Lama1
, Alok Sinha2
, Gurdeep Singh3
1
Research Scholar, 2
Assistant Professor, 3
Professor, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian
School of Mines, Dhanbad, aloksinha11@yahoo.com
Abstract
Mobility and stability of nano Zero Valent Iron (n-ZVI), in subsurface, for in-situ remediation of groundwater, has been an issue of
concern. This may be enhanced by adding various surfactants to n-ZVI slurry. This study was conducted to determine the effect of
surfactants like Poly (Acrylic Acid) (PAA), anionic part of Sapindus mukorossi (reetha) extract and Tween 20, at different volume
percentages, on the stability and mobility of n-ZVI slurry, through sand and loamy sand column. Results indicate that PAA-modified
n-ZVI slurry had maximum mobility and stability through both the soil column followed by reetha-modified and Tween 20 modified n-
ZVI slurry.
Index Terms: Nano Zero Valent Iron (n-ZVI), Ground Water, In-Situ Remediation, Polyelectrolytes, Surfactants.
------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
In the recent years there has been an increasing interest in the
in-situ remediation of groundwater contaminated with
chlorinated solvents and heavy metals by direct injection of
nano zero valent iron (n-ZVI) [1-5]. The in-situ injection
technology is more advantageous as compared to the
traditional passive processes like “funnel and gate” or the
permeable reactive barrier (PRB) processes [6]. They react
with contaminants in the source zone and substantially reduce
remediation cost and time [6]. n-ZVI have high reactivity
with contaminants due to their high surface volume and are
relatively resistant to fouling from groundwater contaminants
[7, 8]. However, high reactivity alone is not enough to appoint
this promising technology as a good in-situ remediation tool.
Simultaneously, n-ZVI needs to be properly dispersed in water
for it to migrate through the water-saturated media to the
contaminated zone. With relatively high values of ionic
strength of groundwater reduction of electrostatic repulsion
between particles is favored and colloidal agglomeration of n-
ZVI in water is enhanced [8]. The agglomeration of this n-ZVI
is a key technical failure this promising technology faces, due
to which the delivery of the n-ZVI to contamination sources in
soil and groundwater offers a great challenge [9-10]. It is due
to the direct inter particle interactions like van-de-Waals force
and magnetic interactions these nano-irons agglomerates
which reduce the specific surface area and interfacial free
energy, eventually reducing its reactivity [10].
In order to overcome the drawback in the transport property of
n-ZVI a common strategy to increase the repulsive
electrostatic forces have been studied and implemented. The
use of certain polymeric materials to stabilize n-ZVI in water
is reported in several studies. The use of a wide variety of
polymers including poly acrylic acid (PAA), polyvinyl
alcohol-co-vinyl acetate-co-itaconic acid (PV3A),
polyaspartate (PAP), Tween 20 and biopolymer such as soy
proteins, starch, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) [9-13,
25].have been reported so far. PAA is the first polymer used
to stabilize the dispersion of n-ZVI for the field remediation
whereas CMC has been recently introduced [14]. By the virtue
of the presence of a polar anchoring groups (e.g., –COOH, –
OH, –C O) and a stabilizing hydrocarbon chain in the
polymers, it can act effectively in stabilizing n-ZVI in water.
The anchoring group gets attached onto the surface of n-ZVI
and the long hydrocarbon chain can move freely in water to
obtain various desired configuration. When these flexible
chains overlap the electrostatic and steric repulsion between
particles is produced and thus stabilizes the particle under
certain conditions [15]. Saponin is one of the most commonly
known plant based surfactants. Saponin is largely found in
plants like Sapindus mukorossi, soyabean [16], Quillaja bark
[17] and Fagonia indica [18].
In this paper, we explore the use of three surfactants namely
Polyacrylic Acid (PAA), Tween 20 and anionic extract of
Reetha (Sapindus mukorossi) in order to improve the motility
of nano iron slurry in porous media as compared to n-ZVI
without surfactants along with the stability of prepared nano
iron slurries.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Materials
All chemicals used in this work are AR grade unless otherwise
specified. Except for anionic extract of reetha, the other two
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 366
surfactants are commercial products. Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
was procured from Otto Chemika; Tween 20
(Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurete) was obtained from
Sigma Life Science. The chemicals for the preparation of
nanoiron particles were FeSO4·7H2O from Loba Chem and
NaBH4 from Loba Chem. The Cation exchange resin used for
preparation of anionic reetha extract was DOWEX 50 X8(Na)
obtained from Loba Chem.Sand and loamy soil were obtained
form the local areas of Dhanbad. They were sieved through
2mm sieve, washed with distilled water and heated in the oven
before use.
2.2 Iron Based Nanoparticles
Synthesis of nanoscale zerovalent iron particles was achieved
by adding 0.04 mol/L FeSO
4
·7H
2
O aqueous solution drop
wise to a three-necked flask containing 0.08 mol/L NaBH
4
aqueous solution at ambient temperature [19]. The process
was performed in Ar atmosphere. Ferric iron was reduced by
borohydrate according to the following reaction [20]:
Fe(H
2
O)
6
2+
+ 2BH
-
4
→ Fe
0
↓+ 2B(OH)
3
+ 7H
2
↑
Synthesized iron particles were deposited for 4 h in Ar
atmosphere, and washed with ethanol. Then they were washed
with deionized water after deposition for 3 h. After the
preparation of nanoiron particles, the desired amount of the
selected surfactant were added to the nano iron suspension and
mixed vigorously.
Table 1: Recipes for different nanoiron slurry
Test
No.
Type of Surfactant
Amount of
surfactant
added (vol %)
1 PAA 1
2 PAA 2
3 PAA 3
4 PAA 5
5 Reetha Extract 1
6 Reetha Extract 2
7 Reetha Extract 3
8 Reetha Extract 5
9 Tween 20 1
10 Tween 20 2
11 Tween 20 3
12 Tween 20 5
2.3 Preparation of Anionic Extract of Reetha
The Reetha (Sapindus trifoliata) seeds were soaked in distilled
water (0.5 kg Reetha seeds/L) for two days and mashed. The
extract was filtered first through a cotton cloth followed by a
combination of glass–fiber prefilter and a 0.45 mm Millipore
GF-C filter. Through cation-exchange column containing
DOWEX 50 X8(Na) resin 50mL of the bulk Reetha extract
was passed. The cation exchange columns were eluted using
50mL of Milli-Q water each, to obtain the cationic fractions of
the Reetha extract [21].
2.4 Stability of Nanoiron Slurries
The stability of various nanoiron slurries was visually
evaluated by gravitational sedimentation of nanoiron within.
100ml of well mixed slurry was poured into a 100 ml of glass
measuring cylinder and observations were made after every
hour. A control test of nanoiron slurry with no surfactant was
also carried out. Test were carried out in batches of four with
different concentrations of surfactants (1%, 2%, 3% and 5%)
(Table1).
2.5 Column Experiments
Glass burette columns were used to compare the transport
behaviour of different nanoiron slurries. The experimental set
up was similar to that of Schrick et al. [11] where the column
ends were packed with glass wool plugs to prevent the
drainage of both soil and iron particles. Columns were filled
with sandy loam soil up to the height of 15 cm before the
addition of nanoiron slurries. The experiments were carried
out in a batch of four for all the different concentrations of
surfactants and a control which comprised of only nanoiron
particles. After the tests were done for sandy loam, test with
sand were carried with similar experimental setup and
conditions.
In the column studies, the stock solution of suspended iron
nano particles (3mg/mL) were introduced to the top of the
column continuously and an eluent was collected in 2ml
fraction. For the analysis of this eluent 3mL of aqueous ortho-
phenanthroline (Aldrich, 3mg/mL) solution was added.
Complex formed was measured at 508 nm [22]. If PAA used
as surfactant the analysis is carried out as follows: 2.0 ml of
ortho-phenanthroline (3 mg/ mL) aqueous solution and 1 mL
of 6 M HCl are mixed to each aliquot and the mixture is
centrifuge at 14000 rpm for 30 minutes. The amount of iron in
the supernatant is determined by absorbance at 508 nm.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Stability of Nanoiron Slurries
The settling behaviour of various nano iron slurries prepared
by adding different surfactants were observed for a period of 6
hours where observations were made after every hour. A
distinctive result was observed after four hours which can be
seen in the figure 1. For the nanoiron slurry without any
surfactant almost all the nano iron particles settled down
accompanied by the formation of thin lumpy layer at the top of
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 367
the column. For the nanoiron slurry with Tween 20, no
appreciable stability was observed. The anionic extract of
reetha showed a slight improvement in stability but a
yellowish colour layer was formed on top of the column which
is due to oxidation of the nanoiron. A satisfactory result was
observed with PAA where the n-ZVI was still found in a
dispersed state with no sign of oxidation. This observation is
in good agreement with report of other researches [11, 23-24]
where it was reported that PAA is a good agent for enhancing
the motility of n-ZVI. The effective use of other anionic
surfactants like PV3A and sodiumdoceyl benzensulfonate has
also been reported [13, 26]. Bearing in mind the highest level
of stability offered by PAA the column studies were carried
on.
Surfactant: PAA (2%) Reetha Extract (2%) Tween 20 (2%) No surfactant
Figure 1: Effect of surfactants on the dispersion of n-ZVI after settling for 4 hours.
3.2 Column Studies
The column studies are carried out to measure the effects of
surfactants on the overall particle transport. For n-ZVI, with
no surfactant, only aqueous solution passed through the sandy
loam and sand column, with the aggregated mass of nanoiron
retained on the top of the column. The immobility of these
nanoiron particles was mainly due to the instant agglomeration
of the nanoparticles in absence of surfactants. As for n-ZVI
with PAA (2%), it was observed the nanoiron particles easily
passed through the sand as well and sandy loam column, with
the sandy loam column offering more resistance than sand.
Figure 2 and 3 gives the effect of the three surfactants PAA,
reetha extract and Tween 20 on the flow of n-ZVI through
both the columns as per the concentration of n-ZVI eluted
from the column in constant volume. The efficiency of the
surfactants followed the trend: PAA, anionic extract of reetha
and Tween 40. Similar kind of trend was also observed in
Schrick et al., 2004 where only 40% of Fe/PAA injected were
retained in the soil columns. The flow rate of the slurries were
also recorded with the Fe/PAA showing the highest flow rate
of 7.5 ml/min through the sand column as compared to 6.0
ml/min through the sandy loam column. Similarly, the Reetha
extract and Tween 20 modified n-ZVI observed the flow rate
of 3.5ml/min and 2.3 ml/min through the sand column,
respectively and 2.0 ml/min and 1.5 ml/min through the sandy
loam column, respectively. The sand column observed a flow
rate of Fe/PAA >10 ml/min and 1-5 mL/min in sandy loam
column. Both the flow rate and the concentration of eluted
nanoiron are observed to be high in case of sand column as
compared to sandy loam column. The main reason being that
the sandy loam has 15-20% silt, due to which, the particles
impede the flow of n-ZVI slurry through the column [11].
Previous works by researchers have confirmed that PAA
binding to n-ZVI creating highly negative surfaces effectively
reduces the filtration removal by aquifer materials [11, 23-24].
Based upon this work, the results confirmed that the transport
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 368
efficiency of n-ZVI in porous media can be enhanced by the
increase of the PAA dosage.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0 10 20 30 40
C/Co
Volume of Eluent in mL
PAA
Reetha Extract
Tween 20
Figure 2: Effect of surfactant on the n-ZVI concentration
eluted from soil column.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0 10 20 30 40
C/Co
Volume of eluent in mL
PAA
Reetha Extract
Tween 20
Figure 3: Effect of surfactant on the n-ZVI concentration
eluted from sand column.
CONCLUSIONS
The establishment of the stability of n-ZVI slurry to enhance
its motility through soil is very important for in-situ
remediation of groundwater. The addition of PAA would
greatly enhance the stability of nano iron slurry followed by
reetha extract and Tween 20. The transport behaviour of n-
ZVI is very different in different soil depending largely on
their texture ad characteristics. In the real groundwater and
soil condition the interception of n-ZVI is equally important
for remediation purpose. Hence to minimise this interception
of n-ZVI slurries due to various soil particles by the use of
surfactants can show positive results in enhancing the motility
of n-ZVI slurry.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author heartily acknowledge ISM authorities for
providing all necessary assistance, under the research project
FRS (1)/2009-2010/1/ESE, for completion of this research
work.
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