Myeloid Series
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This document describes the key characteristics of different types of cells in the myeloid series: - Myeloblasts are the most mature in the myeloid series, have moderate cytoplasm and round nuclei with delicate chromatin. - Promyelocytes are slightly larger than myeloblasts and contain distinct dark blue or reddish blue granules. - Neutrophilic myelocytes contain small, ill-defined reddish or lilac granules and have a clear region adjacent to their eccentrically located nuclei. - Neutrophilic metamyelocytes contain abundant specific granules and have slightly indented nuclei. - Neutrophilic bands have markedly indented nuclei and various shapes including
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Hematology slide/ Pediatric leukemia
This document outlines a hematology slide presentation on a case of pediatric leukemia. Key details include a 13-year-old boy with low hemoglobin, low platelets, and 50% atypical cells on blood smear. The presentation examines blood and bone marrow smears under different magnifications and discusses the provisional diagnosis of acute leukemia. It then provides an outline on the discussion of pediatric leukemia covering etiology, epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory studies including morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping and cytogenetics, and differential diagnosis.
Blood 1 2
This document summarizes the process of erythropoiesis, or red blood cell formation. It begins with hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells, which starts in the yolk sac and later occurs in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Red and yellow bone marrow are described. The stages of erythropoiesis are outlined from proerythroblast to reticulocyte, including changes in cell size, ratio of cytoplasm to nucleus, and hemoglobin synthesis. Factors that influence erythropoiesis like erythropoietin, vitamins, and metals are listed. Polycythemia, an increased red blood cell count, is also summarized.
Acute leukemia; imtiaz
Acute leukemias are malignant clonal disorders characterized by excessive proliferation of immature white blood cells in the bone marrow. They are classified as either acute myeloid leukemia (AML) involving the myeloid cell line or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) involving the lymphoid cell line. AML is further classified by the French-American-British system into eight subtypes (M0-M7) based on morphology and cytochemistry. The World Health Organization classification system incorporates cytogenetic and molecular genetic abnormalities into the classification of AML. Acute leukemias have heterogeneous causes including genetic syndromes, ionizing radiation, chemicals, and viruses.
bloodfilm-150809211138-lva1-app6891.pptx
The document describes various cell types and abnormalities that may be observed on a peripheral blood smear examination. It provides detailed descriptions and images of normal and abnormal red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets seen in different hematological conditions. Key cells discussed include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, reticulocytes, schistocytes, target cells, myeloblasts, and platelets. Common findings and their clinical significance are presented, such as Howell-Jolly bodies indicating splenic dysfunction.
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Hematologic Automation
Hematology automation began in the 1930s with methods to automatically count blood cells passing through a capillary tube using optics. In the 1940s-1950s, two main instruments were introduced - one using darkfield optics and capillary counting, the other using electrical impedance counting. Modern hematology analyzers use electrical impedance or optical detection principles to count and size blood cells by measuring electrical resistance pulses or light scattering patterns produced as cells pass through apertures or laser beams. They provide automated complete blood cell counts, classifications, and associated parameters through calibration and computer analysis.
COPT TECHNIQUE
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Labman in-IS & BB
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Reticulocyte count
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RBC Inclusions
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RBC Abnormalities
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This document describes several types of abnormal red blood cells, including their characteristics, mechanisms, and associated conditions. Spherocytes have a spherical shape due to a lack of membrane cytoskeletal components. Elliptocytes and ovalocytes have an elliptical or oval shape due to decreases in skeletal membrane proteins. Echinocytes have evenly distributed spicules or bumps on their surface and are typically an artifact of blood processing. Stomatocytes resemble normal cells but have an elongated or slit-like area of pallor and are associated with liver disease and certain drug exposures.
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Amoeba Notes 2014
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
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Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
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Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
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Recomendamos muito.
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Myeloid Series
- 1. CELLS DESCRIPTION CONSTITUTES SIZE CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS N:C RATIO NV OTHERS MYELOBLAST Most mature in the myeloid series Never found in the PB <3% of the nucleated cells 15-20 um Moderate amount of blue non- granular cytoplasm Lighter next to the nucleus Round and stains Red Chromatin are delicate, well define & evenly stained 2 or more nucleoli High (7:1 to 5:1) PROMYELOCYT E Slightly larger than myeloblast w/ distinct granules (dark blue or reddish blue- primary or azurophilic granules) Never found in the PB <2% of the nucleated cells 12-24 um Blue w/ a light zone adjacent to nucleus Round and Large Chromatin is slightly coarser Nucleoli is indistinct High (5:1 to 3:1) NEUTROPHILIC MYELOCYTE Last stage capable of Mitosis First stage to distinguish <10% of the nucleated cells 10-18 um Larger amount than the promyelocyte Amphophilic Round or Flattened on one side Eccentrically located
- 2. Neutrophilic, Eosinophilic and Basophilic Development of small, ill- defined reddish or lilac granules (specific or secondary granules) Never found in the PB (bluish-pink) No nucleolus A clear region or hof is seen adjacent to nucleus NEUTROPHILIC METAMYELOCY TE Slightly smaller than Myelocyte Rarely seen in normal PB 15-20% of nucleated cells 10-18 um Abundant and contains rare primary and azurophiloc granules & abundant specific granules Slightly indented (<1/2 of the diameter) Chromatin is clumped Severe infection: Leukomoid NEUTROPHILIC BAND (STAB) Possess full motility, active adhesion and phagocytic ability Marginating and Circulating pools in the PB 40% of WBCS in BM 10-18 um Nuclear indentation becomes more marked (>1/2) Many shapes:S 1-5% of leuko cytes in the PB
- 3. shaped, C shaped, U shaped and lobated SEGMENTED NEUTROPHIL Most mature form of the myeloid series Most abundant Function is performing Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis Mature neutrophil is 2x than erythrocyte 10-15 um Light pink with numerous secondary granules Separated into definite lobes (2-5 lobes) connected by thin filaments of chromatin Clumped nuclear chromatin 50- 70% BASOPHIL Small to moderate number of cparse, densely stained blue- black or purple- red granules Granules are evenly distributed 10-15 um <1% in PB Granules contain heparin, chondroitin sulfate, histamine. Also contain neutrophil chemotactic factor, sloreacting
- 4. Least common in the PB kallikrein and platelet activating factor EOSINOPHIL Present in blood, BM and tissues Major Basic Protein- responsible for the staining qualities of granules Abundant cytoplasm is filled w/ coarse granules that stain Orange- Red w/ Eosin dye in Wright’s stain Eosinophilic granules contain various proteolytic enzymes: Acid phosphatase, Arylsulfatase, Peroxidase, Phospholidase, Cathepsin, B- glucoronidase