This document discusses different types of lymphoid neoplasms, or cancers affecting the lymphatic system. It describes non-Hodgkin's lymphomas like chronic lymphocytic leukemia, MALT lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma. It also discusses Hodgkin's lymphoma and its subtypes of lymphocyte rich, nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion. Specific lymphomas mentioned include acute lymphoblastic leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma.
1. Cutaneous T-cell pseudolymphomas
A) Primarily with stripe-like infiltration (the majority of cases)
Lymphomatoid drug eruption (most cases);
Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis;
Actinic reticuloid;
Nodular scabies (individual cases);
Idiopathic forms;
Clonal cutaneous T-cell pseudolymphomas.
B) Primarily with nodular infiltration (a small percentage
of the cases)
Drug-induced – mainly by anti-convulsive drugs
Persistent nodules after insect bites;
Nodular scabies (the majority of cases).
2. Cutaneous B-cell pseudolymphomas (with nodular infiltration)
Cutaneous lymphocytoma from Borrelia burgdorferi;
Cutaneous lymphocytoma after antigens injection;
Cutaneous lymphocytoma resulting from tattoo;
Cutaneous lymphocytoma after Herpes zoster;
Idiopathic forms;
Clonal cutaneous B-cell pseudolymphomas
1. Cutaneous T-cell pseudolymphomas
A) Primarily with stripe-like infiltration (the majority of cases)
Lymphomatoid drug eruption (most cases);
Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis;
Actinic reticuloid;
Nodular scabies (individual cases);
Idiopathic forms;
Clonal cutaneous T-cell pseudolymphomas.
B) Primarily with nodular infiltration (a small percentage
of the cases)
Drug-induced – mainly by anti-convulsive drugs
Persistent nodules after insect bites;
Nodular scabies (the majority of cases).
2. Cutaneous B-cell pseudolymphomas (with nodular infiltration)
Cutaneous lymphocytoma from Borrelia burgdorferi;
Cutaneous lymphocytoma after antigens injection;
Cutaneous lymphocytoma resulting from tattoo;
Cutaneous lymphocytoma after Herpes zoster;
Idiopathic forms;
Clonal cutaneous B-cell pseudolymphomas
Clase de linfomas y leucemias linfoides aguda y crónica para estudiantes de medicina y capacitación de médicos no especialistas en hematología/oncología
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M2 Hematology / Oncology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan: openmi.ch/med-M2Hematology
Lab Diagnosis of Chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLPD);Flowcytometric...Dr Siddartha
Lab Diagnosis of Chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLPD);Flowcytometric Evaluation
Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute
WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues : 2016 U...Ankit Raiyani
This is a complilation of expected changes in the myeloid neoplasms in the upcoming 2016 update of the "WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues".
Some of the changes may not be incorporated in the actual published book.
This compilation has been prepared from presentations from persons actually concerned with revision of the book. All credits goes to them.
Lymphomas are primary malignancies of lymph nodes and the peripheral lymphatics.
Neoplastic proliferative process of the lymphopoietic portion of the lymphoid system that involves cells of either the lymphocytic or histiocytic series in varying degrees of differentiation & occurs in an essentially homogenous population of a single cell type.
The first lymphoma type recognised was by Dr Thomas Hodgkin in 1832. In 1865 Dr Samuel Wilks recognised additional cases, rediscovered the report by Hodgkin, and designated this neoplasm as ‘Hodgkin disease’.
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) represents about 10% of all lymphomas.
HL is distinct from other non-Hodgkin lymphomas, clinically by the contiguous spread of tumour along the lymphoid system, and morphologically by the presence of a spectrum of neoplastic cells, including mononuclear Hodgkin (H) cells, classic multinucleated Reed–Sternberg (RS) cells, and mummified (degenerating) cells against an inflammatory background.
The background inflammatory cells actively attracted by HL tumour cells may include T cells, B cells, histiocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and mast cells.
The etiology of HD is unknown. Infectious agents, especially the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), may be involved in the pathogenesis.
In as many as 50% of HD cases, the tumor cells are EBV-positive. EBV positivity is higher with mixed cellularity Hodgkin disease (60–70%) than the nodular sclerosis Hodgkin disease (15–30%).
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpes virus 4 (HHV-4), is a member of the herpes family and is one of the most common viruses in humans.
In immunocompetent hosts, EBV-infected B cells are in a resting state under host T-cell immune surveillance.
In hosts with immune dysfunction, EBV-infected cells in the reservoir may be reactivated and proliferate.
In EBV-infected cells, based on the viral proteins expressed, three latency transcription programs of EBV are designated: growth program (latency III) with expression of EBV nuclear antigens 1–6 (EBNA1-6), latent membrane proteins (LMP1, 2A and 2B); default program (latency II) expressing EBNA1, LMP1 and LMP2A; and latency program (latency I), with none or only expression of LMP2A.
In EBV-positive cases, usually all HRS cells are positive, indicating that the infection was an early event in lymphoma development.
The EBV+ HRS cells typically show an EBV latency II gene expression profile, meaning expression of the viral proteins EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and latent membrane proteins 1 and 2a (LMP1 and LMP2a).
EBNA1 is essential for replication of the episomal viral genome in proliferating cells. LMP1 mimics an active CD40 receptor and hence stimulates NF- B and PI3K/AKT activity.
As BCR and CD40 signalling are main survival signals for GC B cells, EBV infection of GC B cells may be a way how GC B cells with destructive mutations survive and become HRS precursor cells.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Note the large cells with large, pale nuclei containing large purple nucleoli at the arrowheads. These are Reed-Sternberg cells that are indicative of Hodgkin lymphoma. Most of the cellular content of foci of Hodgkin lymphoma consists of reactive lymphoid cells. There are four main subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma with similar molecular characteristics ("classical HL" with Reed-Sternberg cells that immunohistochemically are positive for CD15 and CD30 but negative for CD45): lymphocyte predominance, nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion. Lymphocyte predominance HL has RS cells that are CD20 positive but CD15 and CD30 negative, more like B cells.