The document provides an extensive overview of the muscular system, detailing the types, composition, and functions of muscles in the human body. It highlights key facts such as the growth rates of muscles compared to bones, the structure of muscle fibers, and the types of muscle tissue including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Additionally, it covers muscle contraction mechanisms, the influence of training on muscle efficiency, and specific muscle movements in various joints.

1. Muscular System
“Every Moment is a Golden One for him who has the
Vision to Recognize it as such!”
Prof. Shatrunjay Mrityunjay Kote, Ph. D.
Assistant Professor,
M. S. M’s. College of Physical Education,
Khadkeshwar, Aurangabad
shatru29570@gmail.com

2. Muscles
Amazing facts
• Big does not necessarily mean strong. Strength comes from the capacity of
muscle fiber to expand. Per pound of body weight, heavyweight champion
weightlifters lift less than their light weight colleagues.
• In the first three years of life, muscles grow twice as fast as bone. By three
years of age, the two grow at about the same rate and continue to do so until
adolescence, when there are sudden and alarming variations in the two
growth rates.
• There are some 30 muscles attached to the bones of the skull. Their sole
purpose is to give the face expression.
• There are around 656 skeletal muscles in the body.
• Every cubic centimeter of muscle can generate 50 Newton so force
approximately.

3. Slide 6.1
Functions of Skeletal Muscles
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Make up “flesh” of the body
• Maintain Posture
• Voluntary movement
• Aid in breathing, eating, speech
• Provide facial expression
• Generate reflexes
• Produce body heat

4. Muscles
- Muscle is a kind of tissue
- The tissue which helps in the movement of our body is called muscular
tissue.
• Like nervous tissue, muscles are excitable or
"irritable”
they have the ability to respond to a stimulus
• Unlike nerves, however, muscles are also:
Contractible (they can shorten in length)
Extensible (they can extend or stretch)
Elastic (they can return to their original shape)

5. (b) Cardiac muscle (c) Visceral smooth muscle
(a) Skeletal muscle
Three Types of Muscular Tissue

6. Types of Muscle
Three types of muscle
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

7. Location Function Appearance Control
Skeletal
skeleton
movement,
heat, posture
striated, multi-
nucleated (eccentric),
fibers parallel
voluntary
Cardiac
heart
pump blood
continuously
striated, one central
nucleus
involuntary
Visceral
(smooth muscle)
G.I. tract,
uterus, eye,
blood vessels
Peristalsis,
blood pressure,
pupil size,
erects hairs
no striations, one
central nucleus
involuntary
Three Types of Muscular Tissue

8. Muscles
- Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated
- Cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated
- Smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated
- Skeletal muscle which is striated and voluntary and helps in our body
movement and it will get fatigue very easily.
- During resting condition the blood flow towards muscles is 15% of the total
and during exercise it increases to around 20 times
- Skeletal muscles weigh around 40 to 45% of total body weight.

9. Composition of Muscles
Skeletal Muscle:
Water – 75%
Proteins – 20%
Others – 5% (inorganic substance like Calcium, Potassium, Manganese etc.)
High Energy Phosphates
Adenosine Tri Phosphate – ATP
Adenosine Di Phosphate – ADP
Cretin Phosphate - CP
Carbohydrates, Fats and Enzymes

10. Muscles Structure
Gross Structure:
Skeletal muscles are attached to the bone with tendons
Tendon is an inelastic fibrous connective tissue
The place where the tendon joins the bone is known as periosteum
Muscle bulb contains many muscle fasciulum and in every muscle fasciculi
there are muscle fibers and every muslce fibers have mayofibrils
Structure covering muscle bulb is called epimysium
Structure covering of fasciculum is called perimysium
The covering of muscle fibers is called endomysium
Muscle fiber is the structural and functional unit of muscle

11. A muscle, a fasciculus, and a fiber all visualized
Organization of Muscle Tissue

12. Slide 6.4a
Connective Tissue Wrappings of
Skeletal Muscle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Endomysium –
around single
muscle fiber
 Perimysium –
around a
fascicle
(bundle) of
fibers Figure 6.1

13. 13

14. Muscles
Muscle fibers are thin elongated cell
Thickness can be 10 micro meters to 100 micro meters
Length can be from 100 micro meters to 3,00,000 micro meter (1 feet)
The largest muscle fibers are found in the Sartorius
It consists of number of mitochondria
It may consists of few 100 or few 1000 nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum is large and well developed and extended throughout
the muscle fibers it is called sarcoplasmic reticulum

15. Skeletal Muscle Cells
• Myofibrils are striated
– Striations due to arrangement of thick and thin filaments
• Seen as alternating areas of light and dark bands
• The length of each myofibril is divided into
repeating units called sarcomeres
– A sarcomere is the functional unit of skeletal muscle

17. Skeletal Muscle Arrangement
• A single muscle cell is a muscle fiber
– Fibers are made up of myofibrils
– Myofibrils are made up of thick and thin filaments
• Sarcolemma – muscle cell membrane
• Sarcoplasm
• muscle cell
cytoplasm

18. Sarcomere Arrangement

19. Sarcomere Structure
• Sarcomere exists from Z-line to Z-line
• A-Band is dark middle band
– Overlapping think and thin filaments
• I-Band – ends of A-Band, thin filaments only
• Z-line is in the middle if the I-Band
• Myosin filaments are held to the Z-line by titin
proteins

20. Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber
I band
Z disc Z disc
I band
A band
H zone
(c)
(d)
(e)
Thin (actin) filament
Thick (myosin)
filament
Thin (actin) filament
Elastic (titin)
filaments
Z disc Z disc
M line
M line
Sarcomere
Thick (myosin)
filament
I band
thin filaments
only
H zone
thick filaments
only
M line
thick filaments linked
by accessory proteins
Outer edge of
A band
thick and thin
filaments overlap

21. Slide 6.10b
Microscopic Anatomy
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Sarcomere
Contractile subunit of a muscle fiber
From “Z to Z”
 One A band +
 Two “half” I
bands
Figure 6.3b

23. 23

24. Z line Z line

25. Thick Filament Structure
• Composed of many myosin molecules
– Each myosin molecule has a tail region and 2 globular heads
(crossbridges)

26. Thin Filament Structure
• Composed of actin protein
– 2 strands of globular actin molecules twisted into a
helix
– Actin filaments have binding sites for myosin cross
bridges
– Tropomyosin protein spirals around actin helix
– Troponin protein (3 subunits) is attached to actin
and holds tropomyosin in place
• Call this the troponin-tropomyosin complex
Troponin complex Tropomyosin Actin

27. Sliding Filament Theory
Nerve Impulse ----- Neuromuscular Junction ----- Release of Acetylcholine -----
Action Potential Developed at Sarcolemma ----- Release of Calcium ions ----
- Actomyosin Complex formed ----- Myosin ATPase Activated ----- Break
down of ATP to ADP ---- Release of Energy ----- Sliding of Actin over
Myosin ----- Muscle contraction

28. Sarcomere Relaxed

29. Sarcomere Partially Contracted

30. Sarcomere Completely Contracted

31. Neuromuscular Junction

32. Types of Muscles fibers
Slow Twitch (ST) Muscle fibers (Red in colour) also known as oxidative and
are very useful for endurance activiy
Fast Twitch (FT) :
Fta – Oxidative Glycolytic
FTb- Glycolytic
FTc- Unclassified

33. Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• Fast
– are large in diameter
– contain large glycogen reserves
– densely packed myofibrils
– relatively few mitochondria
– called white fibers due to lack of myoglobin
– majority of skeletal muscle fibers in the body
• Intermediate
– resemble fast fibers; however
– have a greater resistance to fatigue
• Slow
– smaller and they
– contract more slowly
– called red fibers because due to myoglobin
10-33

34. Influence of Training on Muscular System
ATP = ADP + P + Energy for Contraction
CP = C + P + Energy for re-synthesis of ATP
Glycogen = Lactic Acid + Energy for re-synthesis of CP
Lactic Acid + Oxygen = {Carbondioxide + Water (About 1/5th of the total lactic acid)}+ Energy for re-
synthesis of glycogen from the remaining 4/5th of lactic acid
Effect of Exercise on Muscular System
Muscle Hypertrophy
Gain in Strength
Gain in endurance
Chemical Changes
Muscle Efficiency
Increase in Speed

35. MAJOR MUSCLES OF VARIOUS JOINTS
• 1. Shoulder joint; 2. Trunk joint; 3. Elbow joint;
4. Hip joint; 5. Knee joint
1. Anterior – Front Side;
2. Posterior – Back Side;
3. Superior – Up side;
4. Inferior – Under Side;
5. Medial – Interior side of the body segment;
6. Lateral – Outer side of the body segment

36. Shoulder Joint
• Anterior – 1. Deltoid Anterior; 2. Pectoralis Major; 3. Biceps Brachii; 4. Coracobrachialis; 5. Sub-
scapularies
• Posterior – 1. Deltoid Posterior; 2. Infraspinatus; 3. Teres Minor
• Superior – 1. Deltoid Middle; 2. Supraspinatus
• Inferior – 1. Triceps Brachii; 2. Lattissimus Dorsi; 3. Teres Major

37. Trunk Joint
• Anterior – 1. Rectus Abdominis; 2. External Obliques; 3. Internal Oblique (Obliques Internos Abdominis)
• Posterior – 1. Errector Spinae; 2. Semispinalis; 3. Deep Spinal Muscles
• Lateral – 1. Quadratus Lumborum

38. Elbow Joint
• Anterior – 1. Biceps Brachii; 2. Brachiradialis; 3. Brachialis; 4. Pronator Teres; 5. Pronator Quadratus
• Posterior – 1. Triceps Brachii; 2. Supinator; 3. Anconeus

39. Hip Joint
• Anterior – 1. Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedus (Quadriceps); 2.
Illiacus; 3. Psoas; 4. Tensor Facia Latae; 5. Pectenius; 6. Sartorius
• Posterior – 1. Gluteus Maximus; 2. Semimembronosus; 3. Semitendonosus; 4. Biceps Femoris; 5. Six
Deep Rotators
• Lateral – 1. Gluteus Medus; 2. Gluteus Minimus
• Medial – 1. Adductor Longus; 2. Addoctor Magnus; 3. Adductor Brevis; 4. Gracilis

40. Knee Joint
• Anterior – 1. Rectus Femoris; 2. Vastus Lateralis; 3. Vastus Medialis; 4. Vastus Intermedus
• Posterior – 1. Biceps Femoris 2. Semimembronosus; 3. Semitendonosus;; 4. Gastrocnemius; 5. Popliteus;
6. Sartorius; 7. Gracilis

41. Definition of Flexion, Extension, Abduction and Adduction
Flexion: Flexion is the fundamental movement at a joint where the two
bones around a joint comes closer to each other and the angle
between them reduces. This movement takes place along saggital
plane and frontal axis.
Hyper Flexion: when normal limits of flexion is crossed it is called hyper
flexion.
Extension: Extension is the fundamental movement at a joint where the
two bones around a joint moves away from each other and the angle
between them Increases. This movement takes place along saggital
plane and frontal axis.
Hyper Extension: when the normal limits of extension is crossed is
called hyper extension.

42. Definition of Flexion, Extension, Abduction and Adduction
Abduction: Abduction is the fundamental movement at a joint where
the body part moves away from the imaginary center line of the
body. This movement takes place along frontal plane and saggital
axis.
Hyper Abduction: when the normal limits of abduction is crossed is
called hyper abduction.
Adduction: Adduction is the fundamental movement at a joint where
the body part comes closer to the imaginary center line of the body.
This movement takes place along frontal plane and saggital axis.
Hyper Adduction: when the normal limits of adduction is crossed is
called hyper adduction.

43. UNIT – I
Terminology of Fundamental Movements;
Fundamental concepts of following terms

44. UNIT – I
Terminology of Fundamental Movements;
Fundamental concepts of following terms

45. UNIT – I
Terminology of Fundamental Movements;
Fundamental concepts of following terms

46. UNIT – I
Terminology of Fundamental Movements;
Fundamental concepts of following terms

47. UNIT – I
Terminology of Fundamental Movements;
Fundamental concepts of following terms

48. Muscle involved in fundamental movement around a joint
• Shoulder Joint:
• Flexion: PM: Anterior Deltoid, Pectoralis Major,
• AM: Coracobrachialis, Biceps Brachii
• Extension: PM: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres
Major
• AM: Posterior Deltoid, Triceps Brachii
• Abduction: PM: Middle Deltoid, Supraspinatus
• AM: Anterior Deltoid, Biceps Brachii
• Abduction: PM: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres
Major
• AM: Bicepts Brachii, Tricepts Brachii
• Medial Rotation: PM: Subscapularis, Teres Major
AM: Anteriror Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi,
Biceps Brachii
• Lateral Rotation: PM: Infraspinatus, Teres Major
• AM: Posterior Deltoid

49. Elbow Joint
• Flexion: PM: Biceps Brachii, Brachialis,
Bracioradialis
AM: Pronator Teres, Flexor Capri radialis,
Flexor Carpi ulnaris, Palamris Longus,
Flexor digitorum superficialis
• Extension: PM: Triceps Brachii
AM: Anconeus,
exetensor carpi radialis longus,
extensor carpi radialis brevis,
extensor carpi ulnaris,
extensor digitorum,
extensor digit minimi

50. Trunk Region
• Flexion: PM: rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique
• AM: Psoas
• Extension: PM: Earector Spinae group, semispinalis thoracis,
deep posterior spinal group.
• Rotation to Same Side: PM: Internal Oblique, Errector Spinae
• Rotation to Opposite Side: PM: External Oblique,
Semispinalis Thoracis
• AM: Deep Posterior Spinal Group
• Lateral Flexion: PM: External Oblique, Internal Oblique,
Quadatic Lumborum, Erector Spinae, Deep
Posterior Spinal Group
• AM: Rectus Abdominis

51. Hip Joint
• Flexion: PM: Psoas, Iliacus, Rectus Femoris, Pectineus
AM: Sartorius, Tensor Fasciae Latae, Gracilis, Adductor Longus,
Adductor Brevis
• Extension: PM: Gluteus Maximus, Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus,
Semimembranosus
• Abduction: PM: Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Manimus
• AM: Psoas, Iliacus, Sartorius, Rectus Femoris, Tensor Faciae Latae
• Adduction: PM: Pectineus, Gracilis, Adductor Longus Adductor Brevis, Adductor
Magnus
• Medial Rotation: PM: Gluteus Minimus
AM: Pectineus, Tensor Fasciae Latae, Semi tedinosus,
Semi-membranosous, Gracilis, Adductor Longus, Adductor
Brevis, Adductor Magnus
• Lateral Rotation: PM: Gluteus Maximus, Six Outward Rotators
• AM: Psoas, Iliacus, Sartorium, Biceps Femoris

52. Knee Joint
• Flexion: PM: Semitendinosus,
semimembranosus,
Biceps Femoris
• AM: Sartorius, Gracilis,
Gastrocnemius, Plantoris
• Extension: PM: Rectus Femoris, Vastus
Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius,
Vastus Medialis

53. I Will end up with the sentence of the great
philosopher Socrates
“I know only one thing that I know
nothing”
THANK YOU!