Anatomy and physiology details about systems - skeletal system, muscular system its amazing facts, types of muscles, micro and macro structure, sliding filament theory of muscular contractions, types of muscles fibers, respiratory system, its functions, structure, mechanism of respiration details about amazing facts, tidal volume, vital capacity
Muscular system: amazing facts; functions of skeletal system; types of muscles; composition of muscles; structure of muscles; organization of muscle tissue; muscle cell; muscle; tissue; microscopic structure; sliding filament theory
The document discusses the musculo-skeletal system. It describes how muscles work with bones to enable locomotion through contraction of muscle fibers attached to the skeletal system. The three main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - are involuntary with distinct locations in the body. Locomotion results from muscle pulling on bones at joints, with ligaments connecting bones.
The document provides an introduction to biomechanics and the musculo-skeletal system. It discusses the muscular and skeletal systems, including that muscles can shorten and pull but not push, and bones provide body shape and allow movement. Biomechanics is defined as the study of mechanics in the human body, divided into kinetics and kinematics. Examples of forces in the body are also provided, such as there being 2-3 times body weight through each foot when walking.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and form blood cells. There are two types of bone tissue - compact and spongy bone. Bones grow through two types of ossification and can be classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments. Joints can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable like ball-and-socket joints, hinge joints, and gliding joints.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and tendons that support, protect, and allow movement of the body. It also notes there are over 200 bones in the adult body. The document also outlines the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their different functions. In summary, the document provides a high-level introduction to the key components and functions of the skeletal and muscular systems.
This document provides an overview of the muscular system. It discusses the three types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and striated, found attached to bones, and enable movement. Cardiac muscle is exclusively found in the heart and contracts involuntarily. Smooth muscles are not striated, act involuntarily, and are located in organs like the intestines. The document also examines muscle structure, types of contractions, energy sources, exercise effects, and attachments. Examples of major skeletal muscles and their functions are outlined.
The document provides information on human anatomy and physiology as it relates to running fitness and coaching. It covers the basic building blocks of life (cells), the skeletal system, muscles and muscle fiber types, muscle contractions, the nervous system, energy systems, the cardiovascular system, blood vessels and blood, and body composition. The summary focuses on how these body systems work together to allow human movement.
Muscular system: amazing facts; functions of skeletal system; types of muscles; composition of muscles; structure of muscles; organization of muscle tissue; muscle cell; muscle; tissue; microscopic structure; sliding filament theory
The document discusses the musculo-skeletal system. It describes how muscles work with bones to enable locomotion through contraction of muscle fibers attached to the skeletal system. The three main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - are involuntary with distinct locations in the body. Locomotion results from muscle pulling on bones at joints, with ligaments connecting bones.
The document provides an introduction to biomechanics and the musculo-skeletal system. It discusses the muscular and skeletal systems, including that muscles can shorten and pull but not push, and bones provide body shape and allow movement. Biomechanics is defined as the study of mechanics in the human body, divided into kinetics and kinematics. Examples of forces in the body are also provided, such as there being 2-3 times body weight through each foot when walking.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and form blood cells. There are two types of bone tissue - compact and spongy bone. Bones grow through two types of ossification and can be classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments. Joints can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable like ball-and-socket joints, hinge joints, and gliding joints.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and tendons that support, protect, and allow movement of the body. It also notes there are over 200 bones in the adult body. The document also outlines the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their different functions. In summary, the document provides a high-level introduction to the key components and functions of the skeletal and muscular systems.
This document provides an overview of the muscular system. It discusses the three types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and striated, found attached to bones, and enable movement. Cardiac muscle is exclusively found in the heart and contracts involuntarily. Smooth muscles are not striated, act involuntarily, and are located in organs like the intestines. The document also examines muscle structure, types of contractions, energy sources, exercise effects, and attachments. Examples of major skeletal muscles and their functions are outlined.
The document provides information on human anatomy and physiology as it relates to running fitness and coaching. It covers the basic building blocks of life (cells), the skeletal system, muscles and muscle fiber types, muscle contractions, the nervous system, energy systems, the cardiovascular system, blood vessels and blood, and body composition. The summary focuses on how these body systems work together to allow human movement.
The document summarizes key information about the human skeleton. It identifies 206 bones that make up the skeletal system and describes their basic functions of muscle attachment, movement, mineral storage, organ protection and shape. It distinguishes between the axial skeleton including the skull, spine and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton of the arms, legs and their attachments. Specific bones like the vertebrae and structure of long bones are examined. Factors like exercise, age and hormones that affect bone growth and risk of osteoporosis are also covered.
The document provides information about a Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise course through YMCA Awards, including unit aims covering basic anatomy and physiology relating to exercise programming for healthy adults. The skeleton unit covers identifying major bones, the structure and functions of the skeleton, and types of joints. Special populations like young people, pregnant women, older adults and those with disabilities may require modified exercise approaches due to anatomical and physiological changes.
The muscular system consists of over 600 muscles that make up around 40% of body mass. There are three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones, enabling movement. It has striations and contains fascicles and fibers. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in organs, while cardiac muscle is only in the heart and pumps blood. Muscles contract through motor neurons stimulating the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Contraction enables functions like movement, posture, and heat production.
The document discusses the skeletal system, including its five main functions: support, protection, movement, storage, and hematopoiesis. It notes there are typically 206 bones in the human body, made of tissues that are both rigid and flexible. The four main types of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular bones.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments and tendons. It notes there are 206 bones in the adult human body and more in infants. The document outlines the two parts of the skeletal system, named the axial and appendicular skeletons, and describes the three types of joints. It also summarizes the components and functions of the muscular system, including the three types of muscle tissue.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system including:
- The functions of the skeletal system which are support, protection, movement, production of blood cells, and storage of minerals.
- The parts of the skeletal system including bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments.
- Details on the structure of bones and classification of bones based on shape.
- How bones are connected through ligaments and various types of joints like hinge, ball-and-socket, and gliding joints.
It's fun to learn MUSCULAR SYSTEM...
This is primarily a synthesis of the topic including the different types of Muscular System, their movement, functions, sample practical exercises, categories on how muscles got its names, examples of diseases and its causes and effects, and a fun trivia to motivate the class...
Enjoy! God bless you all :)
The document discusses the skeletal system, including bones, joints, and cartilage. It covers the structure and function of bones, classification of bones based on shape, and common bone diseases. The skeletal system has 206 bones and is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles). Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. There are four types of bones based on shape - long, short, flat, and irregular. Joints allow movement and come in three types - fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. Common bone diseases include arthritis.
The Skeletal System Education Presentation in Green Yellow Simple Outlined St...KimberlyDetorres
The document provides information about skeletal muscles:
1) Skeletal muscles make up 40-50% of the human body weight. They are attached to bones via tendons and are found throughout the body.
2) Skeletal muscles are striated and multinucleated cells that are bundled by connective tissues. They produce movement, sustain posture, maintain temperature, and stabilize joints.
3) The structure of skeletal muscle includes long muscle fibers formed by cell fusion, surrounding connective tissue layers like the epimysium and perimysium, and tendons that attach muscles to bones.
The document provides information about the three main types of muscle in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. It summarizes their key characteristics:
- Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary, multi-nucleated and found in the limbs.
- Smooth muscle is not striated, involuntary, spindle-shaped with one nucleus, and found in internal organs.
- Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary, usually branched with one nucleus, and only found in the heart.
The document provides information about the three main types of muscle in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. It summarizes their key characteristics:
- Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary, and found in the limbs.
- Smooth muscle is not striated, involuntary, and found in internal organs.
- Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary, and only located in the heart.
The document also outlines the structure, function and locations of various muscles throughout the body like the biceps, triceps, abdominal muscles and muscles that control breathing.
The document discusses the human skeletal system and provides information about the axial and appendicular skeleton. It notes that the skeletal system includes all bones, cartilages, and ligaments that support the body. The axial skeleton forms the central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs that attach each limb to the axial skeleton.
The document discusses the skeletal system and different types of bones in the human body. It begins by introducing learning goals about the skeletal system, x-ray machines, and specific bones. It then provides details about the skeletal system, how it is made up of bones and cartilages, and its main functions of body support, organ protection, and shape determination. It also mentions that x-ray machines can take photographs of bones. Finally, it lists and describes different types of bones in the body including the skull, backbone, rib cage, shoulder bones, and pelvic bones.
anatomy and physiology.pptx for nurses to learnpoornima884404
The human body consists of a head, neck, trunk, arms and legs. The skeleton provides structure and protects vital organs. It is made up of 206 bones, including 80 that make up the axial skeleton which surrounds the brain, lungs, heart, and other organs. Bones are connected by ligaments and tendons. The body is also made up of cells, tissues, organs and systems that work together to carry out life processes like organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement and reproduction in order to maintain homeostasis. Key systems include the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
The muscular system consists of three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones, controlling movement. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found within organs, controlling functions like digestion. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and only located in the heart, controlling pumping. Muscles contract through interactions between the proteins actin and myosin, powered by ATP from cellular respiration. They enable functions like movement, posture, and heat generation. The major skeletal muscles include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, and gluteus maximus.
The document discusses the human skeleton. It begins by stating that the skeleton is composed of around 300 bones at birth, decreasing to 206 bones in adulthood. It then discusses the main types of bones and how they are divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The functions of the skeleton are also summarized, including providing structure, supporting muscles and flesh, and enabling movement. The relationship between bones and muscles is described, noting how muscles help bones move and function. Finally, the document discusses bone movement through joints and different types of muscles like tendons and ligaments.
The musculoskeletal system comprises the bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons and ligaments in the body. It provides form, support and movement. The muscular system includes voluntary and involuntary muscles that enable movement and maintain posture. The skeletal system comprises bones and joints, including 206 bones that make up the framework of the body. Bones are classified as flat, irregular, long or short. Joints include fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints like the ball and socket hip joint that allow movement. Together the musculoskeletal system provides structure, movement and protection to the body.
This document summarizes key information about the skeletal and muscular systems of the human body. It discusses the three types of muscles - cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles. It provides details on muscle structure and the approximate number of muscles in the human body. The document also summarizes bone structure, the total number of bones, how bones are connected, and the main functions of the skeletal system.
Stastistics in Physical Education - SMK.pptxshatrunjaykote
• It is a specific branch of mathematics that deals with analysis of data collected on various population groups
• Statistics involves mathematical abilities more than addition, subtraction, division and multiplication which are repeated many times in a logical fashion.
• for fuller details of statistical tests may refer to Chandha (1992); Vincent (1995); Hopkin et al. (1996); Sincrich et al. (2002); Triola (2002)
• Understanding of basic statistics is indispensable for dealing with the process of evaluation of test and measurement.
• The statistical concepts facilities proper and effective interpretation of test scores or measurements taken by the coach or a physical educator
• While a computer assists the teacher or the coach in saving the huge time needed for enormous calculations, but the meaning of results is made clear only through the understanding of relevant statistical test concepts.
• Tests act as seed to measurements, the statistical tests act as seed to the construction of all other types of tests and are also essential for the testing of validity, reliability and objectivity of all tests.
The information which we can deduce from test and measurement is based on our statistical ability. It is the statistical tools which enable us to do the following important functions:
1. Organize and tabulate date (presentation of facts in a definite form)
2. Analysis data
3. Synthesize data (classification / combination of facts)
4. Compare groups of data
5. Simplification of unwieldy and complex data
6. Proper interpretation of a data
7. testing of hypotheses
8. understand the relationship and association between different parameters, make predications and take decisions.
9. Construction of physical, psychomotor and written tests
10. Evaluation of individual measurements
11. selection of sportsperson
12. Monitoring of training and teaching effects and testing the need for individualization of training and teaching.
13. Meaning: The word “statistics” is a plural form of ‘statistic’. The term statistic is uncommon to that an extent that many of the students of statistics may be unaware of its singular form. The word statistics has been taken from German word ‘statistik’ meaning a political state. Since, facts and figures were required in olden days mainly by kings for their administration. Therefore, in the beginning. It was also known as the ‘Science of Kings’ (Chadha, 1992). Subsequently, its scope has greatly widened and statistics now refers to a huge body of methods, symbols and formulae dealing with phenomena that can be described numerically providing quantitative arrays of information
14. Statistic is numerical value which characterizes a group of scores. For example the average height characterizes the entire sample whose all subjects’ heights have been measured to calculate the average height. A number of such characterizing values refer to the plural form of above mentioned statistic and thus, give rise to the more commonly used
Sports Sublimation to Instincts - SMK.pptxshatrunjaykote
1) The document discusses various aspects of sports including the aims of sports like projecting distance and accuracy, types of movements, and sports as a means of catharsis.
2) It also covers different motor abilities developed through sports like strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, and various coordinative abilities.
3) Methods to improve quality in sports performance are suggested including varying movements, external conditions, combining movements, and practicing under different information uptake, time constraints, and levels of fatigue.
The document summarizes key information about the human skeleton. It identifies 206 bones that make up the skeletal system and describes their basic functions of muscle attachment, movement, mineral storage, organ protection and shape. It distinguishes between the axial skeleton including the skull, spine and ribs, and the appendicular skeleton of the arms, legs and their attachments. Specific bones like the vertebrae and structure of long bones are examined. Factors like exercise, age and hormones that affect bone growth and risk of osteoporosis are also covered.
The document provides information about a Level 2 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise course through YMCA Awards, including unit aims covering basic anatomy and physiology relating to exercise programming for healthy adults. The skeleton unit covers identifying major bones, the structure and functions of the skeleton, and types of joints. Special populations like young people, pregnant women, older adults and those with disabilities may require modified exercise approaches due to anatomical and physiological changes.
The muscular system consists of over 600 muscles that make up around 40% of body mass. There are three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones, enabling movement. It has striations and contains fascicles and fibers. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in organs, while cardiac muscle is only in the heart and pumps blood. Muscles contract through motor neurons stimulating the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Contraction enables functions like movement, posture, and heat production.
The document discusses the skeletal system, including its five main functions: support, protection, movement, storage, and hematopoiesis. It notes there are typically 206 bones in the human body, made of tissues that are both rigid and flexible. The four main types of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular bones.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments and tendons. It notes there are 206 bones in the adult human body and more in infants. The document outlines the two parts of the skeletal system, named the axial and appendicular skeletons, and describes the three types of joints. It also summarizes the components and functions of the muscular system, including the three types of muscle tissue.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system including:
- The functions of the skeletal system which are support, protection, movement, production of blood cells, and storage of minerals.
- The parts of the skeletal system including bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments.
- Details on the structure of bones and classification of bones based on shape.
- How bones are connected through ligaments and various types of joints like hinge, ball-and-socket, and gliding joints.
It's fun to learn MUSCULAR SYSTEM...
This is primarily a synthesis of the topic including the different types of Muscular System, their movement, functions, sample practical exercises, categories on how muscles got its names, examples of diseases and its causes and effects, and a fun trivia to motivate the class...
Enjoy! God bless you all :)
The document discusses the skeletal system, including bones, joints, and cartilage. It covers the structure and function of bones, classification of bones based on shape, and common bone diseases. The skeletal system has 206 bones and is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles). Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. There are four types of bones based on shape - long, short, flat, and irregular. Joints allow movement and come in three types - fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. Common bone diseases include arthritis.
The Skeletal System Education Presentation in Green Yellow Simple Outlined St...KimberlyDetorres
The document provides information about skeletal muscles:
1) Skeletal muscles make up 40-50% of the human body weight. They are attached to bones via tendons and are found throughout the body.
2) Skeletal muscles are striated and multinucleated cells that are bundled by connective tissues. They produce movement, sustain posture, maintain temperature, and stabilize joints.
3) The structure of skeletal muscle includes long muscle fibers formed by cell fusion, surrounding connective tissue layers like the epimysium and perimysium, and tendons that attach muscles to bones.
The document provides information about the three main types of muscle in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. It summarizes their key characteristics:
- Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary, multi-nucleated and found in the limbs.
- Smooth muscle is not striated, involuntary, spindle-shaped with one nucleus, and found in internal organs.
- Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary, usually branched with one nucleus, and only found in the heart.
The document provides information about the three main types of muscle in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. It summarizes their key characteristics:
- Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary, and found in the limbs.
- Smooth muscle is not striated, involuntary, and found in internal organs.
- Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary, and only located in the heart.
The document also outlines the structure, function and locations of various muscles throughout the body like the biceps, triceps, abdominal muscles and muscles that control breathing.
The document discusses the human skeletal system and provides information about the axial and appendicular skeleton. It notes that the skeletal system includes all bones, cartilages, and ligaments that support the body. The axial skeleton forms the central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs that attach each limb to the axial skeleton.
The document discusses the skeletal system and different types of bones in the human body. It begins by introducing learning goals about the skeletal system, x-ray machines, and specific bones. It then provides details about the skeletal system, how it is made up of bones and cartilages, and its main functions of body support, organ protection, and shape determination. It also mentions that x-ray machines can take photographs of bones. Finally, it lists and describes different types of bones in the body including the skull, backbone, rib cage, shoulder bones, and pelvic bones.
anatomy and physiology.pptx for nurses to learnpoornima884404
The human body consists of a head, neck, trunk, arms and legs. The skeleton provides structure and protects vital organs. It is made up of 206 bones, including 80 that make up the axial skeleton which surrounds the brain, lungs, heart, and other organs. Bones are connected by ligaments and tendons. The body is also made up of cells, tissues, organs and systems that work together to carry out life processes like organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement and reproduction in order to maintain homeostasis. Key systems include the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
The muscular system consists of three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones, controlling movement. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found within organs, controlling functions like digestion. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and only located in the heart, controlling pumping. Muscles contract through interactions between the proteins actin and myosin, powered by ATP from cellular respiration. They enable functions like movement, posture, and heat generation. The major skeletal muscles include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, and gluteus maximus.
The document discusses the human skeleton. It begins by stating that the skeleton is composed of around 300 bones at birth, decreasing to 206 bones in adulthood. It then discusses the main types of bones and how they are divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The functions of the skeleton are also summarized, including providing structure, supporting muscles and flesh, and enabling movement. The relationship between bones and muscles is described, noting how muscles help bones move and function. Finally, the document discusses bone movement through joints and different types of muscles like tendons and ligaments.
The musculoskeletal system comprises the bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons and ligaments in the body. It provides form, support and movement. The muscular system includes voluntary and involuntary muscles that enable movement and maintain posture. The skeletal system comprises bones and joints, including 206 bones that make up the framework of the body. Bones are classified as flat, irregular, long or short. Joints include fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints like the ball and socket hip joint that allow movement. Together the musculoskeletal system provides structure, movement and protection to the body.
This document summarizes key information about the skeletal and muscular systems of the human body. It discusses the three types of muscles - cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles. It provides details on muscle structure and the approximate number of muscles in the human body. The document also summarizes bone structure, the total number of bones, how bones are connected, and the main functions of the skeletal system.
Stastistics in Physical Education - SMK.pptxshatrunjaykote
• It is a specific branch of mathematics that deals with analysis of data collected on various population groups
• Statistics involves mathematical abilities more than addition, subtraction, division and multiplication which are repeated many times in a logical fashion.
• for fuller details of statistical tests may refer to Chandha (1992); Vincent (1995); Hopkin et al. (1996); Sincrich et al. (2002); Triola (2002)
• Understanding of basic statistics is indispensable for dealing with the process of evaluation of test and measurement.
• The statistical concepts facilities proper and effective interpretation of test scores or measurements taken by the coach or a physical educator
• While a computer assists the teacher or the coach in saving the huge time needed for enormous calculations, but the meaning of results is made clear only through the understanding of relevant statistical test concepts.
• Tests act as seed to measurements, the statistical tests act as seed to the construction of all other types of tests and are also essential for the testing of validity, reliability and objectivity of all tests.
The information which we can deduce from test and measurement is based on our statistical ability. It is the statistical tools which enable us to do the following important functions:
1. Organize and tabulate date (presentation of facts in a definite form)
2. Analysis data
3. Synthesize data (classification / combination of facts)
4. Compare groups of data
5. Simplification of unwieldy and complex data
6. Proper interpretation of a data
7. testing of hypotheses
8. understand the relationship and association between different parameters, make predications and take decisions.
9. Construction of physical, psychomotor and written tests
10. Evaluation of individual measurements
11. selection of sportsperson
12. Monitoring of training and teaching effects and testing the need for individualization of training and teaching.
13. Meaning: The word “statistics” is a plural form of ‘statistic’. The term statistic is uncommon to that an extent that many of the students of statistics may be unaware of its singular form. The word statistics has been taken from German word ‘statistik’ meaning a political state. Since, facts and figures were required in olden days mainly by kings for their administration. Therefore, in the beginning. It was also known as the ‘Science of Kings’ (Chadha, 1992). Subsequently, its scope has greatly widened and statistics now refers to a huge body of methods, symbols and formulae dealing with phenomena that can be described numerically providing quantitative arrays of information
14. Statistic is numerical value which characterizes a group of scores. For example the average height characterizes the entire sample whose all subjects’ heights have been measured to calculate the average height. A number of such characterizing values refer to the plural form of above mentioned statistic and thus, give rise to the more commonly used
Sports Sublimation to Instincts - SMK.pptxshatrunjaykote
1) The document discusses various aspects of sports including the aims of sports like projecting distance and accuracy, types of movements, and sports as a means of catharsis.
2) It also covers different motor abilities developed through sports like strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, and various coordinative abilities.
3) Methods to improve quality in sports performance are suggested including varying movements, external conditions, combining movements, and practicing under different information uptake, time constraints, and levels of fatigue.
Science of Training (Anatomy and Physiology) - SMK.pptxshatrunjaykote
Science of Training (Anatomy and Physiology)
STRENGTH
1. Maximum Strength
2. Explosive Strength
3. Strength Endurance
Few terms related to strength
i. Static Strength
ii. Dynamic Strength
iii. Relative Strength
iv. General Strength
v. Special Strength
SPEED
1. Reaction Ability: (a)Simple Reaction Ability (b)Complex Reaction Ability
2. Movement Speed
3. Acceleration Ability
4. Locomotion Ability
5. Speed Endurance
ENDURANCE
1. Basic Endurance
2. General Endurance
3. Specific Endurance
Classification according to duration of activity
i. Speed Endurance
ii. Short Time Endurance
iii. Medium Time Endurance
iv. Long Time Endurance
FLEXIBILITY
1. Passive Flexibility
2. Active Flexibility
COORDINATIVE ABILITIES
1. Adaptation Ability
2. Balance Ability
3. Coupling Ability
4. Differentiation Ability
5. Orientation Ability
6. Reaction Ability
7. Rhythm Ability
TECHNIQUE
SKILL
STYLE
1. Phase - I
2. Phase – II
3. Phase - III
TACTICS
1. Phase I
2. Phase II
3. Phase III
• Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume X Heart Beat
• Stroke Volume
• Check pulse before activity, during activity and after activity
• Heart Beat: Radial Artery / Carotid Artery
• Pulse rate is the only measureable criterion on ground for determination of training load
• Safest Heart Rate = 220 – Age
• Target Heart Rate = Safe Heart rate X % Defined
100
• Pinch yourself at the waist and on the upper arm, grasping as much flesh as possible between your forefingers and thumb.
• If you can pinch more than 1 inch of spare flesh, you probably need to shed some fat. To do so, you may need only to tone up- replace fat with muscle- or to lose weight. Every ¼ inch of fat beyond the 1 inch maximum represents about 10 pounds of fat.
Accurate measurement of lung efficiency requires a laboratory test, but the following simple checks will prove a rough guide.
1. Take a deep breath and time how long you can hold your breath.
2. Breath in and out as deeply as you can; measure your chest in each position.
Your lungs are probably working with adequate efficiency if you can hold your breath for 45 seconds or more and if the difference between the two chest measurements is 2 to 3 inches or more.
Physiology of Exercise
Cardiovascular system deals with heart and blood vessels
Blood vessels are divided into three branches – Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
Systole: Contraction of the heart – Arterial systole takes – 0.1 seconds and Ventricular systole takes – 0.5 seconds
Diastole: Relaxation of the heart – Arterial diastole takes – 0.7 seconds and Ventricular diastole takes – 0.3 seconds
Heart beat: One contraction and relaxation of ventricle– Approximately 0.8 seconds
Pulse: is the expansion and elongation of the arterials walls passively produced by the contraction and relaxation of the heart.
Cardiac Cycle: The sequential change of events that occur in the heart during one beat is repeated in successive beats (Average time of cardiac cycle is 0.8 seconds)
Heart rate: Number of systoles and diastoles per minute is approximately 72 beats per minute (Range 70 to 80 beats per minute)
Stroke volume: Amount of blood pumped out of left ventricle in one heart beat or stroke is approximately 70 milliliters
Volume: amount of blood passed out through ventricle in one minute is usually 5 liters in a minute
Minute volume = Stroke Volume X Heart rate
Cardiac output: Amount of blood passed out from left ventricle in one minute is usually 5 liters in a minute
Cardiac Output = Heart rate X Stroke Volume
Cardiac Index: cardiac output per square meter of the body surface per minute
Cardiac Index = 5 liters/ 1.7 square meters / minute
Cardiac Index = 2.9 liters/ square meters/ minute
5 liters of blood can carry 1200 milliliters of air and 250 to 300 milliliters of Oxygen per minute
Blood Pressure: It is the lateral pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries and is normally systolic pressure is 120 mm to 140 mm Hg. and diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg.
(Normally blood pressure = 120/80 mm Hg.)
Formula for systolic pressure = 90 + Age
Arteries pressure = 120 mm Hg.;
Arterioles = 40 to 60 mm Hg.;
Capillaries = 15 to 20 mm Hg.;
Veins = 0 to 10 mm Hg.
Factors that maintain circulation:
1. Force of contraction of the heart
2. Respiration also helps; when we inhale, intra-thoracic pressure decreases in the chest cavity and the pressure in abdomen increases
3. Elastic Recoil of the arteries: the arteries push the blood to all parts of the body and helps in blood circulation.
4. Gravity: The parts located above the heart and the blood in them is pulled towards the heart through the help of gravity
5. Difference in pressure between the arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins ensure a pressure gradient which helps in the flow of the blood.
Factors Maintaining Cardiac Output:
1. Venous return means is that amount of blood which is coming back to right atrium form the body.
2. Force of contraction of heart
Sterlings Law: The greater the initial length of the muscle the more is the force of contraction Factors Affecting Cardiac Output:
1. Force of contraction of the heart depends on – respiration, gravity, pressure gradient, elastic recoil
Physical Education in Post COVID - 19 - SMK.pptxshatrunjaykote
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN POST COVID-19
The pandemic of COVID-19 can be said to be nature's biological war against mankind. During this period the life has stopped still with no movement among the fellow beings, no meetings, no gossips, no temples, mosques, churches, synagogues, no hotels, no pictures, no vehicles, no business, no jobs, non-availability of groceries and daily needs with ease, no sports, no politics and because of this the overall system and many private and public sectors viz., monitory, medical, banking, business, industries, employment, tourism etc., has collapsed to much of an extent, physical education and sports being no exception to it. In this context there is much of the possibility that the following changes in the perspective and dimensions may be observed in the field of physical education and sports:
1. The concept of fitness may change its perspective and it will more to be stressed on the immune system of the individual than the muscular form, toning of muscles, cardio-respiratory efficiency, etc.,
2. The concept of longevity may take the ‘U’ turn and will land on the vastness and fulfillment of life.
3. The days may not be counted, but the day may be lived to its fullest, due to firmness of belief on uncertainty of life.
4. The training schedule may be programmed to the present day instead of yearly, monthly or weekly, but will have the base of long term plans.
5. The weightage of the nutritional plans may be more than the physical training plans.
6. The importance of dietitian may definitely be highlighted.
7. The Indian culture of exercises may get a boost as it supports all lifestyles and processes.
8. The foods chosen may be more from vegetarian than animal products and foods.
9. The burden may be laid on the seasonal vegetables and fruits in regular diet.
10. Awareness on the cleaning and hygiene of self and surroundings may be observed strictly.
11. More often collective recreational activities may be highlighted.
12. Many may allot time for family gatherings, hiking, trekking, cycling, swimming, tours, recreational games, etc.
13. Much of the stress may be laid on indoor activities with friends and families.
14. Adultery in sports Competition may be observed rarely or may be vanished for all.
15. Much of the sports complexes, walking and jogging tracks, swimming pools and other sports infrastructure may be overpopulated.
16. The importance of physical education lectures and practicals may be seen in schooling curriculum.
17. Curriculum of physical education may be revised under the purview of pandemic and forthcoming biological hazards.
18. The weightage on the scoring marks in physical education subject may be stressed instead on mathematics, physics, chemistry or biology.
19. Every individual at school and college may be entrusted to take part in sports and physical education activities.
Balanced diet =
Carbohydrate + Fats + Proteins (Body building substances)
+
Vitamins + Minerals + Water (Life saving substances)
Supplement diet able to improve sporting performance.
High energy expenditure = High energy diet requirement
• Regularity in life and sports performance hamper due to more fat or lack of muscle mass and is cause of overweight or underweight
• Work on energy cost
• To shed weight = Intakes less + Out put More (through exercise)
• 1 hour of brisk walking (6 Kmph) approximately consumes 300 Kcal of energy per hour, which is equal to loss of approximately 30 grams of fat per day, which means you need to walk for 30 days covering at least 180 Km to shed 1 kg of fat
• Let us consider that your height in 170 centimeters and after 25 years of age a simple calculation for ideal weight for your height is
• Height in centimeters – 100 = Ideal weight after 25 years of age
• An average adult man consumes 2200 to 2400 kcal of energy everyday
• Let us consider 2300 kcal on average per day requirement of energy
• If the man reduces his intake by 800 kcal every day
The chances of reducing his fat weight is approximately 80 grams per day taking twelve and half days to reduce one kilogram of fat from his body
• Body fat and glycogen (carbohydrate stored in muscle and liver)
• Glycogen supports short duration activities and if activity prolongs the depletion of glycogen will lead to fat combustion for energy supplementation.
• •Roti, rice, bread, potatoes, other starchy foods.
• • Foods containing sugars such as fruit, jams, table sugar, and confectionary are high in sugar (carbohydrate) and can be useful before an event.
• • Drinks such as fruit juice, squash and some sports drinks.
• High carbohydrate diet ensure maintenance of stored glycogen of muscle and liver, Replenish carbohydrate stores after exercises.
• Carbohydrate intake may be bulky so divide food intake
• Athletes need slightly more protein in their diets than the rest of the population in order to repair and build muscle, but that is met with choosing balanced diet. Excess intake of protein than body requirement is of no use.
Up to two litres of water an hour can be lost from the body during some sports, especially in hot, humid conditions, dehydration can be life threatening if left untreated
• Hypotonic sports drinks contain small amounts of carbohydrate and minerals and are less concentrated than body fluids, useful for easy absorption and maintaining blood glucose level in blood.
• Hypertonic sports drinks contain greater amounts of carbohydrate than hypotonic drinks – they are more concentrated than body fluids, main purpose is to provide carbohydrate to help re-fill muscles with glycogen after exercise.
• Isotonic drinks are the same concentration as body fluids. These are absorbed as quickly as water is, ‘Sports drinks’
• Sit in vajrasana after the meal for at least 10 minutes
• Try to have Lukewarm water, whenever you feel thirsty.
Cells:
• The average developed adult is made up of 60 million million cells. (6000000000000000) 6 X 1015
• 300 million (3000000000) cells die in the body every minute, but the number of cells remains fairly constant throughout our life. Dead cells are replaced immediately.
Skin:
• An average adult’s skin weights about 9 pounds, three times as much as the brain, and covers an area more than 18 square feet.
• The skin cannot lie. Lie detectors, or polygraphs, work on the principle that under stress or threat the skin undergoes certain measurable changes caused by hormonal activity.
Hairs:
• An average human head is covered by about 100,000 strands of hair.
• Each ordinary hair has a life span of about three years, eyelashes live about 150 days.
Eyes:
• A blink occurs once every two to ten seconds, lasting 0.3 to 0.4 seconds. This accounts for about half an hour of our waking time. An infant does not blink at all in the first few months of life.
• The surface of the eye has considerable freedom of movement. The eyeball can tilt 35 degrees up, 50 degrees down, 45 degrees out and 50 degrees in towards the nose.
• Eye has the clarity of 576 megapixels resolution.
Smell:
• Body smell is as distinctive and individual as a fingerprint, and is unique to family group.
• We can distinguish around 50,000 different types of smell.
Taste:
An adult has an average of 9000 taste buds, but a baby has many more. Babies even have buds on the inside of their cheeks. Taste buds are lost as we get older, which in part explains a child’s vigorous reaction to strong tastes.
Respiration:
Approximately 500 cubic feet of air per day
surface area of lung - the size of the tennis court. (2,888 square feet)
speed of a sneeze -between 60 to 100 miles per hour (160 kilometers / hour).
Calculation of breaths counts Dog, Man and Tortoise
“The law of use and disuse” and even misuse”
Equal breath counts for everybody
• (Life span in years X Days X Hours X Minutes X Breath count per minute)
• Dog = (20 X 365 X 24 X 60 X 45) = 47,30,40,000
• Human = (60 X 365 X 24 X 60 X 15) = 47,30,40,000
• Tortoise = (150 X 365 X 24 X 60 X 6) = 47,30,40,000
• Everyday we breath around 3 Oxygen cylinders
• Each cylinder cost Rs. 700/- in most cheapest hospital
• Every day we breath of around Rs. 2100/-
• Every month we breath of around Rs. 63,000/-
• Every year we breath of around Rs. 7,56,000/-
• In lifetime with average span of 60 years we breath of around
Rs. 4,53,60,000/-
* Nature provides in abundance “RESPECT AND EXPRESS GRATITUDE”
Accurate measurement of lung efficiency requires a laboratory test, but the following simple checks will prove a rough guide.
1. Take a deep breath and time how long you can hold your breath.
2. Breath in and out as deeply as you can; measure your chest in each position.
Your lungs are probably
Emerging trends in It and e-learning in Academics - SMK.pptxshatrunjaykote
Emerging Trends in IT and E- learning in Academics
Information Technology (IT) is the application of computers to store, study, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or information, often in the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered a subset of information and communications technology (ICT)
- Law of use and disuse
- Self is lost, creativity is lost
- Feelings are debts
- Experience is zero
- The one who follows the crowd will usually get no further than the crowd. The one, who walks alone, is likely to find himself in places no one has ever been – Albert Einstein
- Defining Technology Trends. ... A look at five emerging technologies powering today's supply chains. Supply chains are morphing into global, complex, interdependent entities, forcing companies to extend planning beyond the four walls of the enterprise.
-Conventional & traditional beliefs!
- Trends are sheep behaviour!
- When I grow up I want to be me!
- Simplicity is peak of civilization – Mark Twain
Education technology is defined as the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources
• learning conducted via electronic media, typically on the Internet.
"successful e-learning depends on the self-motivation of individuals to study effectively"
• Use for study material
• Use for updating latest researches in the universe
• Use for understanding the concepts in different ways
• Use for knowing the schedules of academics, examinations, notices etc.
• Circulating the information at next moment
• Easy to have the information at your place with least investment
• Valuable time saving
• Human and material resources use limited
• The information is at hand
• Reliable more on machines than on mind
• Humanization is meager
• Walking on hunches
• Living needs company of human being not machines
• Busy with oneself
• Psychological Catharsis low Frustration level high
• Living in virtual reality than reality
• Plasticity in behaviour basic instinct of sheer happiness lost
• More communication less contacts
• More machines less humanity
• Understanding the distal and loosing the proximal
• Living for more self and less others
• Having high configuration of machines, but self substance lost
• Fast calculating machines, no numbers
• Valuable watches, but no time
• Luxury beds, but no sleep
• Good food, but no taste
CHANGING TRENDS IN SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION - SMK.pptshatrunjaykote
This document discusses changing trends in sports and physical education as well as career opportunities and areas of research. It notes that fitness industries, gadgets, adventure sports, and yoga are becoming more popular trends, while sedentary lifestyles are rising. There are many career paths in sports administration, coaching, officiating, journalism, education, and research. Research areas include sports training, biomechanics, psychology, nutrition, and more. The National Education Policy also emphasizes the importance of physical and mental health education.
YOGA: 1. Pranayama
2. Significance of
AIR - Oxygen and Fresh Air
WATER – Water
EARTH - Food, Rest and Sleep
FIRE - Solar Energy and Sunlight
ETHER - Sportsman Spirit and Exercise;
1. Yama
2. Niyama
3. Aasana
4. Pranayama
5. Pratyahar
6. Dhyana
7. Dharana
8. Samadhi
(I) Pran Aakarshana: Ratio
1:2
1. Nasika
2. Mukha
Bhastrika:
1. Forceful inhalation and forceful exhalation with supplementation of hands.
2. Followed by deep inhalation and exhalation in the ratio of 1:2
Kapalbhati:
1. Both Nostrils
2. Left Nostril
3. Right Nostril;
1. Agnisar
2. Bahaya Kumbhak
Anulom-Vilom
1. 1:1
2. 1:4:2:1
Ujjai:
1. Ujjai with Antar-Kumbhak
2. Ujjai- Hands on the lap
3. Ujjai- Hands at chest
4. Ujjai- Hands above head
1. Sheetali
2. Shitakari
3. Vayusha
1. Brahmari
2. Udgit:
“AUM”
IMPORTANCE OF YOGA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SIGNIFICANCE OF BASIC FIVE SYMBOLISED ELEMENTS (PANCHAMAHABHUTAS) IN RELATION TO HEALTH
Sports Medicine, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation: Infrared rays ; Ultraviolet rays; Short wave diathermy; Ultrasonic rays; Hydrotherapy: Introduction and demonstration of treatments of Cry therapy,
Thermo therapy,
Contrast Bath,
Whirlpool Bath,
Steam Bath,
Sauna Bath,
Hot Water Fomentation,
Massage: History of Massage,
Classification of Manipulation (Swedish System)
Physiological Effect of Massage;
Sports Medicine: Meaning, Definition, Aims, Objectives, Modern Concepts and Importance; Athletes Care and Rehabilitation: Contribution of Physical Education Teachers and Coaches; Need and Importance of the study of sports injuries in the field of physical education; Prevention of Sports Injuries; Common sports injuries – Diagnosis – First Aid - Treatment - Laceration – Blisters – Contusion - Strain – Sprain – Fracture – Dislocation and Cramps – Bandages – Types of Bandages – trapping and supports; Common sports injuries – Bone Injuries – Simple and Compound Fracture ; Common sports injuries – Bone Injuries – Complicated and Green Stick fracture; Common sports injuries – Bone Injuries – Comminuted, Impacted and Depressed Fractures; Common sports injuries – Joint Injuries; Common sports injuries – Joint Injuries – Dislocation of lower jaw, Dislocation of Shoulder joint and dislocation of Hip joint; Physiotherapy; Importance of physiotherapy; Electrotherapy – infrared rays – Ultraviolet rays –Short wave diathermy – Ultrasonic rays –
Electrotherapy – infrared rays – Ultraviolet rays –Short wave diathermy – Ultrasonic rays –
Physiology of Exercise for course work Dr. BAMU.pptxshatrunjaykote
Physiology of exercise: Cardiovascular System; Heart; Heart Conduction System; Miracles of Heart; Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular System; CALCULATIONS OF CARDIAC SYSTEM; HOW FIT ARE YOU REALLY?What is your resting Heart Rate?; Respiratory System; Mechanism of Respiration - Inhalation and exhalation; Exchange of Gases in Alveoli; Terminology Related to Respiratory System; Functions of Respiratory System; Miracles of Respiratory System; MONITORY CALCULATIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; HOW FIT ARE YOU REALLY?How efficient are your lungs?; TEST YOUR FITNESSCheck your respiratory system; Climatic Conditions and Sports Performance; Altitude Training;
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT by Dr. Shatrunjay Kote.pptshatrunjaykote
Psychology - personality development: what is life; human being - body, mind and spirit; heredity and environment, imponderable quest; growth and development; stages of development; principles of development; types of development; physical and motor development; emotional development; social development; moral; character; individual differences; personality traits; sociability; dominance; extroversion; self confidence; mental toughness; conventionality; emotional stability; goal setting; swot analysis; transactional analysis
Emerging trends in It and e-learning in Academics.pptxshatrunjaykote
Emerging trends in IT and E-learning in academics: different types of brains; necessity of IT - for and against, trends - for and against, human being mind and body
The eagle must undergo a difficult process of change as it ages in order to survive. It knocks its beak and talons against rocks to remove them as new ones grow in, and plucks its old feathers so that new feathers can come in, allowing it to fly again after 5 months. Similarly, humans sometimes need to change old habits and shed past burdens in order to take advantage of present opportunities and ensure survival.
Sports Kinesiology and bio-mechanics: Basic concepts - related to static and dynamics; linear and angular motion - kinematics and kinetics, levers, laws of motion, momentum, couple, torque, moment of inertia, different types of forces, planes and axis, projectiles etc
This document discusses ways to avoid biological hazards through consuming simple Indian foods. It provides a broad classification of foods into five groups and recommends 27 specific foods to boost immunity and protect health, including citrus fruits, red bell peppers, broccoli, garlic, ginger, spinach, yogurt, almonds, sunflower seeds, turmeric, green tea, papaya, kiwi, poultry, shellfish, pomegranate, and sweet potato. It also provides general dietary and lifestyle recommendations like staying hydrated, eating a variety of whole foods, and avoiding excess salt, sugar, and oil.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
1. Anatomy and
Exercise Physiology
“Every Moment is a Golden One for him who has the Vision to
Recognize it as such!”
Shatrunjay Mrityunjay Kote, Ph. D.
Assistant Professor,
M. S. M’s. College of Physical Education,
Khadkeshwar, Aurangabad
shatru29570@gmail.com
2. Japanese time concept
“The pathetic died yesterday, wanted to live for
another day!
You fortunate lived the day; think what you have done
yesterday?”
3. BASIC “?”
What Is Life?
Some Body Said That
“It’s A Game Of Chance And Choice”
Chance – You Don’t Have Option
Choice – Think, What You Have Opted
5. Cells
Amazing facts
• The average developed adult is made up of 60 million million cells.
• 300 million cells die in the body every minute, but the number of cells
remains fairly constant throughout our life. Dead cells are replaced
immediately.
• Every cell in the body contains 46 chromosomes, with the exception
of the sperm and the ova. These cells contain only 23. At the moment
of fertilization, 23 become 46 – the blueprint of a new life.
• All cells are constantly moving, pulsating and dividing.
• Every cell in the body contains enough information to reproduce any
other cell in the body whatever its specialized function may be but
they don’t – heart cells only reproduce heart cells, liver cells only liver
cells etc. Cells simply fail to recognize any set of instructions other
than the ones necessary to reproduce themselves.
6.
7. 7-7
Skeletal System
– The axial skeleton is composed of the bones along the
central axis of the body,
• the skull
• the vertebral column
• the thoracic cage
– The Appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the
appendages
• upper and lower limbs
• the bones that hold the limbs to the trunk of the body.
12. 7-12
The Vertebral Column
• Composed of 26 bones, including
– 24 individual vertebrae and the
– fused vertebrae that form both the sacrum and the coccyx
• The vertebral column has several functions:
– providing vertical support for the body
– supporting the weight of the head
– helping to maintain upright body position
– helping to transfer axial skeletal weight to the appendicular skeleton
of the lower limbs
– housing and protecting the delicate spinal cord and providing a
passageway for spinal nerves connecting to the spinal cord
15. 7-15
Thoracic Cage
• Consists of the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, the
ribs laterally, and the sternum anteriorly.
• Acts as a protective cage around vital organs, such as
the heart, lungs, trachea, and esophagus.
• Provides attachment points for many muscles
supporting the pectoral girdles, the chest, the neck,
the shoulders, the back, and the muscles involved in
respiration.
17. 7-17
Ribs
• Both males and females 12 pairs
– Ribs 1–7 are called true ribs. At the anterior body wall, the true ribs
connect individually to the sternum by separate cartilaginous
extensions called costal cartilages.
– Ribs 8–12 are called false ribs because their costal cartilages do not
attach directly to the sternum. The costal cartilages of ribs 8–10 fuse
to the costal cartilage of rib 7 and thus indirectly articulate with the
sternum.
– The last two pairs of false ribs (ribs 11 and 12) are called floating ribs
because they have no connection with the sternum.
18. 8-18
Appendicular Skeleton
• Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
• The girdles of bones that attach the upper and lower limbs to
the axial skeleton.
– pectoral girdle consists of bones that hold the upper limbs in place
– pelvic girdle consists of bones that hold the lower limbs in place
21. 8-21
Pelvis
• The adult pelvis is composed of four bones:
– the sacrum, the coccyx, and the right and left ossa coxae.
• Protects and supports the viscera in the inferior part of the
ventral body cavity.
• Pelvic girdle refers to the left and right ossa coxae only.
23. Bones
Amazing facts
• Space travel has revealed the astonishing sensitivity of bone to changes in our
environment. The bones of astronauts lose density during prolonged flights when
their bodies are continually exposed to weightlessness. The bones become thin and
brittle, similar to a condition known as osteoporosis which is very common amongst
old people. Frequent exercise and special diets are helping to alleviate the problems
for space travelers.
• The thigh bone is able to bear a pressure of 1200 pounds per square inch when we
walk.
• It is know that cavalrymen have grown extra bone in their buttocks and thighs
because of the nature of their work.
• Babies’ bones are nearly as flexible as reeds. Their bones can bend very easily under
pressure and simply resume their original position when the pressure is removed.
• There are generally 206 bones in an adult body, a baby has 350. The extra bones
don’t get lost – they fuse during the maturing process, to accord with our needs.
• The skeleton does not mature until the body is 25 years of age.
• The coccyx, the pointed bone at the base of the spine, is the only bone in the body
without a function.
24. Influence of Training on Skeletal System
Due to stress of physical exercise, the bones improve in size and strength, quality
Because of this development, the bones of the athletes are stronger than those of the sedentary worker.
The bones become more rigid and hard. Men who play football, develop such hardy wood that not only can they
endure with impunity, what might seriously injure the untrained men.
When trained are injured, they do not require much time to mend the injury.
The bones knit more rapidly and recover in surprisingly short time.
The increased rigidity and hardy wood of the bones may be due to the over disposition of calcium salts.
medy the deformity of a bone through corrective exercises at growing age.
25. Muscles
Amazing facts
• Big does not necessarily mean strong. Strength comes from the capacity of
muscle fiber to expand. Per pound of body weight, heavyweight champion
weightlifters lift less than their light weight colleagues.
• In the first three years of life, muscles grow twice as fast as bone. By three
years of age, the two grow at about the same rate and continue to do so until
adolescence, when there are sudden and alarming variations in the two
growth rates.
• There are some 30 muscles attached to the bones of the skull. Their sole
purpose is to give the face expression.
• There are three types of muscles: Skeletal muscles, Cardiac muscles,
Smooth or visceral muscles
• There are around 656 skeletal muscles in the body.
• Every cubic centimeter of muscle can generate 50 Newton so force
approximately.
40. 10-40
Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• Fast
– are large in diameter
– contain large glycogen reserves
– densely packed myofibrils
– relatively few mitochondria
– called white fibers due to lack of myoglobin
– majority of skeletal muscle fibers in the body
• Intermediate
– resemble fast fibers; however
– have a greater resistance to fatigue
• Slow
– smaller and they
– contract more slowly
– called red fibers because due to myoglobin
41. Influence of Training on Muscular System
ATP = ADP + P + Energy for Contraction
CP = C + P + Energy for re-synthesis of ATP
Glycogen = Lactic Acid + Energy for re-synthesis of CP
Lactic Acid + Oxygen = {Carbondioxide + Water (About 1/5th of the total lactic acid)}+ Energy for re-synthesis of
glycogen from the remaining 4/5th of lactic acid
Effect of Exercise on Muscular System
Muscle Hypertrophy
Gain in Strength
Gain in endurance
Chemical Changes
Muscle Efficiency
Increase in Speed
43. 25-43
Organization and Functions of the
Respiratory System
Structural classifications:
– upper respiratory tract
– lower respiratory tract.
• Functional classifications:
– Conducting portion: transports air.
• Nose
• nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• progressively smaller airways, from the primary bronchi to the
bronchioles
45. 25-45
Respiratory System Functions
• Breathing (pulmonary ventilation):
– consists of two cyclic phases:
• inhalation, also called inspiration
• exhalation, also called expiration
– Inhalation draws gases into the lungs.
– Exhalation forces gases out of the lungs.
• Gas exchange: O2 and CO2
– External respiration
• External environment and blood
– Internal respiration
• Blood and cells
48. 25-48
Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar
Ducts, and Alveoli
• Contain small saccular outpocketings called alveoli.
• An alveolus is about 0.25 to 0.5 millimeter in diameter.
• Its thin wall is specialized to promote diffusion of gases
between the alveolus and the blood in the pulmonary
capillaries.
• Gas exchange can take place in the respiratory bronchioles
and alveolar ducts as well as in the lungs, which contain
approximately 300–400 million alveoli.
• The spongy nature of the lung is due to the packing of millions
of alveoli together.
62. Respiration
Amazing Facts
• It is estimated that we breathe in nearly 500 cubic feet of air per day, consistently,
automatically and most of the time, effortlessly.
• The surface area of the alveoli is said to be the size of tennis court.
• Conveniently, Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world, is the highest man
could climb unaided by supplementary oxygen.
• The most remarkable change of breathing rate occurs when we sneeze. Sneezing is
one of the body’s mechanisms for ensuring that foreign bodies do no enter the lungs.
It is an explosive, powerful action almost certain to remove the irritant, particularly
as the speed of a sneeze has been estimated at between 60 to 100 miles per hour.
• Calculation of Dog, Man and Tortoise calculation “The law of use and disuse”,
Equal breath counts for everybody
• (Life span in years X Days X Hours X Minutes X Breath count per minute)
Dog = (20 X 365 X 24 X 60 X 45)=900
Human = (60 X 365 X 24 X 60 X 15)=900
Tortoise = (150 X 365 X 24 X 60 X 6)=900
• Tidal volume
• Vital Capacity
• Second Wind
• VO2 max
• Oxygen Debt
63. Influence of Training on Respiratory System
Types of breathing
Clavicle; Thoracic; Diaphragm
Expansion of the chest increases in turn increasing the total volume
Rate of breathing is lowered as compared to the layman
Opening of alveoli more than a sedentary person
Increase of vital capacity
Increase in
Tidal volume
Vital Capacity
Second Wind
VO2 max
Oxygen Debt
65. 22-65
Functions of the Heart
• Center of the cardiovascular system, the heart.
• Connects to blood vessels that transport blood between the
heart and other body tissues.
– arteries carry blood away from the heart
– veins carry blood back to the heart
• Arteries carry blood high in oxygen.
– (except for the pulmonary arteries)
• Veins carry blood low in oxygen.
– (except for the pulmonary veins)
• Arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are called
the great vessels.
66. 22-66
Characteristics and Functions of the
Heart
• Develops blood pressure through alternate
cycles of heart wall contraction and relaxation.
• Minimum blood pressure is essential to push
blood through blood vessels to the body
tissues for nutrient and waste exchange.
68. 22-68
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
• The pulmonary circuit consists of the
chambers on the right side of the heart
(right atrium and ventricle) as well as the
pulmonary arteries and veins.
– conveys blood to the lungs via pulmonary
arteries
– to reduce carbon dioxide and replenish oxygen
levels in the blood
– Blood returns to the heart in pulmonary veins
69. 22-69
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
• Blood returns to the left side of the heart,
where it then enters the systemic circuit.
• The systemic circuit consists of the chambers
on the left side of the heart (left atrium and
ventricle), along with all the other named
blood vessels.
– carries blood to all the peripheral organs and
tissues of the body
70. 22-70
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
• Oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart is pumped
into the aorta
– the largest systemic artery in the body
– then into smaller systemic arteries.
• Gas exchange in tissues occurs from capillaries.
• Systemic veins then carry deoxygenated blood (high in carbon
dioxide) and waste products.
• Most veins merge and drain into the superior and inferior
venae cavae
– drain blood into the right atrium.
• There, the blood enters the pulmonary circuit, and the cycle
repeats .
71. 22-71
Anatomy of the Heart
• Relatively small, conical organ approximately the size of a
person’s clenched fist.
– it weighs about 250 to 350 grams
• Located left of the body midline posterior to the sternum in
the middle mediastinum.
• Rotated such that its right side or border (right atrium and
ventricle) is located more anteriorly, while its left side or
border (left atrium and ventricle) is located more posteriorly.
75. 22-75
Conduction System of the Heart –
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
• Heartbeat is initiated by the cardiac muscle fibers of
the sinoatrial (SA) node.
– located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent
to the entrance of the superior vena cava
• Act as the pacemaker.
– rhythmic center that establishes the pace for cardiac
activity
• Initiates impulses 70 - 80 times per minute.
76. 22-76
Conduction System of the Heart –
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
• Impulse travels to both atria, stimulating
atrial systole.
• And via an internodal conduction pathway
through an opening in the fibrous skeleton
to the atrioventricular (AV) node.
– located in the floor of the right atrium between
the right AV valve and the coronary sinus
79. Terms, Definitions & Units
• Blood Pressure - force generated against
arterial walls per unit of area in mm Hg.
• Systolic Pressure - peak arterial pressure.
Averages about 120 mm Hg in healthy
adults.
• Diastolic Pressure - lowest arterial pressure.
Averages between 70 - 80 mm Hg in healthy
adults.
• Blood Volume - quantity of blood in
cardiovascular system. Varies from 4-5 L. in
females to 5-6 L. in males.
80. Terms, Definitions & Units
• Cardiac Output - the amount of blood
pumped by a ventricle per minute. Units
may be in milliliters or Liters per minute.
• Heart Rate - number of cardiac cycles per
minute. Average for males = 64-72/min.
Average for females = 72-80/min.
• Stroke Volume - amount of blood pumped
out of a ventricle each beat. Average
resting stroke volume = 70 ml.
81. • Blood volume increases due to increased
water retention from increased ADH
production, IVs or transfusions = BP
• Blood volume loss due to injuries,
hemorrhages, use of diuretics, etc. = BP
Blood Pressure = Blood Volume × Peripheral Resistance
Factors influencing blood pressure
82. Cardiovascular Adaptations From
Aerobic Training
• Increased cardiorespiratory endurance
• Increased muscular endurance
• Decreased VO2 at rest and submaximal exercise
• IncreasedVO2 Max
• Increased heart weight, volume, and chamber size
– Increased left ventricle wall thickness “athletes heart”
– Increased left ventricle EDV
– Increased blood plasma
• Increased Stroke Volume (fig. 10.3)
– from increased EDV and decreased ESV = increased EF
– Frank-Starling law: elastic recoil of the ventricle
83. Cardiovascular Adaptations From
Aerobic Training
• Decreased resting heart rate
– from increased parasympathetic activity and decreased
sympathetic activity.
• Decreased submaximal heart rate
• Decreased maximum heart rate of elite athletes
– if your heart rate is too fast the period of ventricular filling is
reduced and your stroke volume might be compromised.
– the heart expends less energy by contracting less often but
more forcibly than it would by contracting more often.
• Decreased Heart Rate Recovery (fig. 10.5)
84. Cardiovascular Adaptations From
Aerobic Training
• Maintained cardiac output at rest and submaximal exercise
• Increased cardiac output during maximal exercise
• Increased blood flow to the muscles
– increased capillarization of trained muscles
– greater opening of existing capillaries in trained muscles
– more effective blood redistribution
– increased blood volume
– decreased blood viscosity & increased oxygen delivery
• Decreased resting blood pressure, but is unchanged during
exercise
– from increased blood flow
85. Cardiovascular Adaptations From
Aerobic Training
• Increased blood volume (blood plasma) and
is greater with more intense levels of
training
– increased release of antidiuretic hormone
– increased plasma proteins which help retain
blood fluid
– increased red blood cell volume
– decreased blood viscosity
86. Respiratory Adaptations From
Aerobic Training
• Respiratory system functioning usually does not
limit performance because ventilation can be
increased to a greater extent than cardiovascular
function.
• Slight increase in Total lung Capacity
• Slight decrease in Residual Lung Volume
• Increased Tidal Volume at maximal exercise levels
• Decreased respiratory rate and pulmonary
ventilation at rest and at submaximal exercise
– (RR) decreases because of greater pulmonary
efficiency
• Increased respiratory rate and pulmonary
ventilation at maximal exercise levels
– from increased tidal volume
87. Respiratory Adaptations From
Aerobic Training
• Unchanged pulmonary
diffusion at rest and
submaximal exercise.
• Increased pulmonary
diffusion during maximal
exercise.
– from increased circulation and
increased ventilation
– from more alveoli involved
during maximal exercise
• Increased A-VO2 difference
especially at maximal
exercise.
88. Metabolic Adaptations From
Aerobic Training
• Lactate threshold occurs at a higher percentage of VO2 Max.
– from a greater ability to clear lactate from the muscles
– from an increase in skeletal muscle enzymes
• Decreased Respiratory Exchange Ratio (ratio of carbon dioxide
released to oxygen consumed)
– from a higher utilization of fatty acids instead of carbo’s
– however, the RER increases from the ability to perform at
maximum levels of exercise for longer periods of time because of
high lactate tolerance.
• Increased resting metabolic rate
• Decreased VO2 during submaximal exercise
– from a metabolic efficiency and mechanical efficiency
89. Metabolic Adaptations From
Aerobic Training
• Large increases in VO2 Max
– in mature athletes, the highest attainable VO2 Max is
reached within 8 to 18 months of heavy endurance training.
– VO2 Max is influenced by “training” in early childhood.
• from increased oxidative enzymes
• from increased size and number of mitochondria
• from increased blood volume, cardiac output & O2
diffusion
• from increased capillary density
91. Cardiorespiratory Adaptations
From Resistance Training
• Small increase in left ventricle size
• Decreased resting heart rate
• Decreased submaximal heart rate
• Decreased resting blood pressure is greater than from
endurance training
• Resistance training has a positive effect on aerobic endurance
but aerobic endurance has a negative effect on strength, speed
and power.
– muscular strength is decreased
– reaction and movement times are decreased
– agility and neuromuscular coordination are decreased
– concentration and alterness are decreased
92. Factors Affecting the Adaptation
to Aerobic Training
• Heredity accounts for between 25% and 50% of the
variance in VO2 Max values.
• Age-Related decreases in VO2 Max might partly result
from an age-related decrease in activity levels.
• Gender plays a small role (10% difference) in the VO2
Max values of male and female endurance athletes.
• There will be RESPONDERS (large improvement) and
NONRESPONDERS (little improvement) among groups
of people who experience identical training.
• The greater the Specificity of Training for a given sport
or activity, the greater the improvement in
performance.
93. Applications to Exercise
• Breathe Right nasal strips
• “head up” during recovery
• O2 on the sidelines
• active recovery
• stretching before and after
intense exercise
• smokers beware
• stitch in the side
• second wind
• resist the valsalva
• exercise increases the quality of
life more than the quantity of life
94. Exercise Physiology
Energy Sources
Definition of Energy: Capacity to perform work
Forms of Energy: Chemical/ Mechanical/ heat/ Light/ Electrical/ Nuclear
Sports emphasizes on Chemical Energy to Mechanical Energy
Sun
Human and animals eat plants and other animals as food
Food energy is used to manufacture ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate) CP (Creatine Phosphate) Glucose, etc.
Aerobic Reaction
Anaerobic Reaction
Carbohydrate (1 gram gives – 4.5 K. Calories Energy)
Fats (1 gram gives – 9 K. Calories Energy)
Proteins (1 gram gives – 4.2 K. Calories Energy)
Calorie
Kilocalorie
96. Sports Injuries
Causes:
Physical fitness
Training – preseason, season and off season
Psychological fitness
Role of coach
Environment
Protective equipment
Equality in competition (fair play and no favor)
Types of Injuries:
Strain- partial tear of muscle / tendon
Rupture- complete tear of muscle / tendon
Stiffness – Particular part becomes stiff
Cramps- loss of electrolyte
Abrasion- loss of superficial layers of skin
Contusion- blunt force when there is dis-colour of skin
Hematoma – Collection of blood under the skin
Blister – collection of water under superficial layers of skin
Callosity and Corn- chronic frictional injury or foreign substance
Cuts- complete loss of skin
Fracture- bone
Dislocation – joint
97. Doping
Definition: “The administration or use of substances in any form
alien to the body or of physiological substances in abnormal
mounts and with abnormal methods by healthy person, with
the exclusive aim of attaining an artificial and unfair increase
in performance in competitions further more, various
psychological measures to increase performance in sports
must be regarded as doping” - IOC
Stimulants: psycho-tonics and analeptics (respiratory centers
taken for cold, asthma)
Narcotic analgesics (depressants – pain killers)
Anabolic Steroids
Beta blockers (reduce hyper tension)
Diuretics/ lassics: excretory system flushing
Blood doping:
Oxygen showers:
Psychological doping:
98. HOW FIT ARE YOU REALLY?
What is your resting Heart Rate?
Results Men Men Men Men Women Women Women Women
Age Ex G S P Ex G S P
20-29 59< 60-69 70-85 86+ 71< 72-77 78-95 96+
30-39 63< 64-71 72-85 86+ 71< 72-79 80-97 98+
40-49 65< 66-73 74-89 90+ 73< 75-79 80-98 99+
50+ 67< 68-75 76-89 90+ 75< 77-83 84-102 103+
99. HOW FIT ARE YOU REALLY?
Are you carrying excess fat?
• Pinch yourself at the waist and on the upper arm, grasping as much
flesh as possible between your forefingers and thumb.
• If you can pinch more than 1 inch of spare flesh, you probably need to
shed some fat. To do so, you may need only to tone up- replace fat
with muscle- or to lose weight. Every ¼ inch of fat beyond the 1 inch
maximum represents about 10 pounds of fat.
100. HOW FIT ARE YOU REALLY?
How efficient are your lungs?
Accurate measurement of lung efficiency requires a laboratory test,
but the following simple checks will prove a rough guide.
1. Take a deep breath and time how long you can hold your breath.
2. Breath in and out as deeply as you can; measure your chest in each
position.
Your lungs are probably working with adequate efficiency if you can
hold your breath for 45 seconds or more and if the difference
between the two chest measurements is 2 to 3 inches or more.
101. TEST YOUR FITNESS
Check your respiratory system
Distance of candle from your mouth Respiratory system age
1.5 meters 20 years
1.25 meters 30 years
1 meter 40 years
0.75 meter 50 years
Up to 0.75 meters Over 60 years
102. TEST YOUR FITNESS
How mobile are you?
How close you can get to the floor How old your ligaments are
You can put your hands flat on the floor 20 years old
You can touch the floor with your finger
tips
30 years old
You can get within 10 centimeters 40 years old
The gap is 20 centimeters or more 50 years and older
103. TEST YOUR FITNESS
Check your sense of balance
Time in seconds Ability of balancing
Over 51 seconds 20 years
41-50 seconds 30 years
31-40 seconds 40 years
25-30 seconds 50 years
Less than 25 seconds Over 60 years
104. FIND YOUR FRAME SIZE
SEX HEIGHT WITHOUT
SHOES
ELBOW BREADTH FOR
MEDIUM FRAME
MEN 5’1” – 5’2” 2&1/2” – 2&7/8”
5’3” – 5’6” 2&5/8” – 2&7/8”
5’7” – 5’10” 2&3/4” – 3”
5’11” – 6’2” 2&3/4” – 3&1/8”
6’3” – UP 2&7/8” – 3&1/4”
WOMEN 4’9” – 4’10” 2&1/4” – 2&1/2”
4’11” – 5’2” 2&1/4” – 2&1/2”
5’3” – 5’6” 2&3/8” – 2&5/8”
5’7” – 5’10” 2&3/8” – 2&5/8”
5’11’ – UP 2&1/2” – 2&3/4”
105. AVOID
• Sleeping during afternoons.
• Taking stomach full meals at any given time.
• Seeping directly in front of cooler or in AC
rooms.
• Eating oily stuff.
• Eating confectionary or bakery products or
dairy products.
• Drinking cool water.
• Eating curd.
• Having more than 2 cups of tea or coffee
during the day.
• Alcoholic drinks.
106. ESSENTIALS
• Take Luke warm water with ½ lemon and 1 spoon
honey in -1 glass – every day early morning
immediately after brushing the teeth.
• Spare at least 45 minutes for physical workout
regularly.
• Try to have Luke warm water whenever you feel
thirsty.
• Try to have maximum seasonal raw vegetables
and fruits whenever you feel hungry.
• Keep gap of at least 1 to 1 and half hour after
dinner and before going to bed.
• Drink 2 glasses of Luke warm water before going
to bed.
107. SUGGESTION FOR A 2500 KCAL WEEKLY TRAINING
SCHEDULE
Kind of sport Hours per week
Jogging or walking 4 hours
Cycling 7 hours
Swimming 5 hours
Gymnastics 2.5 hours
Volleyball or basketball 5 hours
Rowing 4 hours
108. Modern Work Concept
• Do You Have 9am Effect At 6pm?
Exercise for all – just spare few minutes
109. is it a right phrase?
• You are paid, what you deserve!
A Complaint of an engineer to a doctor!
110. Your body has internal mechanisms which regulate the way you act
and react
The rhythm and blues
• Homeostasis Cycle is of 21 days
• There are, of course, many individuals who strongly believe that the rhythms
govern all aspects of human life. For some years now some people have
believed that their health and fortune is ordained not by the position of the
stars but by three different body cycles. In a book called The Periods of
Human Life, by Hermann, Vienna University, announced that our physical
vitality and strength is governed by a 23 day cycle and that our emotional
strength and stability is governed by a 28 day cycle. The third intellectual
activity is governed by 33 day cycle. All these of three cycles are said to
begin on the individual’s birthday and to follow a wave pattern after that,
with the waves repeating themselves after 23, 28and 33 days. The theory is
that the peaks and through of the cycle are the most critical times and that on
these days an individual is particularly likely be at his best or his worst.
111. Reasons To Do Exercise
• There is a definite link between premature death rates and chronic inactivity. Exercise
promotes longevity by reducing the risk of premature mortality.
• Exercise retards the process of ageing, thus preserving vitality and youth.
• Exercise reduces the risk of developing hypo-kinetic diseases (those associated with lack of
movement). It prevents the incidence of and / or helps controls such disease processes.
• Exercise helps prevent or control coronary artery diseases and most of the cardiovascular
diseases, as lack of exercise is the number one reason for developing these diseases. Regular
aerobic exercise helps control/ prevents hypertension.
• Exercise prevents clotting of blood, thus reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
• Exercise increases the elasticity of blood vessels, which reduces the resistance to blood flow.
This in turn helps prevent hypertension and heart disease.
• Blood viscosity is decreased as a result a regular exercise. This reduces the stress on the
heart, as thinner blood is easier to pump, and also prevents clotting.
• Exercise increases HDL (Good Cholesterol) levels in the body, which prevents plaque build-up
on the inner walls of arteries. This in turn prevents heart attacks and strokes.
• Exercise strengths the heart muscle, and cause left ventricular enlargement, thus improving
cardiac output and endurance.
• Exercise improves overall glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, thus reducing the risk for
type II diabetes mellitus.
112. Reasons To Do Exercise
• Exercise increases muscle mass, which is linked to various vital
physiological functions. Increased muscle mass helps optimize these
functions thus promoting good health and vitality.
• Exercise increases muscular strength and endurance, which improves your
ability to perform work and function optimally in day-to-day life.
• Exercise helps improve/ maintain bone density, reducing the risk of
developing osteoporosis (Hollowing of bones).
• Exercise boosts immunity, helping the body to combat infectious diseases.
• Regular light to moderate exercise helps reduce the symptomatic pain
caused by arthritis.
• Exercise helps reduce the risk of developing cancer.
• Regular endurance exercise helps reduce the risk for testicular and prostate
cancer in men.
• Regular endurance exercise helps reduce the risk for breast, cervix, ovarian
and uterine cancers in women.
• Regular endurance exercise helps reduce the risk for various cancers
affecting the digestive systems.
113. Reasons To Do Exercise
• Exercise enhances digestion and enhances optimal absorption of nutrients.
• Exercise helps increase pain threshold, thus helping cope better with pain,
and increasing maximal work capacity.
• Exercise improves endocrine function, which promotes optimal functioning
of various physiological systems thus improving health and fitness levels.
• Exercise improves sexual health and performance.
• Exercise can improve fertility in both men and women. Oxygen carrying
capacity of the blood can be improved by regular endurance training.
• Mental function and memory can be significantly improved by regular
exercise.
• Regular exercise may help combat serous neurological disorders such as
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
• Mental stress can be greatly reduced by regular exercise.
114. POSITIVE ATTITUDE
• CHANGE THINKING …CHANGE YOUR LIFE
• When you change your thinking, you change your beliefs.
• When you change your beliefs, you change your
expectations.
• When you change your expectations, you change your
attitude.
• When you change your attitude, you change your
performance.
• When you change your performance, you change your life.
116. QUOTES FOR ME
1. We say that ‘we are old, so we are not playing’
“We are not playing, so we are old”
-Churchill
2. “Nothing is absolute in this universe; neither you
nor me” (theory of relativity)
-Albert Einstein
117. I Will end up with the sentence of the great
philosopher Socrates
“I know only one thing that I know
nothing”
THANK YOU!