Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS , the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS , the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body.
Here is very good and amazing presentation on Multiple sclerosis ..its about brain
read this carefully and work on this because the work on brain is very good for future research...
Multiple sclerosis: Introduction, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and TreatmentEnriqueAlvarez93
Introduction about Multiple Sclerosis.
Risk factors affect to Multiple Sclerosis.
When to Suspect Multiple Sclerosis.
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis.
How to treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Monoclonal Antibody.
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble talking, and trouble walking.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems
Here is very good and amazing presentation on Multiple sclerosis ..its about brain
read this carefully and work on this because the work on brain is very good for future research...
Multiple sclerosis: Introduction, Risk Factors, Diagnosis and TreatmentEnriqueAlvarez93
Introduction about Multiple Sclerosis.
Risk factors affect to Multiple Sclerosis.
When to Suspect Multiple Sclerosis.
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis.
How to treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Monoclonal Antibody.
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids, trouble talking, and trouble walking.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems
Imaging of spinal cord acute myelopathiesNavni Garg
This presentation provides a comprehensive review of imaging of causes of acute myelopathies and a systemic approach for narrowing down the differentials
references:
Phases and Phenotypes of Multiple Sclerosis By Orhun H. Kantarci, MD.
Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis By Jiwon Oh, MD, PhD, FRCPC
Nature Reviews | Disease Primers
Multiple sclerosis Massimo Filippi1,2*, Amit Bar- Or3, Fredrik Piehl4,5,6, Paolo Preziosa1,2, Alessandra Solari7, Sandra Vukusic8 and Maria A. Rocca1,2
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune
disease of the central nervous system
characterized by
Chronic inflammation,
Demyelination,
Gliosis
Neuronal loss.
3. EPIDEMIOLOGY
More common in female
Age onset 20 to 40
Temperate zone(Scotland*,North America,
Australia and New zealand)
5. RISK FACTORS
Genetic predisposion
Vitamin D deficiency
Epstein-Bar virus exposure after early
childhood
Cigarette smoking
N.B: Vitamin D deficiency also increase disease
activity in MS patients.
24. DIAGNOSIS
There are five principles for diagnosis of
MS
1. Identification of symptoms typical of MS
related demylination
2. Objective evidence of CNS involvement
3. Demonstration of dissemination in space
4. Demonstration of dissemination intime
5. No better explanation other then MS
25. DIAGNOSTIC TEST
There is no single dignostic
test for MS
Diagnostic tools are
MRI
Evoked Potentials
Cerebrospinal fluid
29. MRI:DIT & DIS
Dissemination in Time
MRI can demonestrate
dissemination of time by
the presence of gadolinium
–enhancing and
nonenhancing lesions in
same film or by the
appearance of a new T2-
hyperintence or
gadolinium –enhancing
lesions on a follow up MRI.
Dissemination of space
MRI demonestrate
dissemination of space if
at least one T2 –
hyperintense lesion found
two of the following region
1. Periventricular
2. Cortical or
juxtracortical
3. Infratentorial
4. The spinal cord
30. EVOKED POTENTIALS
Afferent: Visual, Auditory, Somatosensory
Efferent: Motor
Not specifice for MS but Suggestive
Abnormalities on one or more EP
modalities occur in 80-90% of MS
patients.
31. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
CSF monoeuclear pleocytosis (more then 5
cells/uL in 25%)
CSF protein usually normal or mildly elevated
Protein concentration more then 100mg/dl
and pleocytosis more then 75 cells/uL raise the
concern that patient may not have MS.
32. CEREBROSPINAL
FLUID:IGG INDEX
The CSF IgG index is often
used to help diagnose
multiple sclerosis (MS), but
it is not specifically an MS
test.
Normal value is <0.7
Increased value means
local production of IgG
rather than infusion from
blood
Increased in : MS ,SSPE
33. CEREBROSPINAL
FLUID:OCB
Oligoclonalbands are bands of
immunoglobulins that are seen when
serum/csf is analyzed.
CSF OCBs (may be absent at onset and
number of OCBs may increase with time)
>2 discrete OCBs, not present in a
paired serum sample , taken
simultaneously found around 75% of
cases.
35. T1WI C+Large
hypointense area with
incomple ring
enhancement, a
classical Tumefective
MS
MRS: shows large choline
pick with low NAA.(tumor
like)
Prefusion scan: rCBV
reduced in
demyelinationbut
increased in tumor.
39. MS MIMICS
Many Neurological disease may mimic
MS clinically and/ radiologically.
Most common MS mimics are of
vascular origin.
The possible differentials for white-
matter lesion are long.
42. MS: FLAIR
• Juxtra-cortical/u fibre
involvement.
• Corpus callosal
involvement.
• Tempor.
• Peri-ventricular
distribution.
• Dawson finger present
• Tempora
lobe,infratentoreal,s.cord
involvement.
Vascular:T2 WI
• Sub-cortical distribution
• Lesion doesn’t touch the
cortex.
• Asysmtrical distribution.
• Dawson finger absent
• No temporal or
infratentorealor s.cord
involvement.
43. MS VS NMO
• A very important
differential to keep in
mind, especially in
patients with a bilateral
optic neuritis
• We should think of NMO
when there are extensive
spinal cord lesions (more
than 3 vertebral
segments) with low T1-
signalintensity and
swelling of the cord.
• Often there are few/no
T2-lesions in the brain.
• The clue to the diagnosis
is the high AQP4-AB titer
46. MS VS METS
PERILESIONAL EDEMA
GOES IN FAVOR OF
METS
SINGLE,LARGE, RING
ENHANCEMENT GOES
INFAVOR OF METS THAN
MS
47. SARCOIDOSI
S VS MS
• Multi-system disorder.
• Associated Respiratory,
cardiovascular and skin
manifestation may be
present.
• The distribution of lesions is
quite similar to MS.
Besides lesions in the deep
WM, there are some
juxtaiventricular lesions and
even Dawson finger-like
lesions.
• Typical for sarcoid in this
case is the leptomeningeal
48. SARCOIDOSIS VS MS
T1WI C+:
Leptomeningeal
Enhancement
T1WI C+: Linear
enhancement due to
inflammation of vircow
Robbin’s space.
49. PML VS MS
•Caused by JC virus in
immunosuppressed
patients.
•Usually have history of
HIV infection or
treatment with
monoclonalantibodylik
e Natalizumab.
•Lesion usually are
subcortical, diffuse, ill
defined, usually size
>5mm (MS-<5mm)
50. MS VS
CADASIL
• Cerebral Autosomal Dominant
Arteriopathy with Subcortical
Infarcts and
Leukencephalopathy.
• Clinical clues: family history
migraine, dementia.
• MRI:fLAIR shows Multiple sub-
cortical infracts
WMLs in the anterior temporal pole
and external capsule
52. ACUTE ATTACK
Intravenous Methylprednesolone 500 to
1000mg/day for 5 days without an oral tapper.
Alternatively, Oral steroid is effective as the IV
infusion.
Patients who cant tolerate oral steroid with
poor venous access IM/SubQ corticotropin gel
may be used.
In patients with severe neurological deficit
refractory to high dose steroid, plasma
exchange is another option.
60. Patient refractory to initial DMT change into another 1st
line drug.
(single mild relapse or a single lesion within 6month is not refractory
MS)
Recommendations:
If initially treated with glatiramer or inf-beta switch to-
•Di-methylfumerate, Fingolimod or Teriflunamide.
Or
•Natalezumab or Ocrelezumab.
Initially treated with Natalezumab who have inadequate
response or developed PML-
•Stop the drug and switch to Ocrelezumab or Alemtuzumab
REFRACTORY DISEASE
61. PREGNANCY
Data shows activity of MS isreduced during
pregnancy.
Baby child may beborn with IUGR or congenital
fetal malformations.
Drug should be avoided are –Fingolimod and
Mitoxantrone.
Druds that are safe are- Glatiramer,Inf,
Alamtuzumab, Natalizumab etc
62. OFF LABEL TREATMENT
OPTIONS
Options Preferred situation Drawback
Azathioprine rrMS Benefit on disability progression yet
to be demonstrated.
Methotrexate SPMS Irreversible liver damage,
Cyclophosphamide Treatment-refractory MS-
Abmulatory, <40y, apperntly in
good health
Bladder carcinoma, Hemorrhagic
cystitis
Intravenous
immunoglobulin
monthly pulses (up to 1 g/kg) for
up to 2y, appears to reduce
annual exacerbation rates
High cost
Methylprednisolone in one study, administered as
monthly iv pulses, reduced
disability progression
Steroid related Side effects
Hematopoietic stem cell
transplantation
rrMS: highly effective in reducing
the occurrence of relapses and
may improve disability in
procedure carries a significant
mortality risk