Students learn science through descriptions of phenomena, rules governing phenomena, and developing internal models. Mayer believes knowledge is constructed by students, not bestowed by teachers. While technology offers potential for aiding learning, its current contribution is low as instruction is often based on what computers can do rather than research on how students learn with technology. The bottom line is knowledge is best constructed internally when presented through multiple modalities like words, oral explanation, graphics, and mathematics, and having students explain it to others.