This contains the Personal Details , Characteristics , Contribution towards Islam and World , Related personalities , Wars , Event of That ERA , Lesson leart and Points of Motivation.

3. Personal details
and
characterestics
Contributions
towards Islam
and the
world
Related
personalities
and events
Lessons
learnt and
points of
motivation

4. Aurangzaib Aalamgir

6. Aurangzaib Aalamgir
Abul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb
Commonly known as Aurangzeb Alamgir
3 November 1618
3 March 1707
 Sixth Mughal Emperor
Ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent.
 His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 .

7.  He was the 3rd
son and 6th
child of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal.
 His father was a governor of Gujarat at that time.
 On 26 February 1628, Shah Jahan was officially declared the Mughal
Emperor.
 Aurangzeb returned to live with his parents at Agra Fort.
 Aurangzeb received his formal education in Arabic and Persian.

8. Characteristics of his Personality
 His daily allowance was fixed at a 500 which he spent on
religious education and the study of history.
 He also accused his brothers of alcoholism and womanizing.
 Industrious
 Far-sightedness
 Great scholar of the Persian, Arabic and Hindi languages.
 Even as a prince, he had distinguished himself as an able
administrator.

9. Aurangzeb ruled for nearly 50 years. He came to the throne after imprisoning
his father and having his older brother killed.
He was a strong leader, whose conquests expanded the Mughal Empire to its
greatest size.
Aurangzeb was a very observant and religious Muslim who ended the policy of
religious tolerance followed by earlier emperors.
He no longer allowed the Hindu community to live under their own laws and
customs, but imposed Sharia law (Islamic law) over the whole empire.

10. In the last decades of the seventeenth century Aurangzeb
invaded the Hindu kingdoms in central and southern India,
conquering much territory and taking many slaves.
Thousands of Hindu temples and shrines were torn down and a
punitive tax on Hindu subjects was re-imposed.

11. Contributation Towards Islam
 One of Aurangzeb’s main goals was to bring true Islamic
governance to the Mughal Empire.
 Jalal ud Din Muhammad Akbar
 Islamic Law for Empire correctly
 Brought together hundreds of scholars of Islam from all over the
Muslim world to organize such laws.
 Fatawa-e-Alamgiri
 Taxes that were not in line with Islamic law were also abolished
 alcoholism, gambling, and prostitution were combated by the
imperial government

12.  To make up for the loss in tax revenue, Aurangzeb adopted a
very simple lifestyle and did not live in a lavish manner as his
father had.
 Royal traditions that he considered extravagant were
abolished, such as court musicians and festivities on the
emperor’s birthday.

14. Important shifts in
Religious Policy
 1659 >>> office of Muhtasib created
 1665 >>> differential taxes for Hindu and Muslim traders
imposed.
 1669 >>> official histories discontinued, order for
temples clarified
 1672 >>> Hindu religious grants resumed
 1675 >>> Sikh Guru, Tegh Bahadur executed
 1679 >>> Jizya reimposed (revoked in 1704/deccan)
 1690 >>> land grants to Muslim ulema made heriditary

15. Contributation Towards World
 Centralised government that brought together many
smaller kingdoms
 Delegated government with respect for human rights
 Periods of great religious tolerance
 A system of education that took account of pupils' needs
and culture

16. Persian language mixed with
Arabic and Hindi to create Urdu

17. Persian art and culture

18. A style of Architecture

19. Manuscripts of Quran Pak
Manuscript Quran, parts of which are believed
to have been written in Aurangzeb's own hand

20. Factions in Shah Jahan’s Court
Shah Jahan
Dara Shukoh
Heir
Aurangzeb
Gov. of Deccan
Princess Jahan Ara
Jaswant Singh Holkar
(Rajput-Marwar)
Princess Raushan Ara
Mir Jumla,
Minister, Golconda
Qutub Shahis
(r. Golconda)
Sulaiman Shukoh
Son, army commander
3 sons, all able
Jai Singh of Amber
Rajput, c. of imperial army
Switches sides
(switches sides
To Shuja)

21. Events of That Era

22. Succession Struggle of 1658
Aurangzeb
Dara Shukoh
Murad Baksh Mhmd. Shuja

23. The 1658-59 War of Succession
 Aurangzeb moves north, keeping track of
changes at court via Princess Raushan Ara
 Murad forcibly takes treasury in West,
agrees to a compact with Aurangzeb
 Aurangzeb and Murad’s forces defeat the
Imperial Army under Jaswant Singh
Rathor, Feb, 1658—Same month Sulaiman
Shukoh defeats the Bengal army of Shuja
 By June, Aurangzeb triumphs over
brothers.

24. Wrapping up “loose ends”
 Jaswant Singh Rathor defects to Shuja, who had
retreated east. Both are defeated, but Shuja will
continue to resist till 1660 in the east.
 Murad Baksh taken prisoner in June, 1658, will be tried
for murder, ex. In 1661.
 Dara captured in summer of 1659, put on trial for
apostasy and idolatry, executed.

25. Impact of Succession
Struggle, 1658-59
 Nobility picked different sides—Aurangzeb
continued to hold suspicions about Jaswant Singh
and supporters of Dara—such as the Sikh Guru, Har
Rai
 Much disruption in the collection of revenue for
two years—possible impact on peasants a cause of
debate
 Imperial wealth spent ends up in hands of peasants and
soldiers
 Continued imprisonment of Shah Jahan leads to
criticism by Safavid Emperor and the guardian of
Mecca. Allegations made about Aurangzeb’s
morality.
 Allies and nobility view new emperor with
trepidation

26. The polarization of history
 Aurangzeb’s period
has become polarized
and mythologized
 Some myths:
 Banned music,
painting, etc at court
 Actively discriminated
against all non-
Muslims
 Tried to create an
Islamic theocracy

27. Early Campaigns, 1659-81
 1661-63 Mir Jumla’s campaign against Kuch Bihar and
Ahoms
 1667-75 Afghan tribes rebel: Afridis, Yusufzai, Khataks
 1678-79 rebellion in Mewar and Marwar
 1681 Prince Akbar’s rebellion
 Continuing trouble with Marathas forces Aurganzeb to
leave for the Deccan

28. Eastern Border
secured
Afghan revolts contained
Incentives offered
Pay tribute, but
Not annexed
Ongoing
Rebellion
From 1650s on
For Marathas,
After 1678 for
Rajputs

29. Problems of Enforcement
 Aurangzeb’s own application of these laws
was inconsistent—ex. Support of non-
muslim religious establishments/figures
 Mansabdars flooded the Emperor with
protests, applications for the
reduction/revocation of taxes or simply
did not comply in some areas
 Jizya was revoked in the Deccan in 1704
 Aurangzeb’s personal bigotry is
undeniable; however, his policy shifts also
seem to be in response to key events at
times

30. Rajputs and Aurangzeb
 Some of the contradictions in these policies is clearer in
the case of the Rajputs
 Jaswant Singh’s conduct in 1658-59 and later as an ally of
Shivaji put him under suspicion
 Rajput officers were exempted from the Jizya
 Aurangzeb continued to patronize and support other
Rajputs during the war with Mewar/Marwar. Raja Jai
Singh was entrusted with the Deccan Campaign until 1666.

31. The Marwar-Mewar Rebellion
 Has longer subtext—Jaswant Singh was a younger
son who gained the throne of Marwar due to Shah
Jahan’s patronage
 His behavior during 1658-59 aroused Aurangzeb’s
suspicions, upon his death in 1678, Aurangzeb
tried to manipulate succession and failed.
 The Marwar and Mewar clans rallied around the
infant Ajit Singh, guerilla warfare begins
 Mughal army subdues urban areas, dynastic
temples are destroyed, tensions are aggravated
 Prince Akbar joins Rajputs, criticizes policies
 Rebellion contained, but trust of two major clans
broken

32. Pressure from Marathas
The Emperor’s growing frustrations with the Maratha
insurgency had an impact on both administrative
and religious policies
 During suc. Struggle of 1658-59 Shivaji and allies
capture forts on the Konkan coast
 Raid Deccani and Mughal territory demanding
revenue
 1664 Shivaji raids Surat
 Captured by Jai Singh in 1665, escapes in 1666
 1667 raids Surat again
 1680 Shivaji dies, sons and wives fight over
succession

34. Maratha Advantages
 Clan-based confederacy,
with tight links to local
peasants, Bijapur
 Bases in remote
fortresses in Western
Ghat hills
 Use guerilla tactics, not
conventional warfare
 Use money from raids
and piracy to create
revenue

35. Notable Expansionist
 3.2 Million Sq. KM
 Towards South
 Ruled over 100 – 150 million
Peoples

36. Demolish Temples
 Notorious for destruction
 80 – 60,000 Temples

37. Lesson from his Life
And
Point of Motivations

38. The Will Of Alamgir Aurangzeb
The will was recorded
by Maulvi Hamid-ud Din in
chapter 8 of his hand
written book in Persian
about the life of
Aurangzeb:

39. …
 “ There is no doubt that I have been the emperor of
India and I have ruled over this country. But I am sorry
to say that I have not been able to do a good deed in
my lifetime. My inner soul is cursing me as a sinner. But
now it is of no avail. It is my wish that my last rites be
performed by my dear son Azam, nobody else should
touch my body. ”

40. …
 “ My servant, Aya Beg, has my purse in which I have
carefully kept my earnings of 4 Rs and 2 annas. In my
spare time I have been writing the Koran and stitching
caps. It was by selling the caps that I made an honest
earning of 4 Rs and 2 annas. My coffin should be
purchased with this amount. No other money should be
spent for covering the body of a sinner. This is my dying
wish. By selling the copies of the Koran I collected 305
Rs. That money is also with Aya Beg. It is my will that
poor Mohammedans should be fed with sweet rice
purchased by this money. ”

41. …
 My grave should be dug in a dense
forest. When I am buried my face
should remain uncovered. Do not
bury my face in earth. I want to
present myself to Allah with a
naked face. I am told whoever goes
to the supreme court with a naked
face will have his sins forgiven.

42. Will about his Tomb
 “ No tomb should be built for me. Only a chabootra or
platform may be erected. ”

43. Death
3 March 1707
