This document discusses mucosal and transdermal vaccine delivery. It describes various mucosal routes including oral, nasal, and designs of nanocarriers for mucosal immunization. It also discusses transdermal vaccine delivery methods like microneedles, DNA tattooing, jet injection, and techniques to permeabilize the skin like thermal ablation, chemical enhancers, abrasion, electroporation, ultrasound, and iontophoresis. The goal is to develop non-invasive vaccination methods that induce protective immunity at mucosal surfaces and overcome challenges with parenteral delivery.
This document discusses single shot vaccines that can provide protection against multiple diseases with only one injection. It describes how single shot vaccines work by combining an antigen, adjuvant, and microsphere component that encapsulates and slowly releases the antigen. Key factors in developing these vaccines include controlling particle size, optimizing encapsulation efficiency, and regulating antigen release from the biodegradable microspheres. Single shot vaccines offer advantages like improved patient compliance and lower costs compared to traditional multi-dose vaccines.
Vaccines improve immunity to diseases. Single shot vaccines provide protection against 4-6 diseases with a single injection using microspheres to encapsulate antigens and provide delayed release for booster immunization. They are more economical and convenient than traditional multi-dose vaccines. However, single shot vaccines may be less effective than multi-dose vaccines and carry risks of stimulating the immune system or causing illness from live components.
The document discusses single-shot vaccines and their delivery systems. It defines vaccines and describes traditional types including killed, attenuated, and subunit. It explains antigen uptake, processing, and presentation by cells. Microsphere-based single-shot vaccines provide priming and boosting through delayed antigen release. Factors influencing release include polymer properties and antigen size. Future areas of research include combining pulsatile delivery with existing vaccines to mimic multiple doses through a single injection. Adverse effects are usually mild and include fever and pain, while risks involve potential illness from live vaccines or allergic reactions.
Mr. Swapnil Kale presented on mucosal delivery of vaccines. He discussed that mucosal delivery allows vaccines to interact with mucosal layers to induce mucosal immunity, preventing pathogens from reaching systemic circulation. Common mucosal routes include sublingual, intranasal, oral, vaginal, and rectal. Mucosal delivery provides advantages like priming primary immunity, enabling mass vaccination through needle-free and non-invasive means. However, challenges include insufficient antigen uptake due to rapid clearance and lack of effective human mucosal adjuvants. Nanotechnology approaches can help overcome these challenges by protecting antigens from degradation and facilitating penetration and sustained release with the use of polymers and adjuvants.
Dr. A. SUMATHI - Transdermal Delivery of VaccinesSumathi Arumugam
The document discusses transdermal delivery of vaccines as a needle-free method of immunization. It describes the skin as a barrier to vaccine delivery and various approaches to overcome these barriers, including needle-free injection devices, powder-based delivery, topical adjuvants, colloidal carriers, and energy-based methods. It provides examples of research demonstrating the ability of these approaches to enhance immune responses to various vaccines compared to traditional needle injection.
This document discusses proteins and peptides. It defines proteins and peptides, noting that proteins are made of 50 or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds, while peptides are shorter polymers of amino acids. The document outlines several barriers to delivering proteins and peptides as drugs, including enzymatic barriers in the gastrointestinal tract, the intestinal epithelial barrier, the capillary endothelial barrier, and the blood-brain barrier. It also describes various mechanisms of transporting peptides and proteins across these barriers, such as passive and active transport, endocytosis, and movement through tight cell junctions.
The document discusses vaccine delivery systems. It describes the types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed, subunit, conjugate, and DNA vaccines. It discusses various delivery routes for vaccines including mucosal, transdermal, and single shot delivery to provide long-lasting immunity from one dose. Strategies for delivery include vectors, microparticles, and liposomes to protect antigens and induce immune responses. The optimal delivery system depends on the disease and vaccine properties.
This document discusses single shot vaccines that can provide protection against multiple diseases with only one injection. It describes how single shot vaccines work by combining an antigen, adjuvant, and microsphere component that encapsulates and slowly releases the antigen. Key factors in developing these vaccines include controlling particle size, optimizing encapsulation efficiency, and regulating antigen release from the biodegradable microspheres. Single shot vaccines offer advantages like improved patient compliance and lower costs compared to traditional multi-dose vaccines.
Vaccines improve immunity to diseases. Single shot vaccines provide protection against 4-6 diseases with a single injection using microspheres to encapsulate antigens and provide delayed release for booster immunization. They are more economical and convenient than traditional multi-dose vaccines. However, single shot vaccines may be less effective than multi-dose vaccines and carry risks of stimulating the immune system or causing illness from live components.
The document discusses single-shot vaccines and their delivery systems. It defines vaccines and describes traditional types including killed, attenuated, and subunit. It explains antigen uptake, processing, and presentation by cells. Microsphere-based single-shot vaccines provide priming and boosting through delayed antigen release. Factors influencing release include polymer properties and antigen size. Future areas of research include combining pulsatile delivery with existing vaccines to mimic multiple doses through a single injection. Adverse effects are usually mild and include fever and pain, while risks involve potential illness from live vaccines or allergic reactions.
Mr. Swapnil Kale presented on mucosal delivery of vaccines. He discussed that mucosal delivery allows vaccines to interact with mucosal layers to induce mucosal immunity, preventing pathogens from reaching systemic circulation. Common mucosal routes include sublingual, intranasal, oral, vaginal, and rectal. Mucosal delivery provides advantages like priming primary immunity, enabling mass vaccination through needle-free and non-invasive means. However, challenges include insufficient antigen uptake due to rapid clearance and lack of effective human mucosal adjuvants. Nanotechnology approaches can help overcome these challenges by protecting antigens from degradation and facilitating penetration and sustained release with the use of polymers and adjuvants.
Dr. A. SUMATHI - Transdermal Delivery of VaccinesSumathi Arumugam
The document discusses transdermal delivery of vaccines as a needle-free method of immunization. It describes the skin as a barrier to vaccine delivery and various approaches to overcome these barriers, including needle-free injection devices, powder-based delivery, topical adjuvants, colloidal carriers, and energy-based methods. It provides examples of research demonstrating the ability of these approaches to enhance immune responses to various vaccines compared to traditional needle injection.
This document discusses proteins and peptides. It defines proteins and peptides, noting that proteins are made of 50 or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds, while peptides are shorter polymers of amino acids. The document outlines several barriers to delivering proteins and peptides as drugs, including enzymatic barriers in the gastrointestinal tract, the intestinal epithelial barrier, the capillary endothelial barrier, and the blood-brain barrier. It also describes various mechanisms of transporting peptides and proteins across these barriers, such as passive and active transport, endocytosis, and movement through tight cell junctions.
The document discusses vaccine delivery systems. It describes the types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed, subunit, conjugate, and DNA vaccines. It discusses various delivery routes for vaccines including mucosal, transdermal, and single shot delivery to provide long-lasting immunity from one dose. Strategies for delivery include vectors, microparticles, and liposomes to protect antigens and induce immune responses. The optimal delivery system depends on the disease and vaccine properties.
Sustained and controlled release drug delivery systemParul Sharma
This document discusses sustained and controlled release drug delivery systems (SR and CRDDS). It defines SR and CRDDS and lists their advantages and disadvantages. It describes factors that influence the release rate from these systems, including physicochemical factors like solubility and biological factors like metabolism. The document outlines various physicochemical approaches to SR and CRDDS like matrix systems, reservoir systems, and ion exchange systems. It also discusses biological approaches using biopolymers and pulsatile release formulations. Finally, it briefly mentions applications and concludes with references.
Contents
IntroductionWhat are vaccine?
History of vaccineIdeal properties of vaccine.
Mechanism of vaccine
Types of vaccineUptake of antigen
Single shot vaccine
Mucosal delivery vaccine
Transdermal delivery vaccineReferences
The document discusses strategies for effective mucosal immunization. It begins by describing the structure and function of the mucosal immune system, which lines various tracts in the body and is the site of entry for many pathogens. It then discusses the challenges of delivering vaccines mucosally, including dilution in fluids and degradation, before outlining approaches to overcome barriers like targeting antigen-presenting cells. The rest of the document details various nanoparticle delivery systems for mucosal vaccines, including liposomes, emulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, virus-like particles, and virosomes. It emphasizes the ability of these systems to protect antigens, penetrate mucosal barriers, and promote immune responses.
This document discusses vaccine drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to vaccines, including their history and mechanisms of action. It then covers various types of vaccines such as live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, recombinant protein, and RNA vaccines. The document discusses antigen uptake pathways and the mechanisms by which endogenous and exogenous antigens are processed. It also covers topics like single shot vaccines, mucosal delivery systems, transdermal delivery systems, adjuvants, and advanced encapsulation methods for vaccine development.
The document discusses several topics in customized drug delivery including personalized drug delivery systems, 3D printing of pharmaceuticals, bioelectronic systems, and telepharmacy. Personalized drug delivery aims to tailor treatment to each patient's characteristics and involves risk assessment, prevention, detection, diagnosis, treatment and management. 3D printing allows customized dosage forms by precisely depositing drug and excipient inks or melts in a layer-by-layer process. Bioelectronic devices attach to nerves to modulate signaling patterns and potentially treat conditions like arthritis and asthma. Telepharmacy enables remote dispensing and counseling using telecommunications.
GRDDS-Modulation to GI transit time,Approach to extend GI transit timeRESHMAMOHAN24
This document discusses approaches to extend gastrointestinal transit time by modulating gastric retention through gastroretentive drug delivery systems. It describes the physiology and motility patterns of the GI tract. Common approaches to prolong gastric retention time include high density systems, floating drug delivery systems, and effervescent systems. Floating drug delivery systems can remain buoyant in the stomach for extended periods without affecting gastric emptying.
Vaccines work by enhancing the body's immune response to disease-causing microorganisms. They contain weakened or killed forms of viruses or bacteria, or purified components, which trigger an immune response and develop antibodies without causing illness. Vaccines are formulated with antigens, fluids, preservatives and adjuvants to ensure potency over the shelf life. They are prepared from isolated microbial strains grown in culture and tested in clinical trials before use in vaccine production. The immune response triggered by vaccination mimics natural infection and prepares the body to fight the disease if exposed in the future.
This document discusses mechanically activated drug delivery devices, specifically metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers. Metered dose inhalers precisely deliver medication in aerosol form via inhalation. Dry powder inhalers use breath activation to deliver dry powder medication. Nebulizers convert liquid medication into an inhalable mist using compressed air or ultrasonic power. Each device type has advantages like precision or not requiring compressed gas, but also disadvantages such as potential waste or lower efficiency.
formulation and evaluation of delivery system of protein and peptide.pptxKishor Singha
the presention gives idea about various formulation and evaluation of various delivery system based on the delivery routes for protein and peptide drug delivery in the body.
Vaccine delivery systems can be categorized as needle-based or needle-free. Common needle-based routes include intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal injection. Needle-free options include oral, intranasal, and transdermal delivery. Various technologies are being developed to enhance vaccine uptake through mucosal surfaces without needles, such as live viral/bacterial vectors, particulate systems like microparticles, and chemical or physical permeation of the skin. The design of mucosal and transdermal vaccines aims to protect antigens, deliver them across barriers, and target immune cells while avoiding tolerance.
Tumour targeting and Brain specific drug deliverySHUBHAMGWAGH
The document discusses tumor targeting and brain specific drug delivery. It provides an introduction to targeted drug delivery and outlines strategies for tumor targeting including passive targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention effect, active targeting using ligands, and triggered drug delivery responsive to microenvironment changes. It also discusses challenges of drug delivery to the brain posed by the blood-brain barrier and factors that affect crossing it, as well as diseases related to the brain and strategies to enhance brain-specific drug delivery.
PREFORMULATION CONCEPTS AND OPTIMIZATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONJayeshRajput7
This document discusses preformulation concepts related to pharmaceutical dosage forms. It covers topics like drug-excipient interactions, kinetics of stability, stability testing, theories of dispersions/pharmaceutical dispersions, and preparation and stability of large and small volume parenterals. Drug-excipient interactions can be physical, chemical, biopharmaceutical, or between excipients. Stability is influenced by factors like temperature, light, and concentration. Kinetics examines the rate of change of drugs over time according to models like zero-order and first-order reactions. Stability testing ensures quality and establishes shelf life. Dispersions are classified by particle size and include emulsions, suspensions, and colloids. Self-
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) modern pharmacy unit-5 Study of consolidation parameters; Diffusion parameters, Dissolution
parameters and Pharmacokinetic parameters, Heckel plots, Similarity factors – f2
and f1, Higuchi and Peppas plot, Linearity Concept of significance, Standard
deviation , Chi square test, students T-test , ANOVA test
This document discusses mucosal delivery of vaccines. It begins by introducing mucosal surfaces as the major portal of entry for many pathogens and that immunization through mucosal routes can induce protective immunity at sites of entry. It then discusses various terms related to mucosal tissues and lymphoid structures. The remainder of the document outlines different polymer systems, formulations, design strategies and advantages/limitations for mucosal vaccine delivery, including emulsions, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, virosomes and melt-in-mouth strips. It also discusses single shot vaccines that provide protection from multiple diseases with one administration through use of vaccine adjuvants and antigen microencapsulation for delayed release.
This document provides an overview of intra nasal drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy of the nasal cavity, mechanisms of drug absorption such as paracellular and transcellular transport, and factors that affect drug absorption like biological, physiological and formulation related factors. It also describes the advantages and limitations of the nasal route. Various dosage forms for nasal delivery including drops, sprays, gels and powders are mentioned. Evaluation methods like in-vitro and in-vivo studies are summarized. Finally, applications of the nasal route for delivery of peptides, vaccines and CNS drugs are highlighted.
Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS)Himal Barakoti
This document discusses self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS), including their background, mechanism of action, formulations, stability testing, advantages, and applications. SMEDDS are isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants that form fine oil-in-water emulsions upon mild agitation followed by dilution in gastrointestinal fluids. They can improve the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs and enhance their bioavailability. SMEDDS formulations typically contain an oil, surfactant, co-surfactant, and drug. Their small particle size allows efficient drug release in the GI tract. Stability testing evaluates factors like temperature effects and in vitro drug release. SMEDDS
This document discusses bioequivalence studies. It begins with an introduction and objectives. It then defines bioequivalence according to the FDA and WHO as the rates and extents of active ingredients being available between two products. It discusses the need for bioequivalence studies for generic approval and reasons for in vivo studies. It also covers study designs, types of evidence to establish bioequivalence, statistical evaluation of data, and biowaivers. The overall purpose is to ensure generic drugs are equivalent to their brand name counterparts in performance.
1. The document discusses mucosal vaccine delivery systems, including their advantages over injectable vaccines. It describes various mucosal delivery methods like emulsion-type, liposome-based, polymeric nanoparticles, virosomes, and melt-in-mouth strips.
2. It summarizes a case study on the preparation of alginate-coated chitosan microparticles for vaccine delivery and their ability to modulate antigen release and protect from degradation.
3. Overall, the document outlines the promise of mucosal vaccines for improved compliance and induction of mucosal immunity, but also challenges like rapid clearance that must be addressed through innovative delivery systems and adjuvants.
Sustained and controlled release drug delivery systemParul Sharma
This document discusses sustained and controlled release drug delivery systems (SR and CRDDS). It defines SR and CRDDS and lists their advantages and disadvantages. It describes factors that influence the release rate from these systems, including physicochemical factors like solubility and biological factors like metabolism. The document outlines various physicochemical approaches to SR and CRDDS like matrix systems, reservoir systems, and ion exchange systems. It also discusses biological approaches using biopolymers and pulsatile release formulations. Finally, it briefly mentions applications and concludes with references.
Contents
IntroductionWhat are vaccine?
History of vaccineIdeal properties of vaccine.
Mechanism of vaccine
Types of vaccineUptake of antigen
Single shot vaccine
Mucosal delivery vaccine
Transdermal delivery vaccineReferences
The document discusses strategies for effective mucosal immunization. It begins by describing the structure and function of the mucosal immune system, which lines various tracts in the body and is the site of entry for many pathogens. It then discusses the challenges of delivering vaccines mucosally, including dilution in fluids and degradation, before outlining approaches to overcome barriers like targeting antigen-presenting cells. The rest of the document details various nanoparticle delivery systems for mucosal vaccines, including liposomes, emulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, virus-like particles, and virosomes. It emphasizes the ability of these systems to protect antigens, penetrate mucosal barriers, and promote immune responses.
This document discusses vaccine drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to vaccines, including their history and mechanisms of action. It then covers various types of vaccines such as live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, recombinant protein, and RNA vaccines. The document discusses antigen uptake pathways and the mechanisms by which endogenous and exogenous antigens are processed. It also covers topics like single shot vaccines, mucosal delivery systems, transdermal delivery systems, adjuvants, and advanced encapsulation methods for vaccine development.
The document discusses several topics in customized drug delivery including personalized drug delivery systems, 3D printing of pharmaceuticals, bioelectronic systems, and telepharmacy. Personalized drug delivery aims to tailor treatment to each patient's characteristics and involves risk assessment, prevention, detection, diagnosis, treatment and management. 3D printing allows customized dosage forms by precisely depositing drug and excipient inks or melts in a layer-by-layer process. Bioelectronic devices attach to nerves to modulate signaling patterns and potentially treat conditions like arthritis and asthma. Telepharmacy enables remote dispensing and counseling using telecommunications.
GRDDS-Modulation to GI transit time,Approach to extend GI transit timeRESHMAMOHAN24
This document discusses approaches to extend gastrointestinal transit time by modulating gastric retention through gastroretentive drug delivery systems. It describes the physiology and motility patterns of the GI tract. Common approaches to prolong gastric retention time include high density systems, floating drug delivery systems, and effervescent systems. Floating drug delivery systems can remain buoyant in the stomach for extended periods without affecting gastric emptying.
Vaccines work by enhancing the body's immune response to disease-causing microorganisms. They contain weakened or killed forms of viruses or bacteria, or purified components, which trigger an immune response and develop antibodies without causing illness. Vaccines are formulated with antigens, fluids, preservatives and adjuvants to ensure potency over the shelf life. They are prepared from isolated microbial strains grown in culture and tested in clinical trials before use in vaccine production. The immune response triggered by vaccination mimics natural infection and prepares the body to fight the disease if exposed in the future.
This document discusses mechanically activated drug delivery devices, specifically metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers. Metered dose inhalers precisely deliver medication in aerosol form via inhalation. Dry powder inhalers use breath activation to deliver dry powder medication. Nebulizers convert liquid medication into an inhalable mist using compressed air or ultrasonic power. Each device type has advantages like precision or not requiring compressed gas, but also disadvantages such as potential waste or lower efficiency.
formulation and evaluation of delivery system of protein and peptide.pptxKishor Singha
the presention gives idea about various formulation and evaluation of various delivery system based on the delivery routes for protein and peptide drug delivery in the body.
Vaccine delivery systems can be categorized as needle-based or needle-free. Common needle-based routes include intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal injection. Needle-free options include oral, intranasal, and transdermal delivery. Various technologies are being developed to enhance vaccine uptake through mucosal surfaces without needles, such as live viral/bacterial vectors, particulate systems like microparticles, and chemical or physical permeation of the skin. The design of mucosal and transdermal vaccines aims to protect antigens, deliver them across barriers, and target immune cells while avoiding tolerance.
Tumour targeting and Brain specific drug deliverySHUBHAMGWAGH
The document discusses tumor targeting and brain specific drug delivery. It provides an introduction to targeted drug delivery and outlines strategies for tumor targeting including passive targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention effect, active targeting using ligands, and triggered drug delivery responsive to microenvironment changes. It also discusses challenges of drug delivery to the brain posed by the blood-brain barrier and factors that affect crossing it, as well as diseases related to the brain and strategies to enhance brain-specific drug delivery.
PREFORMULATION CONCEPTS AND OPTIMIZATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONJayeshRajput7
This document discusses preformulation concepts related to pharmaceutical dosage forms. It covers topics like drug-excipient interactions, kinetics of stability, stability testing, theories of dispersions/pharmaceutical dispersions, and preparation and stability of large and small volume parenterals. Drug-excipient interactions can be physical, chemical, biopharmaceutical, or between excipients. Stability is influenced by factors like temperature, light, and concentration. Kinetics examines the rate of change of drugs over time according to models like zero-order and first-order reactions. Stability testing ensures quality and establishes shelf life. Dispersions are classified by particle size and include emulsions, suspensions, and colloids. Self-
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) modern pharmacy unit-5 Study of consolidation parameters; Diffusion parameters, Dissolution
parameters and Pharmacokinetic parameters, Heckel plots, Similarity factors – f2
and f1, Higuchi and Peppas plot, Linearity Concept of significance, Standard
deviation , Chi square test, students T-test , ANOVA test
This document discusses mucosal delivery of vaccines. It begins by introducing mucosal surfaces as the major portal of entry for many pathogens and that immunization through mucosal routes can induce protective immunity at sites of entry. It then discusses various terms related to mucosal tissues and lymphoid structures. The remainder of the document outlines different polymer systems, formulations, design strategies and advantages/limitations for mucosal vaccine delivery, including emulsions, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, virosomes and melt-in-mouth strips. It also discusses single shot vaccines that provide protection from multiple diseases with one administration through use of vaccine adjuvants and antigen microencapsulation for delayed release.
This document provides an overview of intra nasal drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy of the nasal cavity, mechanisms of drug absorption such as paracellular and transcellular transport, and factors that affect drug absorption like biological, physiological and formulation related factors. It also describes the advantages and limitations of the nasal route. Various dosage forms for nasal delivery including drops, sprays, gels and powders are mentioned. Evaluation methods like in-vitro and in-vivo studies are summarized. Finally, applications of the nasal route for delivery of peptides, vaccines and CNS drugs are highlighted.
Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS)Himal Barakoti
This document discusses self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS), including their background, mechanism of action, formulations, stability testing, advantages, and applications. SMEDDS are isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants that form fine oil-in-water emulsions upon mild agitation followed by dilution in gastrointestinal fluids. They can improve the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs and enhance their bioavailability. SMEDDS formulations typically contain an oil, surfactant, co-surfactant, and drug. Their small particle size allows efficient drug release in the GI tract. Stability testing evaluates factors like temperature effects and in vitro drug release. SMEDDS
This document discusses bioequivalence studies. It begins with an introduction and objectives. It then defines bioequivalence according to the FDA and WHO as the rates and extents of active ingredients being available between two products. It discusses the need for bioequivalence studies for generic approval and reasons for in vivo studies. It also covers study designs, types of evidence to establish bioequivalence, statistical evaluation of data, and biowaivers. The overall purpose is to ensure generic drugs are equivalent to their brand name counterparts in performance.
1. The document discusses mucosal vaccine delivery systems, including their advantages over injectable vaccines. It describes various mucosal delivery methods like emulsion-type, liposome-based, polymeric nanoparticles, virosomes, and melt-in-mouth strips.
2. It summarizes a case study on the preparation of alginate-coated chitosan microparticles for vaccine delivery and their ability to modulate antigen release and protect from degradation.
3. Overall, the document outlines the promise of mucosal vaccines for improved compliance and induction of mucosal immunity, but also challenges like rapid clearance that must be addressed through innovative delivery systems and adjuvants.
The document discusses various strategies for mucosal delivery of vaccines. It describes how different delivery systems are designed to increase antigen delivery across mucosal surfaces, protect antigens from degradation, and facilitate clearance in the local mucosal environment. Live bacteria and viruses as well as polymeric particles such as synthetic polymers like PLGA and natural polymers like chitosan have been used. Inorganic particles including silica and gold nanoparticles have also been explored as vaccine delivery vehicles to the mucosa.
The document summarizes the history and development of dental caries vaccines. It discusses the mechanisms of active and passive immunization and various routes of vaccine administration including oral, intranasal, and topical applications. Recent advances include sub-unit vaccines targeting specific antigens, DNA vaccines, and use of adjuvants and delivery methods like liposomes and biodegradable microspheres. Clinical trials of plant-derived antibodies applied topically have shown promise. Future directions include mucosal immunization before colonization and strain replacement therapy to displace cariogenic bacteria.
Intranasal immunizations are simple, easy, convenient, and safer than other routes of administration.
Oral and Intramuscular vaccination has been considered till date as the ultimate ways, but nasal route offers advantages such as ease of self administration and induction of mucosal as well as systemic immunity.
Both liquid and dry powder formulations can be given via intranasal route.
The first nasal spray COVID-19 vaccine has been approved for emergency use in China and India. Here, we focus on the influencing factors and current status of the nasal spray vaccine development.
1. The document discusses vaccine delivery systems and focuses on single-shot vaccines and mucosal delivery systems.
2. Single-shot vaccines aim to provide both an initial immune response through free antigen and a booster response through microspheres that encapsulate antigen and provide delayed release.
3. Mucosal delivery of vaccines can induce both mucosal and systemic immunity, targeting the primary sites of infection, but poses challenges due to barriers that protect mucosal surfaces. Developing effective mucosal delivery systems remains an active area of research.
This document discusses various vaccine delivery systems including particulate systems, liposomal systems, virosomes, emulsion systems, polymeric nanoparticles, micellar systems, dendrimer-based systems, immunostimulatory complexes (ISCOMs), and DNA vaccines. It provides details on the composition and mechanisms of these different delivery systems and how they can be used to deliver vaccine antigens and induce protective immunity. Physical and mucosal delivery methods are also summarized for enhancing DNA vaccine delivery.
This document presents information on vaccine drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to vaccines, their history and components. It then discusses the different types of vaccines including traditional inactivated/attenuated vaccines as well as newer DNA/RNA and viral vector vaccines. The document outlines the process of antigen uptake and presentation. It describes single shot vaccines and their benefits over traditional multi-dose vaccines. Finally, it explores mucosal and transdermal delivery methods for needle-free vaccine administration, discussing strategies like emulsions, melt strips, liposomes, nanoparticles and virosomes. The goal is to develop efficient non-injectable delivery systems to improve global vaccination.
Edible vaccines are produced by genetically engineering plants and animals to express vaccine antigens to trigger an immune response when consumed. They work by incorporating DNA from pathogens into plant genomes, causing plants to produce proteins that activate both mucosal and systemic immunity upon digestion. This provides first-line defense against diseases that infect through mucosa. Antigens are protected from gastric juices but released in the intestines, taken up by immune cells, and generate immune responses including IgA at mucosal surfaces. Edible vaccines show promise but challenges remain in controlling dosage levels and ensuring continuous antigen production.
Vaccine drug delivery systems can target the mucosal immune system. Mucosal vaccines are administered through mucosal surfaces but face barriers. Delivery approaches include absorption enhancers, liposomes, virosomes, and controlled release microspheres. Skin is a potential site for vaccine delivery using methods like microneedles, powder injection, or topical adjuvants. Oral vaccines target the gut immune system but antigens face degradation; microencapsulation in polymers aids delivery. Non-viral polymer carriers like nanoparticles protect antigens and control their release. Novel approaches include thermostable nanopatches coated with vaccine for skin delivery to immune cells.
Vaccine- Biological preparation containing weakened or killed form of microbes that provides immunity against a particular disease.
Stimulates the body’s immune system which perceives the microbes as a threat and destroys them.
WHO report shows there are vaccines for 25 different infections.
Vaccination is responsible for the worldwide eradication of small pox and restriction of diseases as polio, measles and tetanus.
This document discusses the potential for a dental caries vaccine. It begins by defining dental caries and explaining why it is a major public health problem. It then covers how the immune system works and classifications of immunity. Key aspects of the microbiology of dental caries are explained, focusing on Streptococcus mutans and its antigenic determinants. The document discusses the need for a caries vaccine, potential routes of administration including mucosal and systemic routes, and advantages and disadvantages of passive immunization approaches. It concludes by considering the public health perspective on a potential caries vaccine and analyzing whether it could help reduce the global burden of dental caries.
This document discusses vaccine delivery systems, including uptake of antigens, single shot vaccines, and mucosal and transdermal delivery. It defines vaccines as biological preparations that improve immunity, and outlines the history from Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine to modern vaccines. Traditional vaccines include killed and live attenuated versions for bacteria and viruses. Single shot vaccines aim to replace boosters with encapsulated antigens. Mucosal surfaces are a major entry point for pathogens, and mucosal vaccines aim to induce protective immunity at sites of entry using emulsions, strips, liposomes or nanoparticles. The skin is also a vaccine delivery site due to its size and accessibility, using technologies like microneedles or electroporation to enhance permeation
This document discusses transdermal delivery of vaccines through the skin. It defines vaccines and describes different types of vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, recombinant, toxoid, and conjugate polysaccharide protein vaccines. It then discusses the skin as a site for vaccine delivery and various approaches for transdermal vaccine delivery, including liquid jet injection, epidermal powder immunization, topical applications using adjuvants or colloidal carriers, and energy-based approaches like electroporation, ultrasound, thermal ablation, and microneedles.
A malaria vaccine is a vaccine that is used to prevent malaria. The only approved vaccine as of 2015 is RTS,S, known by the trade name Mosquirix. It requires four injections and has a relatively low efficacy.
Nanoparticle based oral delivery of vaccinesAshok Patidar
Nanoparticle based oral delivery of vaccines presents an attractive alternative to other delivery routes. Nanoparticles can protect vaccine antigens from gastrointestinal fluids and transport them across the intestinal barrier for uptake by immune cells. Various nanoparticle formulations are being explored as oral vaccine carriers due to their ability to co-deliver antigens and adjuvants. However, challenges remain in ensuring sufficient antigen integrity and transportation. Further development is needed to design robust and scalable nanoparticle vaccine formulations.
Dental Caries Vaccine
Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Virulent components of S. mutans
3. Colonization mechanism of S. mutans
4. What are vaccines
5. Types of vaccines
6. Caries vaccine
7. Specific target of caries vaccine
8. History
9. Mechanism of action of caries vaccine
10. Types of caries vaccine
11. Adjuvants & delivery system
12. Routes of immunization
13. Appropriate timing for immunization
14. Advantages & disadvantages
15. Conclusion
Bacterial vaccines have helped eliminate or reduce several infectious diseases. Common bacterial vaccines protect against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, Hib, meningococcal meningitis, typhoid, cholera and more. Vaccines work through active immunization by vaccination or passive immunization using antibodies. Ongoing research continues to develop new vaccines and improve vaccine effectiveness.
Similar to Mucosal and transdermal vaccines manju 2022.pptx (20)
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
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Mucosal and transdermal vaccines manju 2022.pptx
1. MUCOSAL AND
TRANSDERMAL VACCINES
Presented by:
J Manjunath
1ST M-Pharm
Pharmaceutics department
AL-Ameen college of pharmacy, Bangalore.
1
Presented To:
Suma R
Associate professor
Pharmaceutics department
AL-Ameen college of pharmacy, Bangalore.
3. INTRODUCTION
3
• Vaccination is carried out to protect the individual from an infection by priming the
immune system to resist the infecting agent.
• Immunization also results in the system developing a "memory" of exposure to
antigens present on the pathogen and becoming prepared to respond to the same
without much delay upon subsequent encounter.
• Recent studies have shown that other routes of delivery such as intranasal, oral, and
transdermal delivery have also been effective. In some cases, vaccination through
mucosal routes resulted in better responses in IgA production. Because non-parenteral
vaccine delivery presents many obvious advantages, numerous attempts have been
made on the development of non-parenteral delivery of vaccines.
j
4. 4
MUCOSAL VACCINES
• The surface of the mucosa is the biggest path through which pathogens enter
the human body.
• The better impact of the mucosal vaccine over traditional injectable vaccines
are that they not only induce efficient immune reactions to the mucosa but
they are also comfortable in physical aspect & psychological aspect.
• As most of the pathogens first infect the mucosal surfaces, and growing
interest is expressed in establishing protective immunity from the mucosa,
which is accomplished through mucosal paths through vaccination.
6. 6
• Parenteral vaccination alone is quite often insufficient in
inducing mucosal immune responses, because stimulation
of the MALT usually requires direct contact between the
immunogen and the mucosal surface.
• An antigen interacting with localized lymphoid tissue can
stimulate IgA precursor cells that may then migrate to
other mucosal surfaces to elicit immune reaction in other
mucosal tissues. It is known that the mucosal immune
system produces 70% of the body’s antibodies.
7. 7
ORAL VACCINES
Oral vaccination is the most preferable mode of vaccination because of its ease of use and low cost of
manufacturing. Furthermore, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract provides the largest component of the
mucosal immune system that has been well-characterized. Oral administration of vaccines has high
acceptability, by avoidance of injection, to individuals of all ages.
The maximal intestinal immunization can be achieved by intra-Peyer’s patch immunization, and thus
this method can be used to screen oral vaccine candidate antigens without the added complication of
simultaneously testing oral-delivery systems
•Ex: Oral polio vaccine. The oral polio vaccine (OPV) was the first successful mucosal vaccine developed.
Live oral typhoid vaccine (Ty21a)
8. 8
REQUIREMENT OF ORAL VACCINE FOR COVID-19
• The major Covid vaccines available in the market or under evaluation
are all administered ‘systemically’. However, only a vaccine designed
to induce ‘mucosal’ immune response can protect against respiratory
viral infection.
• The respiratory tract that is already home to billions of
microorganisms.
• The systemic Covid-19 vaccines available or undergoing evaluation will
be able to induce IgG antibodies and other protective immune cells in
the blood, but are unlikely to induce mucosal IgA antibody
production.
• Only a mucosal vaccine can stimulate the production of IgA antibodies
which attaches itself to host cell. Only IgA antibodies can prevent the
shedding of viral particles by this route.
• Limitation rapid replacement of the memory cells in the mucosal
tissues.
Ig A
9. 9
• Intranasal vaccination route has received growing interest for non-invasive immunization. Intranasal
immunization has been quite effective for various vaccine-delivery systems. This route of vaccine
targeting is developed because the conventional intradermal vaccine causes many problems like
irritation, pain, and redness. Nasal vaccine delivery is known to be superior to oral delivery in
inducing specific IgA and IgG antibody responses in the upper respiratory tract.
• Example: influenza vaccines FluMist /Fluenz
NASAL VACCINE
10. 10
BBV154-ANOVEL ADENOVIRUS VECTORED,INTRANASAL VACCINEFOR
COVID-19
• An intranasal vaccine stimulates a broad immune
response – neutralizing IgG, mucosal IgA, and T cell
responses.
• Immune responses at the site of infection (in the nasal
mucosa) – essential for blocking both infection and
transmission of COVID-19.
11. DESIGN OF NANOCARRIERS: SUITABLE DELIVERY VEHICLES
FOR MUCOSAL IMMUNIZATION
11
• Conventional transporters (liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles, etc.) were developed to serve as a
structure for the transport of mucosal antibodies to safeguard the immunizing antigen from the
threatening state of the mucosal lumen and to boost its absorption and transcytosis through the
mucosal system.
• Used extensively as controlled-release dosage forms for many drugs including antigens.
• Useful in oral delivery of antigens because encapsulation in microparticles can protect antigens from
acidic and enzymatic degradation in the GI tract, and thus serve as a stable vaccine vehicle with
extended shelf life.
12. • Virus-like particles (VLPs) consist of one or more viral-coat
proteins. They are very immunogenic molecules that allow for
covalent coupling of the epitopes of interest.
• Recently, parvovirus-like particles have been engineered to
express foreign polypeptides in certain positions, resulting in
the production of large quantities of highly immunogenic
peptides, and to induce strong antibody, helper T-cell, and
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses.
12
VIRUS LIKE PARTICLES (VLP)
13. • The slow degradation of the polymer, releases antigens slowly from the
microparticles for long term and this results in enhanced immune responses.
• A number of approaches have been tried to achieve antigen release at desired
rates as one of the important roles of microparticles is the slow release of
antigens.
• The surface of microparticles can be modified to alter the adsorption and
desorption kinetics of antigens. Alternatively, the pore size can be varied to
control the release of antigens from microparticles
13
POLYMER MICROPARTICLES
14. 14
LIPOSOMAL DELIVERY SYSTEM
• Liposomes are vesicles composed of naturally occurring or
synthetic phospholipids, the bilayer structure can be single- or
multicompartment.
• As liposomes can protect antigens from the GI tract and
deliver them to the Peyer’s patches, they have been
extensively used as effective delivery system for oral
vaccination.
• The surface charge of liposomes is known to affect the immune
responses.
15. 15
VIROSOMES
• Virosomes are liposomes containing viral fusion proteins that allow
efficient entering into cells fusion with endosome membranes. Viral
fusion proteins become activated in the low pH environment in the
endosome to release its contents into the cytosol.
• Hepatitis A and influenza vaccines constructed on virosomes elicited
fewer local adverse reactions than did their classic counterparts and
displayed enhanced immunogenicity.
• The virosomes have a great potential for the design of combined
vaccines targeted against multiple antigens and multiple pathogens.
16. 16
MICELLES
• Micelles are aggregates of detergent molecules in aqueous solution
• They also align at aqueous/non-aqueous interfaces, reducing
surface tension, increasing miscibility, and stabilizing emulsions.
Polymeric micelles made of block copolymers, such as poly
(ethylene oxide)-poly (propylene oxide)- poly (ethylene oxide),
have been used as a delivery system for hydrophobic drugs.
• They can also encapsulate antigens for vaccination.
17. 17
NIOSOMES
• Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles. They have been used
to develop a vaccine-delivery system by peroral and oral routes.
• Ovalbumin was encapsulated in various lyophilized niosome
preparations consisting of sucrose esters, cholesterol, and dicetyl
phosphate. Encapsulation of ovalbumin into niosomes consisting of
70% stearate sucrose ester and 30% palmitate sucrose ester (40%
mono-, 60% di/tri ester) resulted in a significant increase in
antibody titters in serum, saliva, and intestinal washings
18. TRANSDERMAL VACCINE
18
The most widely used methods for transdermal administration of the drugs are hypodermic
needles, topical creams, and transdermal patches. The effect of most of the therapeutic agents is
limited due to the stratum corneum layer of the skin, which serves as a barrier for the molecules
and thus only a few molecules are able to reach the site of action.
A new form of delivery system called the microneedles helps to enhance the delivery of the drug
through this route and overcoming the various problems associated with the conventional
formulations.
It appears that transdermal electroporation is a promising technique for non-adjuvant skin
immunization, especially with low-molecular-weight, weakly immunogenic antigens.
20. 20
MICRONEEDLES
• Microneedle device consists of needles of micron size, which are arranged on a small patch.
• Microneedle patch bypasses the stratum corneum barrier and delivers the drug directly into the
epidermis or upper dermis layer which delivers 100% of the loaded drug without pain
• In the microneedle drug delivery system, the skin is temporarily disrupted. The drug is directly placed
in the epidermis or upper dermis layer which then goes into the systemic circulation and shows a
therapeutic response on reaching the site of action.
21. 21
Advantages Disadvantages
Faster onset of action Skin irritation or allergy to
sensitive skin
Better patient compliance Breaking of microneedle
tips
Self-administration Remained inside the skin
Improved permeability
Improved therapeutic
advantages
23. • DNA tattooing involves puncturing the skin thousands of times with a multiple needle
tattoo device or permanent make-up device to deliver plasmid DNA vaccine into the
dermis and epidermis.
• DNA tattooing has been associated with overall lower transgene expression levels but
higher or equal levels of immune responses in comparison with intramuscular
vaccination.
• The plasmid DNA appears to suffer little damage as a result of the tattooing process,
so it is unlikely that this is the root cause of the lower expression.
23
DNATATTOOING
24. • Jet injection is a needle-free method that uses a stream of high - pressurized liquid to penetrate the
stratum corneum
• Multiuse-nozzle jet injectors have been in use since the 1960s for the delivery of the intradermal
vaccination for smallpox and the bacille Calmette-Gueri (BCG) vaccine for tuberculosis
• Examples of jet injection are Injex30 (Oxford, UK), Biojector 2000 (USA), Bioject ZetaJet (Bioject,
USA), the PharmaJet Stratis (USA)
24
JET INJECTION
25. • Upon actuation the power source pushes the piston & rapidly increases the pressure within the
drug-loaded compartment.
• Thereby forcing the drug solution through the orifice as a high velocity liquid jet.
• When the jet impacts on the skin it creates a hole & allows the liquid to enter the skin.
• The process of hole formation and liquid jet deposition occurs within microseconds.
• The deposited liquid can then disperse within the tissues to illicit an immune response.
25
WORKING OF JET INJECTORS
26. PERMEABILIZATION OF THE SKIN
26
Direct alteration of the skin to make it more permeable to vaccines, thereby
circumventing the need for needles, has been attempted in numerous ways, including
thermal ablation, chemical enhancer addition, abrasion, electroporation, ultrasound,
and iontophoresis.
27. • Thermal ablation generates micron-size holes by use of lasers in the stratum corneum by selectively
heating small areas of the skin surface to hundreds of degrees. The heat is applied for micro- to
milliseconds so that heat transfer to the viable tissues is avoided, thus minimizing pain and damage.
• The lack of contact of the perforating device with the skin reduces cross-contamination risks and the
utilization of laser scanning technology allows for flexibility in the depth, number, and density of the
created micropores.
• Commercially available examples are 1) PassPort® system by altea therapeutics corp (altanta, ga)
2) Viaderm® device by transpharma ltd (israel).
27
THERMAL ABLATION
28. • Chemical enhancers modify the stratum corneum to make it more amenable to the delivery of
agents into the dermal layers. Ideally, they should be non-toxic, non-allergenic, have a rapid and
predictable duration of activity, function unidirectionally, and be compatible with the structure and
mode of action of drugs and vaccines.
• Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) is one of the most well-known and studied penetration enhancers, as it
allows for the penetration of both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds. DMSO is an organic
solvent and interacts with the lipids in the stratum corneum, leading to the partial extraction of
these lipids and an increase in lipid fluidity
28
CHEMICAL ENHANCERS
29. • Abrasion of the stratum corneum is another method of circumventing the
impermeable outer layer of the skin. This can be achieved via the use of tape
stripping, sanding, a razor, a toothbrush, or microdermabrasion. Application of a drug
or patch to the abraded area can then allow easier passage of the drug into the
dermal layers.
• A more recent abrasion technique is an abrasive gel made from star-shaped particles
(STAR) particles, which are 17-mm-sized particles with micron-sized protrusions that
have been found to be well tolerated by patients. These particles form microscopic
pores through which drugs or vaccines can be delivered into the skin. 29
ABRASION
30. • Iontophoresis uses an electrical field to deliver drugs and vaccines into
the skin and is particularly effective for charged and polar molecules.
• Two electrode patches are applied to create an electric circuit through
the skin and by applying a small electric current across the skin, drug
permeation is increased. The electrode with the same charge as the
drug is used to drive the charged drug through the stratum corneum
into the skin.
30
IONTOPHORESIS
31. • Electroporation is typically used to increase the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, particularly
by improving the delivery of DNA to the cell nucleus. The stage of transfer into the nucleus has
been shown to be particularly inefficient for plasmid DNA.
• Electroporation relies on the generation of transient pores, induced by the application of an
electric field. These pores allow the DNA to enter cells in the target tissue . Electroporation
has been applied to enhance intramuscular DNA uptake, as the muscle seems a particularly
attractive target for electroporation, perhaps because of the unique electrophysiology of
muscle cells
31
ELECTROPORATION
33. • Low frequency sonophoresis involves application of ultrasound waves at frequencies between 20 to
100 khz to the skin surface to reduce the stratum corneum barrier and thereby increase skin
permeability.
• Pretreatment is given prior to the application of a drug solution or patch.-Low frequency ultrasound
(20 khz) was used to deliver a tetanus toxoid, eliciting a robust immune response in mice to mice.
• More recently, ultrasound-mediated cavitation has been shown to enhance drug penetration and
extravasation in cancer therapy by providing a convective stimulus to push the drug into and
throughout solid tumours
33
ULTRASOUND
34. • Encyclopedia of PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY Third Edition VOLUME 1 page no. 3917-3922
• Journal of Immunological Methods, Review Article; Rational application of nano-adjuvant for
mucosal vaccine delivery system: www.elsevier.com/locate/jim
• Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy : A smart approach and increasing potential for transdermal drug
delivery system, Elsevier
• Review article Vaccination into the Dermal Compartment: Techniques, Challenges, and Prospects
34
REFERENCES