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MRSA is a bacteria that is resistant to methicillin and other antibiotics such as penicillin. It can cause dangerous infections in humans. MRSA spreads through direct contact with infected individuals or surfaces and is a concern in healthcare settings. Symptoms of MRSA infection vary depending on the site of infection but may include boils, abscesses, or cellulitis. Treatment involves draining infections and administering antibiotics, with more serious cases requiring hospitalization. Preventing the spread of MRSA requires good hand hygiene and avoiding sharing personal items.
Mrsa
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- 2. • MRSA is“Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus • Is a bacteria that is resistant to a synthetic penicillin- methicillin. • MRSA causes a variety of disseminated, lethal infections in humans. • Has the ability to easily transfer resistant genes to other species directly and indirectly • Overuse of antibiotics imposes selective pressures which mediates the acquisition of resistance What Is MRSA? 2
- 3. Scientific classification Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum:Firmicutes Class: Cocci Order: Bacillales Family: Staphylococcace ae Genus: Staphylococcus Species: S. aureus Binomial name Staphylococcus aureus SEM micrograph of MRSA 3
- 4. • Gram positive •Non-motile • Spherical • Grows in chains • Resembles clumps of grapes • Golden color • Hemolytic pattern on blood agar • Produces coagulase and catalase enzymes The Basic Characteristics Of S.aureus 4
- 5. Who Gets MRSA? •People with weak immune systems (people living with HIV/AIDS, people living with lupus, cancer patients, transplant recipients, severe asthmatics, etc.) • Diabetics • Intravenous drug users • Users of quinolone antibiotics • Young children • The elderly • College students living in dormitories 5
- 6. • Can HealthyPeople Get MRSA? • Yes. • MRSA skin infections are showing up mostly in healthy people, with out usual risks factors. • This type of MRSA - called community-associated MRSA (CA MRSA) • People staying or working in a health care facility • People in limited spaces with other people, ( including Prisn, military training camp, change rooms, Day care centers or gyms.) 6
- 7. Symptoms • Staph skininfections cause a red, swollen, and painful area on the skin. (may be drainage of pus or other fluids) • Cellulitis - an infection of the skin or the fat and tissue directly beneath the skin. starts as small red bumps. • Boils - pus-filled infection in the hair follicles of the skin. • Abscesses - collections (one or more) of pus in under skin. • Carbuncles - infections larger than an abscess, usually with several openings to the skin. • Impetigo - a skin infection with pus-filled blisters 7
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- 10. When patients getMRSA in health care facilities, the infections tend to be severe. These infections may be in the bloodstream, heart or lungs, urine, or at the site of a recent surgery. Symptoms of these severe infections • Chest pain • Chills • Cough • Fatigue • Fever • General ill feeling (malaise) • Headache • Muscle ache • Rash • Shortness of breath 10
- 11. Signs and tests •Depending on symptoms, may recommend following tests to detect & confirm infection: • Blood culture • Culture from the infected site • Gram stain and culture of the drainage (fluid) from the infection • Sputum culture • Urine culture 11
- 12. Transmission • Direct personto person contact • Sharing of towels or personal hygiene items (razors and towels) • Athletic equipment/ door handles • Clothes • Drug use equipment • Contact sports • Food-borne One in 100 people carry the bacteria on their bodies, but don't get sick 12
- 13. Treatment • Draining theskin infection may be the only treatment needed for a local skin MRSA infection. Keep any sore or wound covered. • If you are given antibiotics, be sure to take all even symptoms fade. It allow infection to come back – and develop resistance against the few antibiotics that still work.(clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or linezolid. Vancomycin (The antibiotics routinely prescribed no longer work for MRSA, including methicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins. ) 13
- 14. Treatments… • More seriousMRSA need other treatments. • If you are not already in the hospital, you may be admitted. • Fluids and medications given through a vein • Kidney dialysis (if kidney failure) • Oxygen 14
- 15. Prevention Follow these stepsto avoid MRS infections and prevent it from spreading: • Best way is Keep your hands clean by washing them thoroughly with soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizer. • Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandage until they heal. • Avoid contact with others wounds or bandages. • Avoid sharing personal items as towels /razors 15
- 16. prevention… • Not sharesoap or towels with others in a team • If you share sporting equipment, clean with antiseptic solution • Avoid sharing bandages etc. • Make sure that shared bathing facilities are clean • Wash your hands often, if you are visit hospital or long-term care facility. 16
- 17. Prevention…. • When visitingMRSA patients, follow the facility's visitor policies. Casual contact -- such as kissing, hugging, and touching--is usually okay. Avoid touching catheters or wound sites. Wash your hands before leaving an infected person's room. • Make sure all doctors, nurses wash their hands before examining you 17
- 18. Drug resistant pathogenkills patients in Sri Lanka's leading public hospital By a correspondent 18 December 2000 • Three patients are dead and others have been affected after a multi-drug resistant bacteria struck the (CTU) at the National Hospital, Sri Lanka's leading public hospital. By December 16 2000.. • The CTU operating theatre and the (SICU) have been closed for cleaning and disinfection... (http://www.wsws.org) • The three patients died after their surgical wounds became infected with MRSA. Another two patients are in a critical condition. According to some nurses from the Cardio Thoracic wards, the surgical wounds were already infected when the patients came under their care. NEWS 18
- 19. MRSA and SpiderBite • Bug bites, rashes, and other skin conditions can be confused with MRSA because the symptoms may be similar: red, swollen, warm, or tender.. • When a skin infection spreads or does not improve after 2-3 days on usual antibiotics, it may be MRSA. 19
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