2. • MRSA is “Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• Is a bacteria that is resistant to a synthetic penicillin- methicillin.
• MRSA causes a variety of disseminated, lethal infections
in humans.
• Has the ability to easily transfer resistant genes to other species
directly and indirectly
• Overuse of antibiotics imposes selective pressures which mediates
the acquisition of resistance
What Is MRSA?
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3. Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Cocci
Order: Bacillales
Family:
Staphylococcace
ae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species: S. aureus
Binomial name
Staphylococcus aureus
SEM micrograph of MRSA
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4. • Gram positive
• Non-motile
• Spherical
• Grows in chains
• Resembles clumps of grapes
• Golden color
• Hemolytic pattern on blood agar
• Produces coagulase and catalase enzymes
The Basic Characteristics Of S.aureus
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5. Who Gets MRSA?
• People with weak immune systems
(people living with HIV/AIDS, people living with lupus, cancer
patients, transplant recipients, severe asthmatics, etc.)
• Diabetics
• Intravenous drug users
• Users of quinolone antibiotics
• Young children
• The elderly
• College students living in dormitories
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6. • Can Healthy People Get MRSA?
• Yes.
• MRSA skin infections are showing up mostly in
healthy people, with out usual risks factors.
• This type of MRSA - called community-associated
MRSA (CA MRSA)
• People staying or working in a health care facility
• People in limited spaces with other people,
( including Prisn, military training camp, change
rooms, Day care centers or gyms.)
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7. Symptoms
• Staph skin infections cause a red, swollen, and
painful area on the skin.
(may be drainage of pus or other fluids)
• Cellulitis - an infection of the skin or the fat and tissue
directly beneath the skin. starts as small red bumps.
• Boils - pus-filled infection in the hair follicles of the skin.
• Abscesses - collections (one or more) of pus in under skin.
• Carbuncles - infections larger than an abscess, usually
with several openings to the skin.
• Impetigo - a skin infection with pus-filled blisters
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10. When patients get MRSA in health care
facilities, the infections tend to be severe. These
infections may be in the bloodstream, heart or
lungs, urine, or at the site of a recent
surgery.
Symptoms of these severe infections
• Chest pain
• Chills
• Cough
• Fatigue
• Fever
• General ill feeling (malaise)
• Headache
• Muscle ache
• Rash
• Shortness of breath 10
11. Signs and tests
• Depending on symptoms, may recommend
following tests to detect & confirm infection:
• Blood culture
• Culture from the infected site
• Gram stain and culture of the drainage (fluid)
from the infection
• Sputum culture
• Urine culture
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12. Transmission
• Direct person to person contact
• Sharing of towels or personal hygiene items
(razors and towels)
• Athletic equipment/ door handles
• Clothes
• Drug use equipment
• Contact sports
• Food-borne
One in 100 people carry the bacteria on their
bodies, but don't get sick
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13. Treatment
• Draining the skin infection may be the only
treatment needed for a local skin MRSA
infection. Keep any sore or wound covered.
• If you are given antibiotics, be sure to take all
even symptoms fade.
It allow infection to come back – and develop resistance
against the few antibiotics that still work.(clindamycin,
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or linezolid. Vancomycin
(The antibiotics routinely prescribed no longer work for
MRSA, including methicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin,
and cephalosporins. ) 13
14. Treatments…
• More serious MRSA need other treatments.
• If you are not already in the hospital, you may
be admitted.
• Fluids and medications given through a vein
• Kidney dialysis (if kidney failure)
• Oxygen
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15. Prevention
Follow these steps to avoid MRS infections and
prevent it from spreading:
• Best way is Keep your hands clean by washing them
thoroughly with soap and water or alcohol-based
hand sanitizer.
• Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a
bandage until they heal.
• Avoid contact with others wounds or bandages.
• Avoid sharing personal items as towels /razors
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16. prevention…
• Not share soap or towels with others in a team
• If you share sporting equipment, clean with
antiseptic solution
• Avoid sharing bandages etc.
• Make sure that shared bathing facilities are clean
• Wash your hands often, if you are visit hospital or
long-term care facility.
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17. Prevention….
• When visiting MRSA patients, follow the facility's
visitor policies.
Casual contact -- such as kissing, hugging, and touching--is
usually okay. Avoid touching catheters or wound sites.
Wash your hands before leaving an infected
person's room.
• Make sure all doctors, nurses wash their hands
before examining you
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18. Drug resistant pathogen kills patients in
Sri Lanka's leading public hospital
By a correspondent
18 December 2000
• Three patients are dead and others have been affected
after a multi-drug resistant bacteria struck the (CTU) at
the National Hospital, Sri Lanka's leading public hospital.
By December 16 2000..
• The CTU operating theatre and the (SICU) have been
closed for cleaning and disinfection... (http://www.wsws.org)
• The three patients died after their surgical wounds
became infected with MRSA. Another two patients are in a
critical condition. According to some nurses from the
Cardio Thoracic wards, the surgical wounds were already
infected when the patients came under their care.
NEWS
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19. MRSA and Spider Bite
• Bug bites, rashes, and other skin conditions can be
confused with MRSA because the symptoms may be
similar: red, swollen, warm, or tender..
• When a skin infection spreads or does not improve
after 2-3 days on usual antibiotics, it may be MRSA.
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