Dr. R. T. Patil discussed oilseed production and post-harvest losses in India. Key points include: - India produces 30 million tonnes of oilseeds annually, with 6% lost during post-harvest operations. - Most oilseed processing is done by small cottage industries using animal-powered or mechanical expellers. - Post-harvest losses vary by crop but can exceed 10% for some oilseeds. - CIPHET has developed improved technologies to reduce these losses, including higher-capacity expellers, a castor decorticator, and a groundnut pod grader.

1. Dr. R. T. Patil
Director,
Central Institute of Post Harvest
Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana
Increased Oil Availability through Post
Harvest Management and Value Addition

2. Oil Seed Production & Post Harvest
Scenario
• Oil Seed Production of India is 30 million tonnes, losses are to
about 6%.
• Oil from by products
–Rice Bran
–Maize Germ
–Millet bran
• Oilseed processing is a major segment, an activity largely
concentrated in the cottage industry.
• 2.5 lakh ghanis and kolus which are animal operated oil
expellers (cake has 15% fat)
• 50,000 mechanical oil expellers (Cake 6-8%)
• 15,500 oil mills (Cake 5-6%)
• 725 solvent extraction plants (Cake/Meal <1%)
• 300 oil refineries and
• over 175 hydrogenated vegetable oil plants.

3. S.
No
Crop
OILSEEDS
Harves
ting
Collect
ion
Thresh
ing
Sort-
ing/
Grad-
ing
Winno
wing/
Cleani
ng/
Ginnin
g
Drying Packa
ging
Tran-
sporta
tion
Total
Loss
in
Farm
Operat
ions
10 Mustard 4.5 1.1 1.8 - 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 8.4
11 Cottonseed▲ 0.6 0.2 - - 0.9▲ 0.3 0.1 0.1 2.2
12 Soybean 3.1 0.5 1.2 - 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 5.8
13 Safflower 0.5 0.7 1.1 - 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 3.3
14 Sunflower 1.1 0.5 1.3 - 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 3.9
15 Groundnut 4.8 0.7 2.7 - 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 9.1
Loss (%) at National Level in different
operations/channels

4. Post Harvest Losses in Oil Seeds
Oil Seed Production,
Million
tones
Harvesting
Loss %
Supply
Chain
Loss %
Storage
Loss %
Total
Loss
%
Mustard 5.8 4.5 3.9 0.5 8.9
Cottonseed 2.9 0.6 1.6 0.6 2.8
Soybean 9.99 3.1 2.7 0.4 6.2
Safflower 2.17 0.5 2.8 0.4 3.7
Sunflower 1.44 1.1 2.8 0.6 4.5
Groundnut 9.36 4.8 4.3 1.0 10.1

5. Safe Moisture Content for Storage
Seed Maximum Moisture
content, % (w.b.)
Soybean 13.0
Flax seed 10.5
Rapeseed 7.0
Sunflower 8.5
Safflower 11.0
Peanuts 11.0
Cotton seed 10.0
Copra 7.0
Palm kernel 8.0

6. Oil Expelling Techniques

7. • Capacity 100 kg /h
• Oil recovery 65 – 70 % in
single pass
• Good quality MFSF (Protein
48 %, Fat 6-8 %, TI
Inactivation up to 70 %)
•Development of commercial
unit ( 250 kg /h) in progress
in collaboration with a
manufacturer
Integral Extrusion Expelling Unit

8. Parameter Values
Throughput capacity 25 kg/h
Effective capacity for
extruded soy-sample
15 kg /h
Recovery 70%,
Single pass
Effective capacity for
soft seeds in 2 passes
15 kg/h
Recovery 80-85%
Compression ratio for
Primary section 5:1
Secondary section 3:1
Overall compression
ratio
15:1
L:D ratio
Primary section 5.1:1
Secondary section 4.5:1
Overall 9.6:1
Single Feed Multi Stage Oil Expeller

9. CIPHET Castor Decorticator
•Currently castor seeds are
manually depodded which is
tedious, highly time and labour
consuming.
•The depodding and decorticating
efficiency was found to be 98.5 % at
6.2 % (w.b.) moisture content of the
pods.
•At the same moisture content the
capacity was also as high as 180
kg/h.
•Single person can conveniently
operate the machine.
•Cost of the machine was
Rs.25,000/- excluding cost of 2 hp
electric motor.

10. Groundnut Pod Grader
Purpose Cleaning of
pods and its grading
based on weight,
thickness and size.
• Power: 3 kW electric
motor
• Manpower: Two
• Investment: Rs.
2,00000/-
• Output Capacity: 650
kg/h

11. Groundnut Pod Decorticator
A composite unit of ground nut
decorticator was developed
especially for producers of value
added products from whole
kernel. The unit consists feed
hopper, decorticating drum,
aspirator, and sieve grader to
grade kernel in two grades. The
capacity of the unit is 60 kg/h and
price is Rs 65,000. The dehulling
efficiency is 87% with no
breakage of the kernel.
Technology has been licensed (Fee Rs. 60,000) to
M/s OSAW Agro, Ambala for commercial production.

12. Sunflower Dehulling Mill

13. A new process for processing mustard
for sauce and its pilot plant.
Reactor
Insulated steam jacketed pressure
vessel Pressure and temperature
gauges are provided for process
control operated at 60 RPM with 1
hp electric motor.
•The volatiles are collected from
upper outlet and condensed with
circulating water.
Decanter
•The processed material transferred
to decanter where it is separated in
paste, hulls, liquid bitter compound.

14. Double Chamber Modern Oil Expeller
•Provision for cooling the barrel by
passing water through water
jackets for temperature of the
barrel below 700C
•Pungent compounds present in
the oil are not escaped during
expelling.
•10 tpd capacity provides 5.8%
residual oil in mustard cake in
one-go crushing, as compared to
7.5% in conventional expeller
•Mustard cake is bright green
without any discolouration.
•Durability worm & cage bar
assemblies (10 week against 3
weeks conventional expellers)
•The plant requires less space for
installation.

15. Alternate Uses of Oil Seeds & Cake
• Medium Fat Flours (extrusion expelling)
• Novel confectionary products from
sunflower and sesame
• Products like beverage, curd and paneer
from soybean & ground nut
• Edible sauce and chutneys from oil seeds for
promoting rural enterprises

16. Conclusions
• Modernization of oil milling sector to higher oil
recovery and better quality cake
• Develop pre-pressing treatments for higher
recovery and cold pressed quality oil (temp
increase less than 30 C)
• Develop novel and efficient designs of oil
expellers and their promotion
• Develop low cost technologies for bran oil
expression
• Strengthening PH engineering R&D through
Establishment of Oilseed Processing and
Utilization Centre