1. The document discusses innovations in patchouli oil production techniques, including at large, pilot, and lab scales. It describes traditional steam distillation and introduces microwave-assisted extraction methods.
2. Microwave-assisted methods provide advantages over steam distillation such as shorter distillation times, minimum solvent use, and higher quality products. Specific techniques introduced are microwave hydrodistillation, microwave steam hydrodistillation, and microwave air hydrodistillation.
3. The document concludes by recommending Indonesian refiners consider innovative distillation technologies like microwave-assisted methods to more effectively and efficiently produce essential oils. Academic researchers provide these suggestions to help improve the competitiveness and quality of Indonesia's essential oil industry.
The document summarizes the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils through transesterification. It discusses various feedstocks used, the transesterification process, and results from experiments conducted. Key points:
- Soybean, sunflower, and corn oils were most suitable feedstocks, meeting standard diesel properties. Soybean yielded the highest amount of biodiesel at 96% in 9 hours.
- The transesterification process involves reacting vegetable oils with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to form biodiesel and glycerin.
- Results found soybean, sunflower, and corn biodiesel met most standards but others like rice bran were less suitable due to higher viscosity and lower
UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL AS FEEDSTOCK AND CATALYST.pptxNurAzy1
The document discusses a study on utilizing waste materials as feedstock and catalyst for biodiesel production. Dairy waste is used as a feedstock and chicken bone waste is used as a catalyst. The methodology involves extracting oil from dairy waste, synthesizing CaO catalyst from chicken bone, and performing transesterification using microwave irradiation to produce biodiesel. Key steps are oil extraction from dairy waste, acid esterification to reduce free fatty acids, CaO catalyst synthesis from chicken bone, and a transesterification process to produce biodiesel from the dairy waste oil feedstock using the CaO catalyst. The produced biodiesel will then be analyzed and characterized.
Mpkv lecture 3 advances in oil seed processing technologiesRamabhau Patil
The document discusses advances in oil seed processing technologies in India. It summarizes India's current demand and domestic production of vegetable oils as well as import dependency. It then describes post-harvest losses for various oilseeds and their oil contents. The document proceeds to discuss smart interventions for oil extraction, including mechanical expression, solvent extraction, and various assisted solvent extraction methods like enzyme-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, and supercritical fluid extraction. It concludes by emphasizing the need for modernizing oil milling technologies in India to improve oil recovery and quality.
Mpkv lecture 3 advances in oil seed processing technologiesRamabhau Patil
The document discusses advances in oil seed processing technologies in India. It summarizes India's current demand and domestic production of vegetable oils as well as import levels. It then outlines post-harvest losses for major oilseeds and the oil content of different seeds. The document proceeds to describe different mechanical and solvent-based extraction technologies like extrusion expelling, supercritical fluid extraction, and expander-assisted extraction. It concludes by emphasizing the need to modernize oil milling technologies in India to improve oil recovery and quality.
Production of Biodiesel from Vernonia Galamensis Oil using Ethanol with Alkal...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into producing biodiesel from Vernonia galamensis oil using ethanol and an alkali catalyst. Vernonia galamensis oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction and mechanical pressing. The oil was purified through various refining processes. Biodiesel was produced from the oil through a transesterification reaction with ethanol and sodium hydroxide catalyst. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimal reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and molar ratio of ethanol to oil. The maximum biodiesel yield of 87% was achieved at 55°C, a molar ratio of 9:1, and 1.125% catalyst amount. Various properties of the produced biodiesel were tested and met ASTM
This document discusses a study on improving the flow performance of crude palm oil (CPO) during transportation. CPO has a high tendency to solidify which can cause blockages in pipelines and millions in losses each year. The study aimed to identify suitable temperature conditions and physical parameters using ultrasonic equipment to reduce viscosity and improve flow. Results showed that viscosity decreases nonlinearly with increasing temperature up to 50°C, at which point all solid CPO dissolved. Viscosity also decreased linearly with increasing ultrasonic frequency. Both methods successfully improved CPO flow during transportation and can reduce costs associated with storage and handling.
Advancement in neem oil extraction process Prem Baboo
This paper describes a process of preparation of neem oil water emulsion & coating of urea in fertilizer plants, at site of urea production. The neem tree found in Asia and basically Indian sub continent. The basic part for neem oil used is seed of the neem known as kernels .Different method are available to obtain neem oil including one new method Supercritical method for extraction of neem oil from kernels.Now a days the main demand of neem oil in fertilizers Industries for coating of Urea and other fertilizers. “Government of India has done away with the cap on neem- coated urea and now it can be produced 100%. It is a win-win situation for both industry and farmers. It has been noted that farmer’s income would increase with the help of neem-coated urea as productivity would increase with less usage of urea.”Consequently the demand of Neem oil drastically increasing. In this paper some description of oil preparation method. Using carbon dioxide: methanol for supercritical fluid extraction is the maximum yield eco friendly process but slightly economical.
Extraction of Essential Oil from Neem Seed by Using Soxhlet Extraction MethodsIJAEMSJORNAL
Extraction of essential neem oil from neem seed was carried by soxhelt extraction method using different organic solvents and parameters. Physico-chemical property of the extracted oil was also determined by using classical wet chemical method. Result revealed that, soxhlet extraction using hexane has 40.35%; using ethanol-hexane mixture of 60:40% volume proportion has 43.71%, using ethanol 42.65% and using methanol 42.89%. For all solvent type particle size has 355μm, extraction time 1hr up to 3hrs and applied constant and varies temperatures .At smaller extraction time, hexane produced oil yield greater than from ethanol and methanol. Actually, ethanol not produced oil at one hour extraction time. Thus, by effective determination of factors like particle sizes, solvent type, temperature, and time it is possible to investigate the result on the quality and quantity of neem oil. Surprisingly, mixtures of Ethanol and Hexane gave admirable results. Predominantly, ethanol-hexane mixtures of 60:40, and 40:60% (volume proportions) gave better oil yields of 44%, and 41.2% respectively than that of hexane (40.35%) at 3 hours of process time.
The document summarizes the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils through transesterification. It discusses various feedstocks used, the transesterification process, and results from experiments conducted. Key points:
- Soybean, sunflower, and corn oils were most suitable feedstocks, meeting standard diesel properties. Soybean yielded the highest amount of biodiesel at 96% in 9 hours.
- The transesterification process involves reacting vegetable oils with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to form biodiesel and glycerin.
- Results found soybean, sunflower, and corn biodiesel met most standards but others like rice bran were less suitable due to higher viscosity and lower
UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL AS FEEDSTOCK AND CATALYST.pptxNurAzy1
The document discusses a study on utilizing waste materials as feedstock and catalyst for biodiesel production. Dairy waste is used as a feedstock and chicken bone waste is used as a catalyst. The methodology involves extracting oil from dairy waste, synthesizing CaO catalyst from chicken bone, and performing transesterification using microwave irradiation to produce biodiesel. Key steps are oil extraction from dairy waste, acid esterification to reduce free fatty acids, CaO catalyst synthesis from chicken bone, and a transesterification process to produce biodiesel from the dairy waste oil feedstock using the CaO catalyst. The produced biodiesel will then be analyzed and characterized.
Mpkv lecture 3 advances in oil seed processing technologiesRamabhau Patil
The document discusses advances in oil seed processing technologies in India. It summarizes India's current demand and domestic production of vegetable oils as well as import dependency. It then describes post-harvest losses for various oilseeds and their oil contents. The document proceeds to discuss smart interventions for oil extraction, including mechanical expression, solvent extraction, and various assisted solvent extraction methods like enzyme-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, and supercritical fluid extraction. It concludes by emphasizing the need for modernizing oil milling technologies in India to improve oil recovery and quality.
Mpkv lecture 3 advances in oil seed processing technologiesRamabhau Patil
The document discusses advances in oil seed processing technologies in India. It summarizes India's current demand and domestic production of vegetable oils as well as import levels. It then outlines post-harvest losses for major oilseeds and the oil content of different seeds. The document proceeds to describe different mechanical and solvent-based extraction technologies like extrusion expelling, supercritical fluid extraction, and expander-assisted extraction. It concludes by emphasizing the need to modernize oil milling technologies in India to improve oil recovery and quality.
Production of Biodiesel from Vernonia Galamensis Oil using Ethanol with Alkal...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into producing biodiesel from Vernonia galamensis oil using ethanol and an alkali catalyst. Vernonia galamensis oil was extracted from seeds using solvent extraction and mechanical pressing. The oil was purified through various refining processes. Biodiesel was produced from the oil through a transesterification reaction with ethanol and sodium hydroxide catalyst. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimal reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and molar ratio of ethanol to oil. The maximum biodiesel yield of 87% was achieved at 55°C, a molar ratio of 9:1, and 1.125% catalyst amount. Various properties of the produced biodiesel were tested and met ASTM
This document discusses a study on improving the flow performance of crude palm oil (CPO) during transportation. CPO has a high tendency to solidify which can cause blockages in pipelines and millions in losses each year. The study aimed to identify suitable temperature conditions and physical parameters using ultrasonic equipment to reduce viscosity and improve flow. Results showed that viscosity decreases nonlinearly with increasing temperature up to 50°C, at which point all solid CPO dissolved. Viscosity also decreased linearly with increasing ultrasonic frequency. Both methods successfully improved CPO flow during transportation and can reduce costs associated with storage and handling.
Advancement in neem oil extraction process Prem Baboo
This paper describes a process of preparation of neem oil water emulsion & coating of urea in fertilizer plants, at site of urea production. The neem tree found in Asia and basically Indian sub continent. The basic part for neem oil used is seed of the neem known as kernels .Different method are available to obtain neem oil including one new method Supercritical method for extraction of neem oil from kernels.Now a days the main demand of neem oil in fertilizers Industries for coating of Urea and other fertilizers. “Government of India has done away with the cap on neem- coated urea and now it can be produced 100%. It is a win-win situation for both industry and farmers. It has been noted that farmer’s income would increase with the help of neem-coated urea as productivity would increase with less usage of urea.”Consequently the demand of Neem oil drastically increasing. In this paper some description of oil preparation method. Using carbon dioxide: methanol for supercritical fluid extraction is the maximum yield eco friendly process but slightly economical.
Extraction of Essential Oil from Neem Seed by Using Soxhlet Extraction MethodsIJAEMSJORNAL
Extraction of essential neem oil from neem seed was carried by soxhelt extraction method using different organic solvents and parameters. Physico-chemical property of the extracted oil was also determined by using classical wet chemical method. Result revealed that, soxhlet extraction using hexane has 40.35%; using ethanol-hexane mixture of 60:40% volume proportion has 43.71%, using ethanol 42.65% and using methanol 42.89%. For all solvent type particle size has 355μm, extraction time 1hr up to 3hrs and applied constant and varies temperatures .At smaller extraction time, hexane produced oil yield greater than from ethanol and methanol. Actually, ethanol not produced oil at one hour extraction time. Thus, by effective determination of factors like particle sizes, solvent type, temperature, and time it is possible to investigate the result on the quality and quantity of neem oil. Surprisingly, mixtures of Ethanol and Hexane gave admirable results. Predominantly, ethanol-hexane mixtures of 60:40, and 40:60% (volume proportions) gave better oil yields of 44%, and 41.2% respectively than that of hexane (40.35%) at 3 hours of process time.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document provides information on biodiesel, including its composition as fatty acid methyl esters derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste cooking oils. It discusses the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from these feedstocks and some of the standards and properties of biodiesel. It also addresses the economics and viability of biodiesel production in India, highlighting the potential for employment generation and use of wastelands without impacting food supplies.
Yield and Net-return Comparison between Various Coconut Oil Expelling MethodsNadeeka Chandrathilaka
Yield comparison between different coconut oil expelling methods. Economical evaluation of the net return of different coconut oil expelling methods. Ranking different coconut oil expelling methods according to the expelled oil quality. Identify the consumption rate of different coconut oil expelling methods as food.
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that used statistical modeling and optimization to produce biodiesel from neem (Azadirachta Indica) oil using a co-solvent transesterification process. Neem oil was extracted and pretreated. A central composite design was used to experimentally vary reaction temperature, catalyst amount, reaction time, and methanol-to-oil ratio. Biodiesel yield and properties were measured. An optimized yield of 84.77% was achieved at 34°C, 1.10% catalyst, 35 minutes, and a 6:1 molar ratio. The produced biodiesel met ASTM specifications for properties like cetane number, viscosity, and flash point.
This document summarizes a research article that studied the influence of pump rotation speed, washing time, and number of nozzle holes on the characteristics of crude palm oil (CPO) during the spray water washing process of biodiesel production. The study found that washing CPO for 5 minutes at a pump speed of 4000 rpm with 5 nozzle holes reduced the pH of wastewater by 0.7% and the yield of biodiesel from the first washing by 6.25%. Washing for 10 minutes further decreased the pH. The biodiesel characteristics of density, viscosity, flash point, and cetane number met Indonesian and international standards after washing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Food waste and food processing waste for renewable energy productionLPE Learning Center
Full proceedings at: http://www.extension.org/72790 This high efficient and low-cost eggshell catalyst could make the process of biodiesel production economic and fully ecologically friendly. The ecologically friendly and economic process could effectively reduce the processing cost of biodiesel, making it competitive with petroleum diesel.
This document discusses biodiesel production from algae. It begins by listing the group members and their student IDs working on the project. It then provides classifications of different energy sources and types of biofuels such as biodiesel and ethanol. The document discusses the benefits of algae biodiesel including higher oil yields from algae per acre than traditional crops, adaptability to grow in different environments without competing for food sources, and ability to capture carbon dioxide. It provides details on how to produce biodiesel from algae through cultivating algae, extracting the oil, and processing it through transesterification. Finally, it estimates the cost of a pilot biodiesel from algae project to be approximately 20,
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil By Co-Solvent Method.IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Biodiesel is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock. It can be used as an alternative fuel as the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day. Moreover the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in the pollution caused by PM, HC, CO etc. This paper consists of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using alkaline catalysts NAOH and KOH and cosolvent acetone in the presence of methanol. Waste cooking oil is used because of its high oil content and abundant availability. This method used is co-solvent method.
Biodiesel production from palm oil in minichannel reactorRavi Prakash
1. The document discusses biodiesel production from palm oil and soybean oil using transesterification in a minichannel and microreactor. Key factors investigated include temperature, residence time, catalyst concentration, and molar ratios.
2. For palm oil, temperatures of 60°C, residence times of 69 seconds, and 4% potassium hydroxide produced over 80% conversion. Flow patterns affected ester content.
3. For soybean oil, temperatures around 60°C, catalyst concentrations of 0.6-1.8%, and molar ratios above 3:1 methanol to oil optimized methyl ester production in the microreactor. Higher temperatures decreased ester yields due to soap formation from free
This document discusses the optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. Key points:
- Biodiesel was produced from sunflower oil through a transesterification reaction with methanol using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. Experiments were conducted to optimize parameters like temperature, catalyst concentration, and oil to methanol ratio.
- Response surface methodology and central composite design were used to analyze the effects of the parameters on biodiesel yield and develop a regression model to predict yields.
- The analysis found temperature, catalyst concentration, and oil to methanol ratio to be significant factors affecting yield. Optimization predicted a 98.1% yield could be achieved at 48°C, 0.679
This document summarizes a study on optimizing the extraction of sandalwood oil using subcritical carbon dioxide compared to conventional techniques like steam distillation. Subcritical carbon dioxide extraction at 200 bars and 28°C yielded 4.11% oil in the first hour, higher than other methods and with higher quality as indicated by acid value and santalol content. Analysis found the oil extracted in each hour contained varying amounts of key constituents like α-santalene and β-santalol. The study demonstrates that subcritical carbon dioxide extraction is more efficient and yields higher quality sandalwood oil than conventional techniques like steam distillation.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Biodiesel (Caster-RICINUS COMMUNIS) ...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation of biodiesel produced from castor seeds (Ricinus communis) and tested in a variable compression ratio diesel engine. The study involved producing biodiesel via transesterification of castor oil with methanol using a base catalyst. Various blends of castor biodiesel and petroleum diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine to analyze performance and emission characteristics compared to pure petroleum diesel. The results provide information on the potential for castor biodiesel to be used as an alternative or additive to petroleum diesel fuel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Due to increase demand of energy, increasing price
of petroleum fuels, depletion of petroleum fuels, and
environmental pollution by these fuel emissions, it is very
necessary to find the alternative fuels. This work focused on use
of hybrid blends of Karanja and Cottonseed oil Biodiesels. In this
work 20% and 25% blends are used and the performance and
emission tests were conducted on single cylinder, 4-stroke, water
cooled CI engine by running the engine at a speed of 1500rpm, at
a compression ratio of 16.5:1 and at an injection pressure of
205bar and performance parameters like BP, BSFC, BTE and
the emissions like CO, HC and NOx are compared. It was found
that the blends gave comparatively good results in respect of
performance and emissions.
This project is focused on existing technologies that could be applied to the processing of algae
biomass. Also cover the design of the process in which prototype of Distillation column, Heat
exchangers and Reactor will design. Project will also cover the socio-economic impacts
(Environmental considerations; Economic considerations and Energy considerations). For testing
our process model, the algal biodiesel will be produced on lab scale to understand the
consequences, requirements and difficulties.
The document discusses different methods for extracting secondary metabolites and essential oils from plants, including distillation methods like water distillation, water and steam distillation, and steam distillation. It also discusses solvent extraction and other methods like enfleurage. Key points include how each extraction method works, advantages and disadvantages of different distillation techniques, ideal properties of solvents used, and the basic steps involved in solvent extraction and enfleurage.
Biodiesel production from neem oil –an alternate approachIJERA Editor
In this study, neem oil which is one of the abundant non-edible oils in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and bangladesh is used for biodiesel production. The conventional 2-step transesterification production of biodiesel using sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts is carried out. The optimum process parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-oil molar ratio were investigated with respect to maximum yield. A maximum yield of 88% biodiesel is obtained via this method. A novel technique to produce biodiesel via complete hydrolysis followed by acid esterification is developed. Optimum reaction conditions were found to be 100ml 0.5N sulphuric acid loading, reaction temperature of 40ºC and reaction time of 2 hours. This resulted in a maximum FFA of 82%. Then acid esterification was carried out at the following reaction conditions of 0.55:1 v/v methanol-oil-ratio, 0.5% v/v H2SO4 acid catalyst loading, 50˚C and 4 hours reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained by this method. The viscosity of biodiesel produced by this method as well as the other physicochemical properties, were found to be in compliance with international standard.
This document discusses biodiesel, an alternative fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats. It provides background on biodiesel, including what it is, its benefits over petroleum diesel in terms of emissions and sustainability, and its potential to support agriculture. The document outlines challenges to the biodiesel industry, such as securing stable feedstock supplies, and discusses approaches to overcome issues like handling oils with high levels of free fatty acids. It also examines the current state of the biodiesel industry and potential in India.
This document discusses biodiesel production and use in India. It describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from oils. Testing shows biodiesel blends up to B100 can be used in diesel engines with some increase in fuel consumption but decrease in emissions. Jatropha is presented as a suitable oilseed crop for India that requires minimal inputs and can produce 2500-3000 liters of biodiesel per hectare. The document advocates developing small-scale biodiesel units to provide energy security and electrification in rural areas.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document provides information on biodiesel, including its composition as fatty acid methyl esters derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste cooking oils. It discusses the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from these feedstocks and some of the standards and properties of biodiesel. It also addresses the economics and viability of biodiesel production in India, highlighting the potential for employment generation and use of wastelands without impacting food supplies.
Yield and Net-return Comparison between Various Coconut Oil Expelling MethodsNadeeka Chandrathilaka
Yield comparison between different coconut oil expelling methods. Economical evaluation of the net return of different coconut oil expelling methods. Ranking different coconut oil expelling methods according to the expelled oil quality. Identify the consumption rate of different coconut oil expelling methods as food.
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that used statistical modeling and optimization to produce biodiesel from neem (Azadirachta Indica) oil using a co-solvent transesterification process. Neem oil was extracted and pretreated. A central composite design was used to experimentally vary reaction temperature, catalyst amount, reaction time, and methanol-to-oil ratio. Biodiesel yield and properties were measured. An optimized yield of 84.77% was achieved at 34°C, 1.10% catalyst, 35 minutes, and a 6:1 molar ratio. The produced biodiesel met ASTM specifications for properties like cetane number, viscosity, and flash point.
This document summarizes a research article that studied the influence of pump rotation speed, washing time, and number of nozzle holes on the characteristics of crude palm oil (CPO) during the spray water washing process of biodiesel production. The study found that washing CPO for 5 minutes at a pump speed of 4000 rpm with 5 nozzle holes reduced the pH of wastewater by 0.7% and the yield of biodiesel from the first washing by 6.25%. Washing for 10 minutes further decreased the pH. The biodiesel characteristics of density, viscosity, flash point, and cetane number met Indonesian and international standards after washing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Food waste and food processing waste for renewable energy productionLPE Learning Center
Full proceedings at: http://www.extension.org/72790 This high efficient and low-cost eggshell catalyst could make the process of biodiesel production economic and fully ecologically friendly. The ecologically friendly and economic process could effectively reduce the processing cost of biodiesel, making it competitive with petroleum diesel.
This document discusses biodiesel production from algae. It begins by listing the group members and their student IDs working on the project. It then provides classifications of different energy sources and types of biofuels such as biodiesel and ethanol. The document discusses the benefits of algae biodiesel including higher oil yields from algae per acre than traditional crops, adaptability to grow in different environments without competing for food sources, and ability to capture carbon dioxide. It provides details on how to produce biodiesel from algae through cultivating algae, extracting the oil, and processing it through transesterification. Finally, it estimates the cost of a pilot biodiesel from algae project to be approximately 20,
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil By Co-Solvent Method.IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Biodiesel is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock. It can be used as an alternative fuel as the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day. Moreover the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in the pollution caused by PM, HC, CO etc. This paper consists of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using alkaline catalysts NAOH and KOH and cosolvent acetone in the presence of methanol. Waste cooking oil is used because of its high oil content and abundant availability. This method used is co-solvent method.
Biodiesel production from palm oil in minichannel reactorRavi Prakash
1. The document discusses biodiesel production from palm oil and soybean oil using transesterification in a minichannel and microreactor. Key factors investigated include temperature, residence time, catalyst concentration, and molar ratios.
2. For palm oil, temperatures of 60°C, residence times of 69 seconds, and 4% potassium hydroxide produced over 80% conversion. Flow patterns affected ester content.
3. For soybean oil, temperatures around 60°C, catalyst concentrations of 0.6-1.8%, and molar ratios above 3:1 methanol to oil optimized methyl ester production in the microreactor. Higher temperatures decreased ester yields due to soap formation from free
This document discusses the optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil using response surface methodology. Key points:
- Biodiesel was produced from sunflower oil through a transesterification reaction with methanol using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. Experiments were conducted to optimize parameters like temperature, catalyst concentration, and oil to methanol ratio.
- Response surface methodology and central composite design were used to analyze the effects of the parameters on biodiesel yield and develop a regression model to predict yields.
- The analysis found temperature, catalyst concentration, and oil to methanol ratio to be significant factors affecting yield. Optimization predicted a 98.1% yield could be achieved at 48°C, 0.679
This document summarizes a study on optimizing the extraction of sandalwood oil using subcritical carbon dioxide compared to conventional techniques like steam distillation. Subcritical carbon dioxide extraction at 200 bars and 28°C yielded 4.11% oil in the first hour, higher than other methods and with higher quality as indicated by acid value and santalol content. Analysis found the oil extracted in each hour contained varying amounts of key constituents like α-santalene and β-santalol. The study demonstrates that subcritical carbon dioxide extraction is more efficient and yields higher quality sandalwood oil than conventional techniques like steam distillation.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Biodiesel (Caster-RICINUS COMMUNIS) ...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation of biodiesel produced from castor seeds (Ricinus communis) and tested in a variable compression ratio diesel engine. The study involved producing biodiesel via transesterification of castor oil with methanol using a base catalyst. Various blends of castor biodiesel and petroleum diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine to analyze performance and emission characteristics compared to pure petroleum diesel. The results provide information on the potential for castor biodiesel to be used as an alternative or additive to petroleum diesel fuel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Due to increase demand of energy, increasing price
of petroleum fuels, depletion of petroleum fuels, and
environmental pollution by these fuel emissions, it is very
necessary to find the alternative fuels. This work focused on use
of hybrid blends of Karanja and Cottonseed oil Biodiesels. In this
work 20% and 25% blends are used and the performance and
emission tests were conducted on single cylinder, 4-stroke, water
cooled CI engine by running the engine at a speed of 1500rpm, at
a compression ratio of 16.5:1 and at an injection pressure of
205bar and performance parameters like BP, BSFC, BTE and
the emissions like CO, HC and NOx are compared. It was found
that the blends gave comparatively good results in respect of
performance and emissions.
This project is focused on existing technologies that could be applied to the processing of algae
biomass. Also cover the design of the process in which prototype of Distillation column, Heat
exchangers and Reactor will design. Project will also cover the socio-economic impacts
(Environmental considerations; Economic considerations and Energy considerations). For testing
our process model, the algal biodiesel will be produced on lab scale to understand the
consequences, requirements and difficulties.
The document discusses different methods for extracting secondary metabolites and essential oils from plants, including distillation methods like water distillation, water and steam distillation, and steam distillation. It also discusses solvent extraction and other methods like enfleurage. Key points include how each extraction method works, advantages and disadvantages of different distillation techniques, ideal properties of solvents used, and the basic steps involved in solvent extraction and enfleurage.
Biodiesel production from neem oil –an alternate approachIJERA Editor
In this study, neem oil which is one of the abundant non-edible oils in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and bangladesh is used for biodiesel production. The conventional 2-step transesterification production of biodiesel using sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts is carried out. The optimum process parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-oil molar ratio were investigated with respect to maximum yield. A maximum yield of 88% biodiesel is obtained via this method. A novel technique to produce biodiesel via complete hydrolysis followed by acid esterification is developed. Optimum reaction conditions were found to be 100ml 0.5N sulphuric acid loading, reaction temperature of 40ºC and reaction time of 2 hours. This resulted in a maximum FFA of 82%. Then acid esterification was carried out at the following reaction conditions of 0.55:1 v/v methanol-oil-ratio, 0.5% v/v H2SO4 acid catalyst loading, 50˚C and 4 hours reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained by this method. The viscosity of biodiesel produced by this method as well as the other physicochemical properties, were found to be in compliance with international standard.
This document discusses biodiesel, an alternative fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats. It provides background on biodiesel, including what it is, its benefits over petroleum diesel in terms of emissions and sustainability, and its potential to support agriculture. The document outlines challenges to the biodiesel industry, such as securing stable feedstock supplies, and discusses approaches to overcome issues like handling oils with high levels of free fatty acids. It also examines the current state of the biodiesel industry and potential in India.
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Prof Mahfud_Some Innovations Techniques in Patchouli Oil Production.pdf
1. SOME INNOVATIONS TECHNIQUES IN
PATCHOULI OIL PRODUCTION
Prof. Dr. Mahfud,DEA
Laboratory of Chemical Process Reaction and Biomass Conversion
Department of Chemical Engineering, FTIRS
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)
Email: mahfud@chem-eng.its.ac.id; WA:08155223477
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF ESSENTIAL OILS
(ICEO 2021)
2. Outline
• Introduction
• What’s patchouli oil ?
• What’s patchouli oil for?
• How patchouli oil is extracted?
• Innovations in large scale Distiller
• Innovations in pilot scale Distiller
• Innovations in lab scale Distiller
• Conclusion
3. The plants of essential oil
JAVA CANANGA
CLOVES
PATCHOULI
(NILAM)
4. Species of Patchouli plants
NILAM ACEH
Pogostemon cablin Benth.
NILAM SABUN
NILAM JAWA
VARITAS NILAM ACEH
Sources:
http://cybex.pertanian.go.id/mobile/artikel/86638/3-Jenis-Tanaman-Nilam/
5. Patchouli Oil (Nilam)
• Indonesia supplies > 90% of the world's patchouli oil.
• Patchouli oil is important
contributor export than
other essential oils.
• 50% of the total foreign
exchange for Indonesia's
essential oil exports.
6. What is Patchouli plant?
Pogostemon cablin Benth (Nilam Aceh)
• Patchouli plant is a tropical plant that produces an
essential oil called the same (patchouli oil).
• Patchouli plants can grow in the low-highlands
(10-400 m), the rainfall 2500-3500 mm/year and
grow all the year, temperature 24-28 0
C, humidity
> 75%, sufficient intensity of sunlight & fertile soil.
• Varieties: Sidi kalang, Tapak tuan, Loksumawe &
Balittro
7. What’s others species of Patchouli plants?
• Pogostemon Hortensis Backer Bent
▫ Nilam Sabun
▫ Natural soap
• Pogostemon Heynecnus Benth
▫ Nilam Jawa
▫ Batik fragrance
Nilam Sabun
8. What’s patchouli oil for?
Generally, patchouli oil is not the dominant aroma
contribution in perfume anatomy (top notes or
middle notes), but as:
• Fixative: a compound that has a low volatility or a
higher evaporation point than other essential oils, so that
the rate of evaporation of the fragrance can be inhibited
• Bottom notes: The bottom of the perfume anatomy
12. Patchouli Oil Distillation - Problems
Economical Problems Technical Problems
• Patchouli oil prices always
fluctuate from low to high
• Price fluctuations cause a
decrease in motivation for
refiners and farmers
• Materials: Iron refining
material has been gradually
updated using stainless steel
material
• Operations: In general there
are not many significant
technical problems, only need to
apply "Good Manufacturing
Practice" so that the quality of
patchouli oil is consistent
• Innovations: Refiners haven’t
make innovation in order to
increase yield or increase % PA
(Patchouli alcohol)
13. 1. Innovations in large scale
Distiller of patchouli oil
Distiller capacity :
❖ 2oo kg leaves
❖ 5oo kg leaves
❖ 1oo0 kg leaves
❖ 2oo0 kg leaves
14. Problem: Effect of distillation time on % PA (Patchouli alcohol)
• Distillation Time 3 hours (to save fuel)
• Distillation Time 8 hours (generally)
• Distillation Time 12 hours (fuel from dry rubbish)
The best quality oil comes out after 4 hours of distillation,
so it is important to set the distillation time to around 7 hours
Operating Conditions SD
Volume Distiller = 500 L
Mass of material = 160 kg
Distillation time = 7 hr.
Dry leaves
Yield = 1,9
15. New steam Hydro-distillation design
• Dr. Hans Siwon (visiting researcher
at ITS from the Netherlands) and
Prof. Mahfud Chem.Eng. ITS)
together designed a new hydro
steam distillation plant at the
village of Tempur Sari, Donomulyo,
Malang (2009).
• This program financial supported by
ITS and Swiss Contact. And the
construction by CV.Maju Bersama.
• The new Steam-hydro distillation
Equipped with :
o A Boiler for generated steam
o An Agitator for homogenization
o A distiller heating system using
circulation of oil
16. Comparison Yield
Steam Distillation (SD) vs steam Hydro-distillation(SHD)
Operating Conditions SD
• Volume Distiller = 500 L
• Mass of material = 160 kg
• Distillation time = 8 hr.
• Dry leaves
• Yield = 1,9
Operating Conditions SHD
• Distiller Volume = 200 L
• Mass of material = 50 kg
• Distillation time = 8 hr.
• Dry leaves (chopped)
• Using a stirrer
• Operating costs : more expensive (for
mixer and heating mantle of distiller)
• Yield = 3,6
Steam-hydro distillation led to a greater yield of
essential oil, comparatively to that obtained by
means of steam distillation.
17. Comparison Oil Density
Steam Distillation vs steam Hydro-distillation
Density ⬄ % PA(Patchouli Alcohol)
Steam Distillation
• Density increase with time
• Avg Density = 0,96
Steam Hydro-distillation
• Density increase slightly with time
• Avg Density = 0,95
18. GC-MS analysis
• The composition of patchouli oil analyzed using GC-MS
and the identification of it constituents is based on
retention times.
• The major constituent of patchouli oil that has been
extracted using steam distillation and steam-hydro
distillation methods is 28.76% and 28.71%, respectively.
• The use of different extraction method has no effect on
the major constituent of patchouli oil.
19. 2. Innovations in pilot scale
Distiller of patchouli oil
Distiller capacity :
❖ 2 kg leaves
❖ 5 kg leaves
20. Effect of Materials conditions in Oil Yield
Chopped
leaves
Unchopped
Leaves
Innovation
21. Effect of Materials conditions in Oil Yield
Dried leaves
Fresh leaves
Innovation
22. 3. Innovations in lab scale
Distiller of patchouli oil
Distiller capacity :
▪ 500 ml
▪ 1000 ml
▪ 2000 ml
▪ 3000 ml
Condenser type :
▪ Liebig
▪ Clevenger
23. MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION
Heating mechanism by microwave :
1. The material absorbs radiation
electromagnetic wave until it reaches the
glandular glands in the cell wall.
2. The presence of polar molecules in an
oscillating electro-magnetic field with the
appropriate frequency trying to follow the
field and align themselves to be in phase
with the field which does not follow the
orientation of the field random particle
movement generate heat.
3. The presence of heat causes the cell walls to
break and then the essential oil contained in
the material will be able to freely exit into the
solvent
Extraction that uses microwave as heating sources
24. • Mechanism of Extraction conventional
▫ Diffusion of oil from solid material to solvent
• Mechanism of Microwave-assisted Extraction
▫ Diffusion of oil from solid material to solvent
▫ Oil release due to material matrix breaking due to oil expansion
Mechanism of Microwave-assisted Extraction
Sources of figure: Ying Li et al. Solvent-free microwave extraction of bioactive compounds
provides a tool for green analytical chemistry, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol
25. Pogostemon cablin extracted using :
hydro distillation vs. microwave hydro distillation
Extraction
Method
Operating
conditions
Processing
time
Extraction results
Hydro distillation
(HD)
P = atmospheric
Mass = 20 gr
Volume = 400 ml
water
t = 417 min Yield = 2.72%
Patchoulol = 26.32%
Microwave hydro
distillation
(MHD)
P = atmospheric
Mass = 20 gr
Volume = 400 ml
water
Power MW = 600
W
t = 126 min Yield = 2.61%
Patchoulol = 27.78%
H. S. Kusuma and M. Mahfud, Period. Polytech., Chem. Eng. 61(2), 82-92 (2017b).
26. Cananga Odorata extracted using :
hydro distillation vs. microwave hydro distillation
Mahfud et.al Modern Applied Science; Vol. 9, No. 7; 2015
28. Effect air flow rate in MAHD
The MAHD method produce higher
yields of patchouli oil when compared
with MHD method:
• the air flow helps to optimize the
mixing process.
• the air flow may be involved in
helping to extract essential oil
components of the heavy oils.
• The air flow can reduce the light
components in patchouli oil so that
the obtained oil contains more
heavy components (more
patchoulol content)
32. 1
• The prospect of patchouli oil in particular and essential oil in general is relatively good
in Indonesia, it should also be followed by mastery of refining technology and
cultivation of essential oil-producing plants, so that the essential oil business is able to
develop in terms of quality and quantity in order to meet the world's needs and be able
to increase competitiveness. with suppliers from other countries.
2
• Of the several problems that exist, distillation technology can be said to be a problem
that needs to be considered by Indonesian refiners in particular. This is because in
general the distillation technology used to refine essential oils in Indonesia is still
traditional.
3
• Hence, it is necessary to consider innovation to use new methods in refining essential
oils that are more effective and efficient.
4
• Therefore, as a academician, we provide some suggestions on distillation technologies
that may be applied by Indonesian refiners, such as: microwave hydro distillation,
microwave steam-hydro distillation, microwave air-hydro distillation, and solvent-free
microwave extraction.
Conclusion