It is a helpful presentation about mountains. All complete 5 types of mountains are included in this presentation. You can also see some of the examples for each type of mountain. You can use it as a presentation at school.
It is a helpful presentation about mountains. All complete 5 types of mountains are included in this presentation. You can also see some of the examples for each type of mountain. You can use it as a presentation at school.
what are Volcanism and volcano,
Distribution of Volcanoes
Kinds of Volcanoes
Types of Volcanic Hazards
Preparing for Volcanic Emergencies
A volcano is generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash. About 95% of active volcanoes occur at the plate subduction zones and at the mid-oceanic ridges. The other 5% occur in areas associated with lithospheric hot spots. These hot spots have no direct relationships with areas of crustal creation or subduction zones. It is believed that hot spots are caused by plumes of rising magma that have their origin within the asthenosphere.
Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
what are Volcanism and volcano,
Distribution of Volcanoes
Kinds of Volcanoes
Types of Volcanic Hazards
Preparing for Volcanic Emergencies
A volcano is generally a conical shaped hill or mountain built by accumulations of lava flows, tephra, and volcanic ash. About 95% of active volcanoes occur at the plate subduction zones and at the mid-oceanic ridges. The other 5% occur in areas associated with lithospheric hot spots. These hot spots have no direct relationships with areas of crustal creation or subduction zones. It is believed that hot spots are caused by plumes of rising magma that have their origin within the asthenosphere.
Over the last 2 million years, volcanoes have been depositing lava, tephra, and ash in particular areas of the globe. These areas occur at hot spots, rift zones, and along plate boundaries where tectonic subduction is taking place within the asthenosphere.
The most prevalent kinds of volcanoes on the Earth's surface are the kind which form the "Pacific Rim of Fire". Those are volcanoes which form as a result of subduction of the nearby lithosphere.
A CAPS-based slide show on the Earth and Beyond Module for grade 9's.
The focus is on recapping the different spheres of the earth, looking at the Lithosphere, and discussing the rock cycle, ores and minerals.
Text comes from the DocScientia Workbooks for grade 9's.
S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed.
d. Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of the earth.
weathering is the process of disintegration (physical breakdown) and decomposition (chemical breakdown) of rocks and minerals. In physical weathering, rocks are reduced in size but the chemical composition remains unaltered. In contrast, chemical weathering alter the chemical composition of rocks by changing the mineral constitutes. In weathering, primary minerals are decomposed to form secondary minerals. Weathering plays a vital role in soil formation.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. MOUNTAINS
They are types of landform, which are
characterized by high elevation. They are
steeply above their surrounding to a narrow
summit on top.
Compared to other landform, like hills
they are much higher, taller and steeper.
They are higher as much as 8000 meters,
Highest Mountain is the Mountain
Everest – 8,850 meters tall.
2. • They are landform that strecthes above
the surrounding land in a limited area,
usually in the form of a peak.
• These forces locally rises in the surface of
the earth’s crust by over 10,000 ft.
• It erode slowly through the action of
rivers, weather conditions, and glaciers.
• High elevations on mountains are colder
than at sea level, which affect the
ecosystem of mountains with different
elevation.
• Highest Mountain – Mount Everest –
Himalayas. Whose summit – 8,849,868 m.
Above sea level.
5. Varying climatic condition can be
observed on the mountains due to their
elevations or height. The conditions at
the base of a very tall mountain differ
from the topmost area.
The peak is colder and may eveb
snow –covered .
There are less oxygen and less
protection from the sun’s ray on top.
7. VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS
Also known as volcanoes.
They are formed due to volcanic
eruptions. Due to very high temperature
inside the earth, the hot molten material
called magma finds its way out on the earth’s
surface.
Magma becomes lava once it goes out of
the earth’s surface. When this lava erupts
and piles up on the surface of the earth, it
cools and solidifies to form a volcanic
mountain.
Ignreous rocks are formed in this
mountain. Examples are the Mount Fuji in
Japan and Mount Erne in Europe.
9. DOME MOUNTAIN
It is built from the hot magman that
rises from the mantle and uplifts the
overlying sedimentary layer of the earth’s
crust. Magma is not erupted in the process
but cools down and hardens, forming the
core of the mountain.
It is called dome mountain because its
appearnce resembles a dome shape.
Examples are the Navajo mountain in
Utah and Adirondack Mountains in New
York.
11. EROSIONAL MOUNTAINS
Water and wind may wear
foundations of lands. These lands may be
carried away.
Some lands may resist waer and wind
and may remain in place.
These materials may resist erosion and
will lead ton the formation of erosional
mountains. Examples are the Pike’s Peak
in Colorado, which is a large mass of
granite that has resisted erosion for many
years.
13. FAULT-BLOCK MOUNTAINS
They are formed when blocks of rock
materials slide along faults in the earth’s
crust.
Fault-block mountains may be of two
types:
1. lifted – lifted has two steep sides
2. tilted – has one steep side and a gentle
sloping side. Example are Sierra Nevada
Mt. And the Teton Range in North America.
15. FOLD MOUNTAINS
These are the most common type of
mountains. They are formed due to collision of
two plates, pushing against each other.
Pushing against each other causes intense
pressure causing folding of the earth’s crust.
The fold that descends on both sides is
called anticline.
The fold that ascends from a common low
point is called syncline. Examples are the
Himalayas in Asia, Rocky Mountains in North
America and the Alps in Europe.
17. Weathering
The surface of the earth is always
changing due to the natural process –
Weathering. It is a process which
changes the physical and chemical
properties of rocks and soil on the
earth’s surface.
It is also the first step to soil
formation.
18. breaking down of rocks, soil and minerals
through theearth’s atmosphere , biota and
water.
19. WEATHERING, SOIL AND MASS
WASTING
Two types of Weathering:
1. Physical or Mechanical Weathering
2. Chemical Weathering
Physical /mechanicalWeathering – occurs
when physical forces break rocks or soil
into smaller pieces without changing the
rock’s composition, which is cause by:
1. Frost wedging or water or ice – the
mechanical break-up of rock is due to the
expansions of freezing water in cracks.
20. 2. Pressure (Stress) Release or heat – also
known as unloading which occurs when
overlying materials that cause stress to
the underlying rocks are removed by
erosion.
3. Salt Crystal Growth (Salt Crystallization) –
the disintegration of rocks which is caused
by salt solution that seep into cracks and
joint in the rocks. The water component of
the salt solution evaporates leaving salt
crystals behind. When salt crystals are
heated up, it expands exerting pressure
on the rock which causes its breakdown.
21. 4. Water (hydraulic )action – The
disintegration of rocks is caused by water
from powerful waves that moves rapidly
into cracks in the rocks.
5. Thermal (Insolation) Stress – Rock
expands when heated and contracts when
cools. The outer layers of the rocks peel off
in thin sheets because of the temperature
changes which cause expansion and
contraction of rock. It is an important
mechanism in desserts, where there is a
large temperature range, hot in the day
and cold at night.
22. Chemical Weathering –is a weathering
which causes change in the composition of
rock due to different chemical reaction,
like:
1. Cabonation – it occurs when water (rain)
combines with carbon dioxide or an
organic acid to form a weak cabonic acid.
This acid reacts with calcium carbonate
(limestones) present in the rock and forms
calcium bicarbonates. Decrease
temperature can speed up the chemical
reaction because cold water holds more
dissolved carbon dioxide gas. Therefore,
carbonation is a significant feature of
glacial weathering.
23. 2. Hydrolysis – refers to the reaction
between water ans silicate and carbon
minerals present in rock.
3. Oxidation – it involves the reaction
between oxygen (air or water) and
metal (iron) present in rock.
24. BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
Living organisms may contribute to
mechanical or chemical weathering.
Plants, animals and human can cause
physical breakdown of rocks. The
attachment if lichen and mosses to the
rock surface can cause physical
breakdown of rocks. Plant roots can
cause physical breakdown weathering.
25. SOIL
It is the product of weathering of rocks.,
which is vital for the existence of life forms. It
supports the growth of plants, which in turn
supplies nutrients to other organisms in the
ecosystem.
PEDOGENESIS – process of soil development,
influenced by 4 interrelated factors.
1. Climate – greatest effect on soil formation.
Temperature and moisture are the two
imortant climate variables that have significant
influence on soil formation.
26. 2. Living Organisms – plays a
significant role in various processes
involved in pedogenesis suh as;
1. Organic matter accumulation
2. Profile mixing
3. Biogeochemicak nutrient cycling
Decayed living matter adds humus or
nutrients to the soil.
Plants and animals participate in the
biogeochemical cycle especially the
carbon and nitrogen Cycle.
27. 3. Parent material – refers to the
unconsolidated rock and mineral
materials from which the soil develops.
The type of parent material determines
which minerals are poresent in the soil.
In residual soil the parent material is
the bedrock while in the transported
soil, the oparent material has been
carried from elsewhere and deposited.
28. 4. Topography – refers to the physical
features of an area, which modifies the
development of soil because of its effect
on microclimate and drainage.
Topography – influence the runoff of water
which can hinder soil formation because
of constant erosion.
Microclimate – refers to the climate of the
specific place which can affect the soil
formation due to the relative warmth and
moisture that influence the rate and
degree of weathering.
29. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL
1. Texture – refers to the size distribution of the
mineral particles found in soil. Particles are
normally grouped into three:
1.1 sand
1.2 silt
1.3 clay
Sandy Soil – has the biggest particles which is good
for aeration and drainage of the soil. It is an
advantage for plants, it allows the water to drain
easily which prevent root to rot problems. It is
granular and consists of rocks and minerals that
are very small. It is formed by the disintegration
and weathering of rocks such as limestone,
granite, quarts and shale.
30. It is easier to cultivate because of the
organic material, moisture and
nutrients. During spring season they
warm very fast.
Silty Soil – it one of the most fertile soil. It
is composed of minerals like quarts,
and fine organic particles, has more
nutrients than sandy soil. It is granular
like sandy soil, but it offer better
drainage. Hold more moisture which
makes it much easier to work with.
31. Clay Soil – is rich in minerals content
and very fine grain materials with very
less air space which is responsible for
its low drainage. It is heavy when wet,
making it difficult to cultivate.
It can be formed into sedimentary rocks
deposits after weathered, eroded and
transported.
32. EROSION
Removal of soil sediment, regolith and
rock fragments from the landscape.
Three processes involve in erosion:
1. Detachment – revomal of particles from
surrounding materials due to physical,
chemical and biological weathering.
Different mechanism for the detachment
are;
1.1 Plucking – occurs when ice freezes
onto the surface and cracks which causes
fragmentation of the rocks.
33. 2. Cavitation is caused by moving water with
high velocity like high waterfalls.
3. Abrasion – is due to the excavation of
surface particle by materials carried by the
erosion agent.
2. Entrainment – process of particle lifting by the
agent of erosion. The particles cohesive
bondsweakened by weathering or forces
created by erosion.
34. • 3.Transport – once a particle is entrained,
transport can already occur through various
mechanisms such as suspension, saltation,
traction and solution.
A. Suspention- is where the particles are carried
by the medium without touching the surface
of thier origin.
B. Saltation- is where the particle moves from
the surface to the medium in quick continuous
repeated cycles.
35. C. Traction- which ocurs in all erosional mediums
in characterized by the movement of particles
by rolling, sliding, and shuffling along the
aroded surface.
D. Solutions- is a transport mechanism that
occurs only in aqueous environments.
• Deposition the process which ends erosion is
known as deposition which occurs when the
transported particles fall out of the
transporting medium and settle on a surface.
36. Mass Movement or mass wasting is the
geomorphic process by whitch soil and rock
move downslope under the force of gravity.
Types of mass movement the various types of
movement include creep, landslide, flows,
topples, slump, falls and debris avalanche
(figure 10.3).
1. Creep is the slow downhill movement of soil
wherein the steeper the slope means faster
creep.
37. 2. Flow is characterized by mass movements of
material containing a large amount of water.
3.landslide which also called landslip, is arapid
movement of a large mass of earth and rocks
down a hill or a mountainside.
4.Topples occurs when blocks of rock pivot and
fall away from a slope.
5.Slump is the downward movement of a block
of material along a curved surface.
38. 6.Falls or rockfall occurs when rocks or rock
fragments fall freely through the air.
7.Debris avalanche is a variety of very rapid to
extremely rapid debris flow.