Motivation is defined as the set of forces that lead people to behave in certain ways to achieve organizational and individual goals. It is a psychological process that can be positive if based on incentives or negative if based on punishment. Motivation involves effort to achieve needs and goals, directed persistently to improve performance. It is complex and difficult to predict due to individual differences in behavior. Motivation can be intrinsic through self-generated drives or extrinsic through external incentives.

2. Motivation is set of forces that leads people
to behave in particular ways.

3. “Motivation is the willingness to do something to
achieve organizational goals and, at the same
time, to satisfy Individual needs.” –P. Robbins
“Motivation is a general term applying to the
entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes, and
similar forces.” -Koonz

4. • It is a psychological process.
• It is complex and difficult to predict due to individual
differences because of individual behavior.
• It is continuous process.
• It can be positive if based on incentive for better
performance and negative if based on punishment poor
performance.
• It can be intrinsic if self-generated and extrinsic if
generated by external incentive.
• It involves effort to achieve needs and goals. The effort is
intense and persistently directed to improve performance.

5. Unsatisfied
Need
Tension
Accomplishment
Of Goal
Feedback
Action

20. Intimacy

22. Esteem
Needs

26. Level
5

31. Dual Factor Theory

32. Hygiene Factor
• They are also known as dissatisfiers.
• Presence of these factors do not motivate an
individual but their absence creates
dissatisfaction. They relate to job context.
Motivating Factor
• They are also known as satisfiers.
• Their presence creates high level of
satisfaction and motivation.

34. This theory was propounded by Douglas
McGregor. It is based on assumptions manager
make about people in organizations. The two
sets of assumption are:
1. Theory X
2. Theory Y

42. This theory was developed by J. Stancy Adams. Equity
refers to the situation of fair and impartial treatment in
comparison to others. According to this theory, inputs and
output ratio helps in knowing the situation of equity or
inequity. It includes three conditions:
1. Under reward condition
This condition arises when individual feels that he receives
less outcome in comparison to other who are working in
same position and giving same inputs.
2. Equity condition
This condition arises when an individual feel that his inputs
and outputs are similar to others.
3. Over reward condition
This condition arises when an individual feels that he has
received more outputs in comparison to others.

43. • Low-tech Employees
• High-tech Employees
• The Diversified Workforce

44. Methods of Minimizing Non-sampling Errors
• Checking the sampling process
• Preparation of questionnaire
• Pilot survey
• Fix procedures
• Use of competent manpower
• Provide information
• Provide training
• Use of experts
• Checking data processing and analysis