Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease endemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) but prevalent also in other countries of Central and Western Africa. The clinical presentation of monkeypox closely resembles the one of smallpox. The mortality rate is officially about 11% however rates as high as 17% have been observed. The disease has been considered rare and not much attention is paid to it. Nonetheless, the incidence of monkeypox increased 20-fold from 1981-1986 to 2005-2007 (two active surveillance programs). More research, surveillance and effective interventions are needed to ensure it would not gain the potential to become the next global pandemic.
Here is a comprehensive and updated presentation on the Monkeypox by noted infectious diseases expert Dr ISHWAR GILADA, Consultant in HIV/STDs, Unison Medicare & Research Centre, and Secretary General, Organised Medicine Academic Guild-OMAG;
President, AIDS Society of India (ASI) &
Governing Council Member, International AIDS Society (IAS)
E-mail: gilada@usa.net, drisgilada@gmail.com
Monkeypox is a rare zoonosis caused by monkeypox virus. This disease is similar to smallpox disease but with lesser severity. This disease is common among Africans. It can be prevented by avoiding contact with contaminated animal and human fluids as well as respiratory droplets. It require a multidisciplinary approach to achieve cure and prevention.
Rabies is classified as a direct zoonosis transmitted through bites or licks. It is a fatal viral infection of the central nervous system caused by lyssavirus. Rabies remains a major public health problem globally, though some areas are considered rabies-free if there are no indigenous human or animal cases reported for over 2 years. Clinical features include hydrophobia and aerophobia. Post-exposure prophylaxis involves wound cleansing, rabies immunoglobulin, and a course of anti-rabies vaccination to prevent onset of symptoms. Control relies on dog vaccination, restraint, and elimination of stray animals.
Monkeypox is a rare viral infection that is transmitted to humans from animals. It causes symptoms similar to smallpox but is generally less severe. There are two strains - one fatal in up to 10% of cases, the other less than 1%. It spreads through close contact with lesions, body fluids or respiratory droplets. Recent outbreaks in Europe have been mostly among men who have sex with men. While generally mild, it requires isolation and monitoring of close contacts to prevent further spread.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The four species that cause malaria in humans are P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. falciparum, with P. falciparum being the deadliest. Symptoms include fever, chills, and headaches. Treatment involves supportive therapies along with antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, primaquine, mefloquine and combinations of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxin. Prevention focuses on controlling mosquito breeding and protecting against mosquito bites.
The document summarizes information about Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention. It notes that EVD is a severe and often fatal disease in humans and non-human primates. The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing 2014 outbreak in West Africa. Fruit bats are considered the natural host of the virus. Transmission occurs through contact with bodily fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, vomiting and diarrhea, and some patients experience bleeding. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, so care is supportive. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected individuals and properly disinfecting environments.
Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease with symptoms similar to smallpox. It was first discovered in 1958 in monkeys and the first human case was in 1970 in the DRC. There are two strains, with the Congo Basin strain causing more severe disease. The 2022 outbreak began in May and has since spread globally, leading the WHO to declare it a global health emergency in July. It is transmitted through contact with lesions, droplets or contaminated materials. Clinical features include fever, rash and lesions. Diagnosis involves testing for orthopoxvirus. Treatment focuses on symptom management and antivirals like tecovirimat. Vaccination can help prevent infection. The case report describes a patient who developed gen
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease endemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) but prevalent also in other countries of Central and Western Africa. The clinical presentation of monkeypox closely resembles the one of smallpox. The mortality rate is officially about 11% however rates as high as 17% have been observed. The disease has been considered rare and not much attention is paid to it. Nonetheless, the incidence of monkeypox increased 20-fold from 1981-1986 to 2005-2007 (two active surveillance programs). More research, surveillance and effective interventions are needed to ensure it would not gain the potential to become the next global pandemic.
Here is a comprehensive and updated presentation on the Monkeypox by noted infectious diseases expert Dr ISHWAR GILADA, Consultant in HIV/STDs, Unison Medicare & Research Centre, and Secretary General, Organised Medicine Academic Guild-OMAG;
President, AIDS Society of India (ASI) &
Governing Council Member, International AIDS Society (IAS)
E-mail: gilada@usa.net, drisgilada@gmail.com
Monkeypox is a rare zoonosis caused by monkeypox virus. This disease is similar to smallpox disease but with lesser severity. This disease is common among Africans. It can be prevented by avoiding contact with contaminated animal and human fluids as well as respiratory droplets. It require a multidisciplinary approach to achieve cure and prevention.
Rabies is classified as a direct zoonosis transmitted through bites or licks. It is a fatal viral infection of the central nervous system caused by lyssavirus. Rabies remains a major public health problem globally, though some areas are considered rabies-free if there are no indigenous human or animal cases reported for over 2 years. Clinical features include hydrophobia and aerophobia. Post-exposure prophylaxis involves wound cleansing, rabies immunoglobulin, and a course of anti-rabies vaccination to prevent onset of symptoms. Control relies on dog vaccination, restraint, and elimination of stray animals.
Monkeypox is a rare viral infection that is transmitted to humans from animals. It causes symptoms similar to smallpox but is generally less severe. There are two strains - one fatal in up to 10% of cases, the other less than 1%. It spreads through close contact with lesions, body fluids or respiratory droplets. Recent outbreaks in Europe have been mostly among men who have sex with men. While generally mild, it requires isolation and monitoring of close contacts to prevent further spread.
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. The four species that cause malaria in humans are P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. falciparum, with P. falciparum being the deadliest. Symptoms include fever, chills, and headaches. Treatment involves supportive therapies along with antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, primaquine, mefloquine and combinations of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxin. Prevention focuses on controlling mosquito breeding and protecting against mosquito bites.
The document summarizes information about Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its history, transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention. It notes that EVD is a severe and often fatal disease in humans and non-human primates. The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing 2014 outbreak in West Africa. Fruit bats are considered the natural host of the virus. Transmission occurs through contact with bodily fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, vomiting and diarrhea, and some patients experience bleeding. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, so care is supportive. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected individuals and properly disinfecting environments.
Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease with symptoms similar to smallpox. It was first discovered in 1958 in monkeys and the first human case was in 1970 in the DRC. There are two strains, with the Congo Basin strain causing more severe disease. The 2022 outbreak began in May and has since spread globally, leading the WHO to declare it a global health emergency in July. It is transmitted through contact with lesions, droplets or contaminated materials. Clinical features include fever, rash and lesions. Diagnosis involves testing for orthopoxvirus. Treatment focuses on symptom management and antivirals like tecovirimat. Vaccination can help prevent infection. The case report describes a patient who developed gen
Monkeypox is caused by an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus in the orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. It can spread through direct contact with infectious rash, scabs, or body fluids, respiratory secretions during prolonged face-to-face contact, or touching items that previously touched the infectious rash or body fluids. The incubation period is usually 6 to 13 days. Diagnosis involves polymerase chain reaction testing, while treatment includes the antiviral tecovirimat and vaccines for smallpox may provide limited protection as both diseases are from the same family.
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus. It presents as an itchy rash that starts on the torso and spreads outward. It is highly contagious but usually mild in children. Complications can include bacterial skin infections or pneumonia. Vaccination provides effective protection against chickenpox.
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that primarily affects monkeys and humans in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes fever, jaundice, and can lead to severe liver and kidney damage. There are three main transmission cycles: a sylvatic cycle between monkeys and wild mosquitoes in forests; an intermediate cycle between monkeys, humans and semi-domestic mosquitoes near forests; and an urban cycle between humans and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The virus is controlled through vaccination programs and mosquito control measures like larval source reduction and insecticide spraying. International travel regulations require a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate for entry into affected areas.
Zika virus is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. It typically causes mild fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis lasting up to a week. While most infections are asymptomatic, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. The virus was first identified in 1947 and outbreaks have occurred in Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands and the Americas. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so prevention focuses on controlling the mosquito vector and protecting against bites.
1) Dengue fever is caused by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, mainly A. aegypti, and is prevalent during rainy seasons when mosquito populations increase. Improper waste disposal also contributes to mosquito propagation.
2) Dengue virus consists of 4 serotypes that cause disease in humans. Major epidemics have occurred across Asia and there have been recent outbreaks in Pakistan.
3) Clinical presentation ranges from mild dengue fever to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. Outpatient management is usually sufficient but hospitalization may be needed for dehydration, bleeding, or low platelet count. Prevention relies on environmental controls and public education.
- T. saginata and T. solium are tapeworms that infect humans and require two hosts to complete their lifecycles. T. saginata infects cattle and humans while T. solium infects pigs and humans.
- Humans can be infected by ingesting infective cysticerci in undercooked beef or pork, or through contaminated food, water, or vegetables. This can lead to cysticercosis if the parasite establishes in the muscles, eyes, or brain.
- Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis are tapeworms that cause hydatid disease in humans. Infection occurs through ingestion of eggs from contaminated food,
Rabies Powerpoint Presentation aerophobia, dog bite prophylaxis, hydrophobia,...Dr Sujith Chadala
Rabies is a fatal viral disease of the central nervous system transmitted through the bites of rabid animals. It is endemic in many parts of the world including India, where an estimated 20,000 deaths occur annually from canine rabies. The rabies virus infects neurons and spreads via retrograde axonal transport to the central nervous system. This typically causes encephalitis, with symptoms including hydrophobia, aerophobia, and autonomic dysfunction. While treatment is supportive once symptoms begin, post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleansing, rabies vaccine, and rabies immunoglobulin can prevent the disease if administered promptly after exposure. Rabies remains an important public health problem but is preventable through vaccination of animals
This document summarizes information about Dracunculiasis, or Guinea Worm disease, which is caused by the Dracunculus medinensis parasite. It is typically contracted by drinking water contaminated with infected water fleas. While cases were as high as 3.5 million per year in 1986, improved access to safe drinking water has reduced cases to only 19 reported in 2018. The document outlines the parasite's lifecycle, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention through water treatment and health education, and treatment by slowly removing the emerging worm from blistered skin. Eradication efforts have eliminated the disease in many countries and it is considered eradicable.
This document presents information on the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola was first discovered in 1976 in simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Fruit bats are considered the natural host. It describes the five species of Ebolavirus, including Zaire ebolavirus which causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Transmission occurs through contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Current outbreaks are occurring in West Africa.
Video presentation - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45CjKnJaIC0
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Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus. They are transmitted through arthropod bites like ticks, mites and fleas. Common symptoms include fever, headache and rash. Diagnosis involves serologic tests detecting IgM and IgG antibodies. Doxycycline is the treatment of choice. Clinical features along with exposure history and serology can help diagnose rickettsial infections.
This document outlines the key steps for planning malaria elimination, including strengthening health systems, establishing surveillance programs, assessing feasibility, and obtaining certification. It compares malaria control and elimination strategies, identifies program milestones and resource needs, and describes the certification process required to verify local transmission has been interrupted.
Dengue (pronounced DENG-gay) can affect anyone but tends to be more severe in people with compromised immune systems. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus, it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However, an attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular serotype to which the patient was exposed.
Chickenpox -symptoms |tests |management ( medical information ) martinshaji
Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection that causes an acute fever and blistered rash, mainly in children.
The name may be derived from the French term for chick pea, chiche pois. Another theory is that the word 'chicken' was derived from a slang term for 'child'. Chickenpox is also known as varicella.
please comment
thank you ...
This document discusses arboviruses, which are viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. It describes several important arboviruses classified by family including Alphavirus, Flavivirus, Bunyavirus, and others. Key information provided on viruses includes their vectors, hosts, geographic distribution, and associated clinical syndromes like encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever. Details are given on important diseases caused by these viruses such as Japanese encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile fever, and others. Prevention strategies emphasized include vector control, vaccination, and personal protection measures.
This document provides clinical guidelines for pneumococcal vaccination in older adults. It describes pneumococcal disease as a leading cause of vaccine-preventable illness and death in the US, especially dangerous for young children and adults aged 65 and older. It recommends vaccination with PPSV23 for adults aged 65 and older, as well as younger adults with certain medical conditions that increase risk. PPSV23 protects against the 23 serotypes known to cause the majority of invasive pneumococcal disease. While it is effective at preventing severe disease, it may not prevent all cases of pneumococcal pneumonia.
Monkeypox is a viral disease that occurs primarily in parts of central and west Africa. It is caused by the monkeypox virus which is transmitted to humans from infected animals or other humans. While less transmissible and fatal than smallpox, monkeypox causes similar symptoms like fever, rash and swollen lymph nodes. It can be diagnosed through PCR, biopsy or blood tests. There are no specific treatments but antivirals developed for smallpox may be used. Prevention involves vaccination, isolation, good hygiene and public health measures.
Monkeypox is caused by an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus in the orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. It can spread through direct contact with infectious rash, scabs, or body fluids, respiratory secretions during prolonged face-to-face contact, or touching items that previously touched the infectious rash or body fluids. The incubation period is usually 6 to 13 days. Diagnosis involves polymerase chain reaction testing, while treatment includes the antiviral tecovirimat and vaccines for smallpox may provide limited protection as both diseases are from the same family.
Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus. It presents as an itchy rash that starts on the torso and spreads outward. It is highly contagious but usually mild in children. Complications can include bacterial skin infections or pneumonia. Vaccination provides effective protection against chickenpox.
Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that primarily affects monkeys and humans in tropical areas of Africa and South America. It causes fever, jaundice, and can lead to severe liver and kidney damage. There are three main transmission cycles: a sylvatic cycle between monkeys and wild mosquitoes in forests; an intermediate cycle between monkeys, humans and semi-domestic mosquitoes near forests; and an urban cycle between humans and the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The virus is controlled through vaccination programs and mosquito control measures like larval source reduction and insecticide spraying. International travel regulations require a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate for entry into affected areas.
Zika virus is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. It typically causes mild fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis lasting up to a week. While most infections are asymptomatic, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. The virus was first identified in 1947 and outbreaks have occurred in Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands and the Americas. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so prevention focuses on controlling the mosquito vector and protecting against bites.
1) Dengue fever is caused by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, mainly A. aegypti, and is prevalent during rainy seasons when mosquito populations increase. Improper waste disposal also contributes to mosquito propagation.
2) Dengue virus consists of 4 serotypes that cause disease in humans. Major epidemics have occurred across Asia and there have been recent outbreaks in Pakistan.
3) Clinical presentation ranges from mild dengue fever to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome. Outpatient management is usually sufficient but hospitalization may be needed for dehydration, bleeding, or low platelet count. Prevention relies on environmental controls and public education.
- T. saginata and T. solium are tapeworms that infect humans and require two hosts to complete their lifecycles. T. saginata infects cattle and humans while T. solium infects pigs and humans.
- Humans can be infected by ingesting infective cysticerci in undercooked beef or pork, or through contaminated food, water, or vegetables. This can lead to cysticercosis if the parasite establishes in the muscles, eyes, or brain.
- Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis are tapeworms that cause hydatid disease in humans. Infection occurs through ingestion of eggs from contaminated food,
Rabies Powerpoint Presentation aerophobia, dog bite prophylaxis, hydrophobia,...Dr Sujith Chadala
Rabies is a fatal viral disease of the central nervous system transmitted through the bites of rabid animals. It is endemic in many parts of the world including India, where an estimated 20,000 deaths occur annually from canine rabies. The rabies virus infects neurons and spreads via retrograde axonal transport to the central nervous system. This typically causes encephalitis, with symptoms including hydrophobia, aerophobia, and autonomic dysfunction. While treatment is supportive once symptoms begin, post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleansing, rabies vaccine, and rabies immunoglobulin can prevent the disease if administered promptly after exposure. Rabies remains an important public health problem but is preventable through vaccination of animals
This document summarizes information about Dracunculiasis, or Guinea Worm disease, which is caused by the Dracunculus medinensis parasite. It is typically contracted by drinking water contaminated with infected water fleas. While cases were as high as 3.5 million per year in 1986, improved access to safe drinking water has reduced cases to only 19 reported in 2018. The document outlines the parasite's lifecycle, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention through water treatment and health education, and treatment by slowly removing the emerging worm from blistered skin. Eradication efforts have eliminated the disease in many countries and it is considered eradicable.
This document presents information on the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola was first discovered in 1976 in simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Fruit bats are considered the natural host. It describes the five species of Ebolavirus, including Zaire ebolavirus which causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Transmission occurs through contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Current outbreaks are occurring in West Africa.
Video presentation - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45CjKnJaIC0
Learn Community Medicine along with me : https://t.me/drvkspm
Be my friend by connecting with me through:
Instagram : https://www.instagram.com/drvenkateshkarthikeyan/
Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/drvenkateshkarthikeyan/
Twitter : https://twitter.com/dr_venkatesh_k
Website : www.drvenkateshkarthikeyan.com
LinkedIn : https://in.linkedin.com/in/dr-venkatesh-karthikeyan-8b1234ab
Learn Community Medicine along with me : https://t.me/drvkspm
Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause diseases like Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus. They are transmitted through arthropod bites like ticks, mites and fleas. Common symptoms include fever, headache and rash. Diagnosis involves serologic tests detecting IgM and IgG antibodies. Doxycycline is the treatment of choice. Clinical features along with exposure history and serology can help diagnose rickettsial infections.
This document outlines the key steps for planning malaria elimination, including strengthening health systems, establishing surveillance programs, assessing feasibility, and obtaining certification. It compares malaria control and elimination strategies, identifies program milestones and resource needs, and describes the certification process required to verify local transmission has been interrupted.
Dengue (pronounced DENG-gay) can affect anyone but tends to be more severe in people with compromised immune systems. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus, it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However, an attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular serotype to which the patient was exposed.
Chickenpox -symptoms |tests |management ( medical information ) martinshaji
Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection that causes an acute fever and blistered rash, mainly in children.
The name may be derived from the French term for chick pea, chiche pois. Another theory is that the word 'chicken' was derived from a slang term for 'child'. Chickenpox is also known as varicella.
please comment
thank you ...
This document discusses arboviruses, which are viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. It describes several important arboviruses classified by family including Alphavirus, Flavivirus, Bunyavirus, and others. Key information provided on viruses includes their vectors, hosts, geographic distribution, and associated clinical syndromes like encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever. Details are given on important diseases caused by these viruses such as Japanese encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile fever, and others. Prevention strategies emphasized include vector control, vaccination, and personal protection measures.
This document provides clinical guidelines for pneumococcal vaccination in older adults. It describes pneumococcal disease as a leading cause of vaccine-preventable illness and death in the US, especially dangerous for young children and adults aged 65 and older. It recommends vaccination with PPSV23 for adults aged 65 and older, as well as younger adults with certain medical conditions that increase risk. PPSV23 protects against the 23 serotypes known to cause the majority of invasive pneumococcal disease. While it is effective at preventing severe disease, it may not prevent all cases of pneumococcal pneumonia.
Monkeypox is a viral disease that occurs primarily in parts of central and west Africa. It is caused by the monkeypox virus which is transmitted to humans from infected animals or other humans. While less transmissible and fatal than smallpox, monkeypox causes similar symptoms like fever, rash and swollen lymph nodes. It can be diagnosed through PCR, biopsy or blood tests. There are no specific treatments but antivirals developed for smallpox may be used. Prevention involves vaccination, isolation, good hygiene and public health measures.
Monkeypox cases have been reported in Indonesia for the first time in 2022. As of September 15th, 2022, there was 1 confirmed case and 63 discarded cases across 10 provinces. Monkeypox is caused by the Monkeypox virus and results in flu-like symptoms and a rash. It spreads through close contact with infected humans or animals. While symptoms are usually mild, it can be serious in some groups like children and immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis is through PCR or antibody testing of lesions. There is no proven treatment but vaccination can help prevent the disease.
Monkeypox is a viral disease that occurs in humans and some animals. It is caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the same family of viruses as smallpox. Monkeypox most commonly spreads through direct contact with infected animals or humans. Initial symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, and swollen lymph nodes. Within a few days, a rash develops on the face and spreads to other parts of the body. While monkeypox is generally mild, it can cause severe illness and has a fatality rate of around 1 in 10 people in parts of Africa. There are vaccines and treatments available to prevent and treat monkeypox infections.
🔥HOT TOPIC🔥
Sharing my PowerPoint slides on 🐵 MONKEYPOX🐵
(a potential/sure shot question for MD exam)
This can be used for a 2 hour session of PG seminar since all the aspects of the disease are covered.
It includes a compilation of;
1. Infectious history (in detail)
2. Epidemiology (Global, local)
3. Case definitions
4. Clinical features
5. Differential diagnosis (including comparison with common DDs)
6. Complications
7. Investigations
8. Management
9. Vaccines
10. Other specific preventive measures
Share among Community Medicine residents for maximum reach and benefits...😊
Monkeypox is a zoonotic virus similar to smallpox that is endemic to parts of Africa. It can be transmitted from animals to humans via contact with bodily fluids or consumption of undercooked meat. Human to human transmission is also possible. Symptoms include fever, headache, rash and lesions. There have been increasing outbreaks linked to international travel and exotic pet trade. While there is no proven treatment, isolation and vaccination can help control outbreaks. Prevention requires education on risks, offering PPE, and restricting animal importation.
Smallpox is a deadly infectious disease caused by the variola virus that was declared eradicated worldwide in 1980 through a global vaccination program. It is characterized by a high fever and distinctive skin rash. While two labs currently house samples of the virus, concerns remain that it could be used in a bioterrorism attack given some countries may still have undeclared stockpiles. The only known effective prevention is vaccination with the vaccinia vaccine within a few days of exposure, though supplies are currently insufficient for a large-scale outbreak.
This document provides an overview of monkeypox, including its history, epidemiology, transmission, and current global situation. It notes that monkeypox cases have been increasing globally since May 2022, with over 19,000 cases reported across 76 countries as of July 2022. The majority of recent cases have been among men who have sex with men. Human-to-human transmission occurs primarily through close contact with infectious skin lesions or respiratory droplets. The WHO declared monkeypox a public health emergency of international concern in July 2022.
This document provides information on risk assessment and public health management of monkeypox in Malaysia. It discusses the distribution and transmission of monkeypox, clinical presentation and case definitions. Strategies to prevent monkeypox introduction and transmission in Malaysia include strengthening early detection and surveillance, improving diagnostic capabilities, managing cases and contacts, as well as increasing community awareness and preparedness through multisectoral collaboration. Guidelines have been disseminated to international entry points on traveler screening for monkeypox cases in Malaysia.
This document provides an overview of the history and epidemiology of monkeypox. It discusses past outbreaks in Africa and describes the current global spread since May 2022. As of July 2022, over 7,000 cases had been reported worldwide, with the majority in Europe. The presentation outlines the transmission mechanisms and incubation period of monkeypox. It also notes that the current outbreak is primarily affecting men who have sex with men. The document discusses the classification of monkeypox as a PHEIC by the WHO in July 2022 and reports India's first confirmed case that month.
The document provides information on the Zika virus, including its history, epidemiology, transmission, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and current situation. It discusses how the virus was first identified in 1947 in Uganda in monkeys and humans in 1952. It outlines its spread to Africa, Asia, the Pacific islands, and the Americas. It also summarizes Brazil reporting over 500,000 suspected Zika cases and the observed increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly linked to the outbreak.
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus first identified in Uganda in 1947. It causes mild fever and rash in most cases but has been linked to Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. The virus spread out of Africa and Asia, causing major outbreaks in French Polynesia in 2013 and Brazil in 2015. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes. While most cases are mild, the virus can be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy and cause birth defects like microcephaly. There is no vaccine or treatment currently available, so prevention focuses on controlling mosquito populations and protecting against bites.
Monkeypox is derived from the genus Orthopoxvirus from the family Poxividae. This
genus has two kinds of viruses: smallpox and monkeypox virus. Monkeypox is a
zoonotic disease (spread from animal to human or vice versa) and was initially
diagnosed with pox-like symptoms on colonies of monkeys kept for research in 1958,
hence the name monkeypox. At the time of the elimination of smallpox in 1970,
monkeypox in humans was first identified in the Democratic Republic of Congo and
later in Central and Western African countries.1,2 In 2019, a newer vaccinia vaccine
was approved to prevent the disease. Furthermore, investigations are still carried out
on the same.
Animal-to-human (zoonotic) transmission can occur from direct contact with
infected animals' blood, bodily fluids, or cutaneous or mucosal lesions. In Africa,
evidence of monkeypox virus infection has been found in many animals, including
rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian pouched rats, dormice, different species of
monkeys, and others. It was also found that eating improperly/half-cooked meat is
also a cause. The disease spread outside Africa by infected travellers and imported
infected animals. In 2018-2019, cases of monkeypox were confirmed in travellers
from Nigeria, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and Israel. Human-to-human
transmission can result from close contact with respiratory secretions and lesions of
the skin.3
Risk groups include people with severe illnesses who require hospitalization or an
immune-compromised person (HIV, leukaemia, etc); patients with comorbidities, a
pediatric population less than eight years old, and pregnant or breastfeeding women.2
The incubation period is generally 6-13 days, but it can range from 5-21 days. The
disease progression has two phases: The invasive phase (0-5 days), characterized by
headache, fever, back pain, myalgia, fatigue and lymphadenopathy. The rash
appearing phase (1-3 days) begins after the onset of the first phase and is
characterized by the appearance of rashes on the face and then spreads up to the
trunk and limbs of the body. Rashes evolve from macules (flat base lesions) to papules
(firm lesions), then vesicles (clear fluid- filled lesions), and finally postulates
(yellowish fluid-filled lesions) and crusts. It affects the face (in 95% of cases), palms
of the hands, and soles of the feet (in 75% of cases). Also affected were oral mucous
membranes (in 70% of cases), genitalia (30%), conjunctivae (20%), as well as cornea.
Complications of monkeypox include pneumonitis, encephalitis, sight-threatening
keratitis, and secondary bacterial infections.3,4
Dr. Ishwar Gilada provides an overview of the current monkeypox outbreak. He notes that monkeypox is spreading to more countries than usual. The virus causes symptoms similar to smallpox but less severe. It is transmitted through close contact with infected humans or animals. While risk is not limited to any group, some cases have been identified in communities of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing secondary infections. Vaccines may provide protection but no perfect antiviral currently exists. Vigilance and preparedness are needed to contain the outbreak.
This document is a student's outline for a presentation on smallpox. It includes an introduction stating smallpox is a deadly disease caused by the variola virus. It then outlines the causes of smallpox, the different types of smallpox (Variola major and minor), signs and symptoms (fever, rash), diagnosis methods (throat swab, skin sample), treatments (isolation, quarantine), and prevention primarily through vaccination. The last naturally occurring case was in 1977 and WHO declared it eradicated in 1980.
Travel-related infectious diseases on the rise
International travel has an important role in the transmission of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases across geographical areas.
Since 1980, the world has been threatened by different waves of emerging disease epidemics.
In the twenty-first century, these diseases have become an increasing global concern because of their health and economic impacts in both developed and resource-constrained countries.
It is difficult to stop the occurrence of new pathogens in the future due to the interconnection among humans, animals, and the environment.
As many as 43%–79% of travelers to low- and middle-income countries become ill with a travel-related health problem.
Although most of these illnesses are mild, some travelers become sick enough to seek care from a health care provider.
Aniket Bide practice school presentation aniketbide
This document provides an overview of monkeypox, including:
1) It describes monkeypox as a rare viral disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus, with symptoms similar to smallpox but typically milder.
2) Outbreaks of monkeypox have primarily occurred in central and western Africa, though some cases have been reported in other parts of the world through international travel or imported animals.
3) Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected animals like rodents or non-human primates, or close contact between humans.
4) Symptoms include fever, headache, rash, and lesions that may cover the entire body. Most cases resolve within a few weeks
Just a short update to bring awareness to health care professionals of the monkeypox virus dilemma in 2022,and to inform professionals in Nigeria to be alert as to make diagnosis and inform appropriate authorities. Also, to alert of some of the impediments we face in the undeveloped world in measures against viral infections.
Smallpox is a contagious, disfiguring, and often deadly disease caused by the variola virus. There are two main forms of smallpox - variola major, which has a 30% fatality rate, and variola minor, which has a fatality rate below 1%. After incubation, smallpox progresses through several stages including prodrome, early rash, pustular rash, and scabs. It is most contagious during the early rash stage. Through global vaccination efforts beginning in the 1960s, the WHO declared smallpox eradicated worldwide in 1980. However, concerns remain about bioterrorism using the smallpox virus, which is classified as a
Corona viruses are a group of viruses that infect human & birds. Human corona virus is enveloped, single stranded, positive sense RNA virus. Only seven strain of corona virus are infect man, in which four are circulating in human population.
Novel corona virus 2019 (nCoV2019) is a newly identified human corona virus that has 94% similarity of SARS corona virus. The outbreak of this virus was reported to on 31 December, 2019. The WHO declared the outbreak as a public health emergence of international concern on 23 January. prevention is better than cure.
No vaccine is available.
There is no vaccine available to prevent this infection,
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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2. The Causative Agent:
Monkeypox is an infectious disease caused by the
Monkeypox virus which is a double-stranded
DNA, zoonotic virus and a species of the genus
Orthopoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. Other
human orthopoxviruses include variola, cowpox ,
and vaccinia viruses.
3. • The virus is found mainly in tropical rainforest regions of
Central and West Africa.
• The virus is split into Congo Basin and West African
clades.
• The Central African clade is reported more frequently and
more severely than the West African clade .
• The case fatality rate for the West African clade is around
3.6 %, whereas for the Central African clade, it may be as
high as 10.6 %.
6. 2003 U.S. outbreak:
It was the first outbreak of monkeypox outside of
Africa.
In May 2003, a young child became ill with fever and
rash after being bitten by a prairie dog.
In total, 71 cases of monkeypox were reported & all
cases were traced to Gambian pouched rats imported
from Ghana.
No deaths were reported.
2003 Midwest monkeypox
outbreak
7. 2017 Nigeria outbreak:
In 2017, Nigeria has experienced a large outbreak, with over 500
suspected cases and over 200 confirmed cases and a case fatality rate of
approximately 3%.
2018 United Kingdom cases:
In Sept 2018, the United Kingdom's first case of monkeypox was
recorded.
The person contracted monkeypox in Nigeria before travelling to the
United Kingdom.
Till December 2019, 3 cases were recorded, and 2 of them were
travelling to the UK from Nigeria. One of them was a medical worker
who cared for a case.
8. 2018 Israel case:
In October 2018, one case occurred in a man who traveled from
Nigeria to Israel.
2019 Singapore case:
On May 2019, Singapore reported the first case of monkeypox who
travelled from Nigeria.
2021 cases:
On 24 May in the UK, three cases of monkeypox from a single
household were reported.
On 16 July in the US, an American returning from a trip in Nigeria
was diagnosed with monkeypox.
10. 2022 UK outbreak:
The index case:
In late April 2022, the case was reported of a British
resident who travelled to Nigeria.
The patient developed symptoms of monkeypox on 29
April while still in Nigeria.
On 4 May, the patient flew back to the UK, presented to
hospital later the same day. The monkeypox infection was
immediately suspected.
The patient was hospitalized and isolated.
11. Extensive contact tracing of people who had been in contact with the
index case both on the international flight from Nigeria to the United
Kingdom and within the country following their arrival was carried out.
The potential contacts were advised to remain aware of the symptoms of
monkeypox and immediately isolate if any symptom develops within 21
days of the contact event.
Monkeypox (West African clade) was laboratory confirmed by polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) on a vesicular swab on 6 May by the United Kingdom
Health Security Agency (UKHSA).
12. on 12 May, two new cases of monkeypox were
confirmed by the UKHSA in London. There was no
known link between either of them and the index
case or travel to endemic regions.
on 17 May, Four additional cases of monkeypox
were confirmed by the UKHSA. None of these new
cases had any known contact history with the
previous three confirmed cases, suggesting wider
community transmission of the virus in London.
On 20 May, it was reported that another eleven
cases had been confirmed in the UK, bringing the
total number in the country to 20.
13. Europe, North America and Australia:
On May 18
Portugal: 14 confirmed cases
20 suspected cases
Spain: 7 confirmed cases
23 suspected cases
The USA: confirmed single case
Canada: 13 suspected cases
14. On May 19 On May 20
Sweden : the first confirmed case
Belgium: the first confirmed case
Italy: the first confirmed case
France: a suspected case
Australia : 2 confirmed cases
Germany : first confirmed case
15. On May 20, the World Health Organization held
an emergency meeting to discuss the outbreak.
The WHO European chief expressed concern
that infections could accelerate in Europe as
people gather for parties and festivals over the
summer.
The WHO is expected to provide an update on
sequencing of the virus genome from different
cases to determine the cause.
16. Cases of monkeypox in
non-endemic countries
reported to WHO
between 13 to 21 May
2022
17. Geographical distribution of confirmed and suspected cases of monkeypox in
non-endemic between 13 to 21 May 2022
18. Cases of monkeypox in
endemic countries
between 15 December
2021 to 1 May 2022
20. The current situation in Egypt:
On May 20, Dr. Hossam Abdel Ghaffar, the
spokesman of the Egyptian Ministry of Health
and population confirmed that there are no
cases of infection or suspected infection with
the monkeypox virus so far.
22. Mode of Transmission:
The virus enters the body through:
Broken skin (even if not visible).
The mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth).
Respiratory tract.
Animal-to-human transmission may occur by:
Bite or scratch.
Bushmeat preparation.
Direct contact with body fluids or lesion material.
Indirect contact with lesion material, such as contaminated bedding.
23. Human-to-human transmission occurs through:
Large respiratory droplets.
Direct contact with body fluids or lesion
material.
Indirect contact with lesion material, such as
contaminated clothing or linens.
Human-to-human transmission is occurring
among people in close physical contact with
cases who are symptomatic.
24. Is it a sexually
transmitted
disease??!
Almost all of the case clusters include men
aged 20–50, many of whom are gay, bisexual
and have sex with men (GBMSM). Although
monkeypox isn’t known to be sexually
transmitted, sexual activity certainly
constitutes close contact.
The most likely explanation is that the virus
was coincidentally introduced into a GBMSM
community, and the virus has continued
circulating there.
25. Is the virus
genetically
mutated??!
In Portugal, the first draft genome sequence of
the monkeypox virus was obtained from a swab
collected on May 4th from skin lesions from a
male patient.
The draft genome indicates that the 2022 virus
belongs to the West African clade and is most
closely related to viruses associated with the
exportation of monkeypox virus from Nigeria to
several countries in 2018 and 2019, namely the
United Kingdom, Israel and Singapore.
27. History taking:
Important clues:
Recent travel to endemic areas.
Interaction with wild animals imported
from endemic areas.
Providing care to an infected animal or
human.
28. Clinical picture:
Initial symptoms :
Fever.
Headache.
Myalgia.
Fatigue.
Lymphadenopathy.
(a key differentiating
feature of monkeypox from
smallpox)
29. Within 1 to 3 days after the fever, the patient
develops a rash:
• Begins on the face and extremities (including palms
and soles).
• Centrifugally concentrated.
• The total number of lesions may vary from a small
amount to thousands.
Lesions progress through the following
sequential stages before falling off:
• Macules
• Papules
• Vesicles
• Pustules
• Scabs
32. Diagnosis:
Clinically.
Laboratory testing:
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of
samples from skin lesions.
• Specimens should be collected from at least 3
lesions and from different sites on the body.
• Viral culture
• Anti-orthopoxvirus IgM and IgG.
WHO-Laboratory testing for the monkeypox virus:
Interim guidance is available at:
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-
MPX-laboratory-2022.1
33. Prevention:
Avoid contact with animals that could harbor the virus
Avoid contact with any materials of a sick animal.
Isolate infected patients from others who could be at risk for
infection.
Practice good hand hygiene after contact with infected
animals or humans.
Use personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for
patients including gown, gloves and masks.
34. Vaccination:
Smallpox vaccine (ACAM2000):
• It contains live vaccinia virus, and it was approved by
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 31 August
2007.
• It is administered by (scarification) using a bifurcated
needle.
• Following a successful inoculation, a lesion will develop
at the site of the vaccination. The virus growing at the
site of this inoculation lesion can be spread to other
parts of the body or even to other people.
35. The vaccine is not routinely available for public.
It is licensed for immunization in people who are at
least 18 years old and at high risk for smallpox infection
such as laboratorians working with certain
orthopoxviruses and military personnel.
The smallpox vaccine is thought to be at least 85%
effective in preventing monkeypox.
36. JYNNEOS (also known as Imvamune or Imvanex)
JYNNEOS is a live, attenuated vaccinia virus, incapable of replicating.
On Sept 2019, it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA).
It is administered as two subcutaneous injections four weeks apart.
There is no visible “take” and as a result, no risk of spread to other parts
of the body or other people.
37. People who receive JYNNEOS are not considered
vaccinated until they receive both doses of the
vaccine.
It is indicated for preventing smallpox and
monkeypox disease in adults 18 years of age and
older who are at high risk for smallpox or monkeypox
infection.
It can be used for patients with weakened immune
systems or atopic dermatitis.
38. When to take the vaccine?
• Vaccines are effective at protecting people against monkeypox
when given before exposure to monkeypox virus.
• The vaccine can be given within 4 days from the date of exposure
in order to prevent onset of the disease.
• If given between 4–14 days after the date of exposure, vaccination
may reduce the symptoms of disease, but may not prevent the
disease.
39. Monkeypox Disease vs Vaccine Risks.
In Central Africa—where
people live in remote
areas and are medically
underserved—showed
that the monkeypox
disease killed 1–10% of
people infected.
Complications of the vaccines include
eczema vaccinatum, progressive vaccinia
resulting in death, contact transmission of
vaccine virus, and fetal vaccinia.
Between 1 and 2 people out of every 1
million people vaccinated will die as a
result of life-threatening complications
from the vaccine
40. Ring Vaccination
This would vaccinate the
close contacts of people
who have been infected
with monkeypox to cut off
any routes of transmission
and contain the spread of
monkeypox.
41. Treatment:
Supportive care:
• Antipyretic.
• Treatment of fluid & electrolytes
disturbance.
• Oxygenation if needed.
• Empirical antibiotic therapy if secondary
bacterial infection is suspected.
• Acyclovir if varicella zoster infection is
suspected.
42. Tecovirimat (ST-246):
• On 13 July 2018, it was approved the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and was approved for medical use in
the European Union in January 2022.
• Animal Studies have shown that ST-246 is effective in
treating orthopoxvirus-induced disease.
• Human clinical trials indicated the drug was safe and
tolerable with only minor side effects.
43. Brincidofovir & Cidofovir:
• Cidofovir was approved for medical use in 1996.
• Brincidofovir was approved for medical use in June
2021. Brincidofovir is a prodrug of cidofovir.
• Brincidofovir may have an improved safety profile over
Cidofovir.
• It have proven activity against poxviruses in in vitro
and animal studies.
44. Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG)
• It has no proven benefit in the treatment of smallpox
complications.
• IVIG can be considered for prophylactic use in an exposed
person with severe immunodeficiency in T-cell function for
which smallpox vaccination following exposure to monkeypox is
contraindicated.
46. Complications among Pregnant
Women With Human Monkeypox:
In 2017, Mbala et al.
reported the fetal
outcomes of 4 pregnant
women who were
infected by monkeypox
virus.
Variable
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
severity Moderate Severe Mild Moderate
Age, y 20 25 29 22
Time of
gestation,
wk
6 6–7 14 18
Event Miscarriage Miscarriage Live birth Fetal
death
47. Pathologic findings for the stillborn fetus from
case 4:
Diffuse cutaneous maculopapular lesions.
Hydrops fetalis
Marked hepatomegaly with peritoneal effusion.
No congenital malformations or deformities.
Postmortem autopsy was consistent with
intrauterine fetal demise.
Placental hemorrhages on the maternal
surface.
48. Monkeypox is usually self-limiting.
The condition resolves around 3 to
4 weeks after symptom onset in
most cases.
Patients are no longer considered
infectious after all crusts fall off.
The West African clade has a more
favorable prognosis with a case
fatality rate 3.6% .
The Central Basin clade is more
lethal, with a case fatality rate of up
to 10.6% in unvaccinated children.
53. CASE INVESTIGATIONS:
• Once a suspected case is detected, the physician should notify health
care authority to start intensified surveillance.
CDC case Investigation Form available at:
https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/pdf/Monkeypox-Exposure-
Questionnaire.pdf
• Referral to the isolation facility.
• The patient should wear a surgical mask& skin lesions should be
covered (e.g., long sleeves, long pants).
54. During hospitalization:
• The patients should be isolated in a negative air
pressure room as soon as possible.
• If it is not available, place patients in a private
examination room.
• If neither option is feasible, these following
precautions must be applied : a surgical mask
over the patient’s nose and mouth and covering
any of the patient’s exposed skin lesions with a
sheet or gown.
• Confirmation of the diagnosis with lab tests and
proper treatment and follow up of the patient.
55. Personal protective measures :
• PPE should be donned before entering the patient’s room.
• All PPE should be disposed prior to leaving the patient’s room.
Disposable gown.
Gloves whenever in contact with the patient, and with the patient
surroundings.
NIOSH-certified N95 (or comparable) filtering disposable respirator.
Eye protection (e.g., face shields or goggles).
56. In case of home isolation:
• The patient should be isolated in a room or area separate from other
family members when possible.
• Persons with monkeypox should not leave the home except as
required for follow-up medical care.
• They also should avoid contact with wild or domestic animals.
• Unexposed persons who do not have an essential need to be in the
home should not visit.
57. • The patients should wear a surgical mask & if this is not feasible, other
household members should wear a surgical mask when in the
presence of the person with monkeypox.
• Disposable gloves should be worn for direct contact with lesions and
disposed of after use.
• Skin lesions should be covered to the best extent possible (e.g., long
sleeves, long pants).
• Contain and dispose of contaminated waste after consultation with
state or local health officials. Do not dispose of waste in landfills or
dumps.
58. Duration of Isolation Procedures
Isolation should be continued until all lesions have resolved
and a fresh layer of skin has formed.
Following the discontinuation of isolation, the patients
should avoid close contact with immunocompromised
persons until all crusts are gone.
• Immunologic disorders.
• Chronic diseases.
• Immunosuppressive therapy.
59. Contact tracing:
• Identification of all contacts of every suspected case during case
investigation .
• All contacts should be included in a line-list and the contact listing
section of the MPX Case investigation form.
• If the laboratory result of a suspected case comes back as negative,
the contacts are immediately dropped from further follow-up.
• The contacts of confirmed animals or humans and contacts of
probable cases should be placed under symptom surveillance for
21 days calculated from the last day of exposure.
62. Contacts should be instructed to monitor their temperature twice
daily. If fever or rash develop, contacts should self-isolate and contact
their local health department immediately.
If only chills or lymphadenopathy develop, the contact should remain
at their residence and self-isolate for 24-hours. During this time, the
individual should monitor their temperature for fever; if a fever or rash
develop, the health department should be contacted immediately.
If fever or rash do not develop and chills or lymphadenopathy persist,
the contact should be evaluated by a clinician for potential cause.
63. • Contacts who remain asymptomatic can be
permitted to continue routine daily activities (e.g.,
go to work, school).
• Contacts should not donate blood, cells, tissue,
breast milk, semen, or organs while they are
under symptom surveillance.
64. Monitoring of the exposed
healthcare workers:
All healthcare worker should be alert to the symptoms and
should notify the infection control department if develop any
symptoms.
Healthcare workers who have unprotected exposures do not
need to be excluded from work duty if asymptomatic, but
should undergo active surveillance, which includes
measurement of temperature at least twice daily for 21 days
following the exposure.
Prior to reporting for work each day, the healthcare worker
should be interviewed regarding evidence of fever or rash.
65. Could it be a new
pandemic ??!
• Unlike SARS-CoV-2, It is related to the
smallpox virus, there are already
treatments and vaccines on hand.
• Unlike SARS-CoV-2, which spreads through
tiny air-borne droplets, monkeypox
spreads mainly through close contact with
bodily fluids, and less extent through large
respiratory droplets.
66. • Unlike SARS-CoV-2, RNA virus, monkeypox virus is a
relatively large DNA virus. DNA viruses are better
at detecting and repairing mutations than RNA
viruses.
• According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
Monkeypox can be contained in countries outside
of Africa where the virus is not usually detected.
• The current outbreak probably won’t necessitate
containment strategies beyond ring vaccination.
“This is a containable situation”
Maria Van Kerkhove, the WHO's emerging disease lead
67. References:
• CDC. About Monkeypox | Monkeypox| Poxvirus | CDC [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Oct
19]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/about.html
• WHO. Monkeypox [Internet]. WHO. 2016 [cited 2019 Oct 19]. Available from:
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox
• "Monkeypox," UK Health Security Agency, 18 May 2022. [Online]. Available:
https://www.gov.uk/guidance/monkeypox#transmission.
• https://www.gov.uk/government/news/monkeypox-cases-confirmed-in-england-latest-
updates
• Durski KN, McCollum AM, Nakazawa Y, Petersen BW, Reynolds MG, Briand S, et al.
Emergence of monkeypox – West and Central Africa, 1970–2017. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.
2018 Mar 16;67(10):306–10.
• NCDC. Nigeria Centre for Disease Control: Weekly Epidemiological Report [Internet].
2017 [cited 2019 Oct 19]. Available from: https://ncdc.gov.ng/reports/101/2017-december-
week-52
68. • "Epidemiological update: Monkeypox outbreak," European Centre for Disease Prevention
and Control, 20 May 2022. [Online]
• Placide K Mbala, John W Huggins, Therese Riu-Rovira, Steve M Ahuka, Prime
Mulembakani, Anne W Rimoin, James W Martin, Jean-Jacques T Muyembe, Maternal and
Fetal Outcomes Among Pregnant Women With Human Monkeypox Infection in the
Democratic Republic of Congo, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 216, Issue 7, 1
October 2017, Pages 824–828, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix260
• https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-
014218?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=722ea2a64d-briefing-wk-
20220520&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-722ea2a64d-42456515
• https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MPX-laboratory-2022.1