Teresa Stephens, GIS Specialist, Paul Bechtel & Associates, Inc. and Andrew Weinberg, Geoscientist, Texas Water Development Board
Presented at the 2011 Texas GIS Forum
The document summarizes field methods used to collect high-accuracy elevation data from salt marshes at Assateague Island National Seashore using real-time kinematic GPS (RTK-GPS). Elevation points were collected on a 20m grid across 13 marsh sites. Water level loggers were also deployed to understand tidal influences. Preliminary results from one site, DA1, showed RTK-GPS more accurately characterized marsh surface elevations compared to LiDAR, with an average 20cm difference. The project aims to provide detailed elevation data and tidal datums to inform sea level rise and storm impact modeling in national parks.
Accounting soil moisture assimilation for hydrologic predictionsPawan Jeet
Soil moisture is an important component of land surface hydrology. This document discusses techniques for measuring, modeling, and assimilating soil moisture data. It describes how the Ensemble Kalman Filter can be used to assimilate remote sensing soil moisture observations into hydrologic models to improve soil moisture estimates. Case studies show that data assimilation reduces errors in simulated soil moisture, especially in surface layers, but has more limited impact at depth due to model biases and less influence of surface conditions on deeper layers. Overall, data assimilation is an effective method for integrating soil moisture observations into hydrologic models to enhance predictions.
The document discusses analyzing restoration sites in the Kennebecasis watershed for their susceptibility to flood damage. It describes the Kennebecasis Watershed Restoration Committee, which aims to restore the watershed. Various data factors are considered to assess flood susceptibility, including soil, land use, and satellite imagery. Methods used include delineating sub-watersheds and river buffers. Next steps include further site visits, finalizing the analysis method, and incorporating existing site data.
This document describes the process of mapping ground water quality in India. Ground water quality maps are created under the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission to identify potable ground water sources. The process involves organizing legacy ground water quality data, creating layers of ground water quality points and parameters, integrating the layers to produce maps corresponding to scales like 1:50,000. Quality checks are performed during and after the mapping process. The maps serve as a database for rural drinking water supply projects.
The California Central Valley Groundwater-Surface Water Simulation Model (C2VSim) simulates the monthly response of the Central Valley’s groundwater and surface water flow system to historical stresses, and can also be used to simulate the response to projected future stresses. C2VSim contains monthly historical stream inflows, surface water diversions, precipitation, land use and crop acreages from October 1921 through September 2009. The model dynamically calculates crop water demands, allocates contributions from precipitation, soil moisture and surface water diversions, and calculates the groundwater pumpage required to meet the remaining demand.
Orion Park Housing Area VOC Plume AssessmentSteve Williams
Presentation by the Army Environmental Command to the Moffett Field Restoration Advisory Board, November 20, 2014: Orion Park Housing Area Volatile Organic Compound Plume Assessment. Speaker: Matt Dayoc
This document summarizes a presentation on improving reservoir simulation modeling with seismic attributes. It discusses how seismic interpretation provides information on stratigraphy, facies distribution, and reservoir properties through attributes. Seismic attributes can help with horizon and fault interpretation when seismic signals are poor. They are also used for facies and property modeling to distribute lithology and properties between wells and in un-drilled areas. Integrating seismic attributes into reservoir modeling can significantly improve dynamic models, simulations, and production forecasts.
The California Central Valley Groundwater-Surface Water Simulation Model (C2VSim) simulates the monthly response of the Central Valley’s groundwater and surface water flow system to historical stresses, and can also be used to simulate the response to projected future stresses. C2VSim contains monthly historical stream inflows, surface water diversions, precipitation, land use and crop acreages from October 1921 through September 2009. The model dynamically calculates crop water demands, allocates contributions from precipitation, soil moisture and surface water diversions, and calculates the groundwater pumpage required to meet the remaining demand.
The document summarizes field methods used to collect high-accuracy elevation data from salt marshes at Assateague Island National Seashore using real-time kinematic GPS (RTK-GPS). Elevation points were collected on a 20m grid across 13 marsh sites. Water level loggers were also deployed to understand tidal influences. Preliminary results from one site, DA1, showed RTK-GPS more accurately characterized marsh surface elevations compared to LiDAR, with an average 20cm difference. The project aims to provide detailed elevation data and tidal datums to inform sea level rise and storm impact modeling in national parks.
Accounting soil moisture assimilation for hydrologic predictionsPawan Jeet
Soil moisture is an important component of land surface hydrology. This document discusses techniques for measuring, modeling, and assimilating soil moisture data. It describes how the Ensemble Kalman Filter can be used to assimilate remote sensing soil moisture observations into hydrologic models to improve soil moisture estimates. Case studies show that data assimilation reduces errors in simulated soil moisture, especially in surface layers, but has more limited impact at depth due to model biases and less influence of surface conditions on deeper layers. Overall, data assimilation is an effective method for integrating soil moisture observations into hydrologic models to enhance predictions.
The document discusses analyzing restoration sites in the Kennebecasis watershed for their susceptibility to flood damage. It describes the Kennebecasis Watershed Restoration Committee, which aims to restore the watershed. Various data factors are considered to assess flood susceptibility, including soil, land use, and satellite imagery. Methods used include delineating sub-watersheds and river buffers. Next steps include further site visits, finalizing the analysis method, and incorporating existing site data.
This document describes the process of mapping ground water quality in India. Ground water quality maps are created under the Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission to identify potable ground water sources. The process involves organizing legacy ground water quality data, creating layers of ground water quality points and parameters, integrating the layers to produce maps corresponding to scales like 1:50,000. Quality checks are performed during and after the mapping process. The maps serve as a database for rural drinking water supply projects.
The California Central Valley Groundwater-Surface Water Simulation Model (C2VSim) simulates the monthly response of the Central Valley’s groundwater and surface water flow system to historical stresses, and can also be used to simulate the response to projected future stresses. C2VSim contains monthly historical stream inflows, surface water diversions, precipitation, land use and crop acreages from October 1921 through September 2009. The model dynamically calculates crop water demands, allocates contributions from precipitation, soil moisture and surface water diversions, and calculates the groundwater pumpage required to meet the remaining demand.
Orion Park Housing Area VOC Plume AssessmentSteve Williams
Presentation by the Army Environmental Command to the Moffett Field Restoration Advisory Board, November 20, 2014: Orion Park Housing Area Volatile Organic Compound Plume Assessment. Speaker: Matt Dayoc
This document summarizes a presentation on improving reservoir simulation modeling with seismic attributes. It discusses how seismic interpretation provides information on stratigraphy, facies distribution, and reservoir properties through attributes. Seismic attributes can help with horizon and fault interpretation when seismic signals are poor. They are also used for facies and property modeling to distribute lithology and properties between wells and in un-drilled areas. Integrating seismic attributes into reservoir modeling can significantly improve dynamic models, simulations, and production forecasts.
The California Central Valley Groundwater-Surface Water Simulation Model (C2VSim) simulates the monthly response of the Central Valley’s groundwater and surface water flow system to historical stresses, and can also be used to simulate the response to projected future stresses. C2VSim contains monthly historical stream inflows, surface water diversions, precipitation, land use and crop acreages from October 1921 through September 2009. The model dynamically calculates crop water demands, allocates contributions from precipitation, soil moisture and surface water diversions, and calculates the groundwater pumpage required to meet the remaining demand.
EPA MEW Study Area TCE Source InvestigationSteve Williams
EPA TCE Source Investigation Findings
Middlefield-Ellis-Whisman (MEW)
Superfund Study Area
Mountain View and Moffett Field, CA
Former NAS Moffett Field
Restoration Advisory Board Meeting
February 12, 2015
1. Members of the Department of Earth and Environmental Science at Temple University monitored an infiltration basin behind the new Science Education and Research Center (SERC) building using wells, soil moisture sensors, ground-penetrating radar, and a LiDAR scan.
2. The data showed uneven recharge and infiltration in the basin, which the study aimed to further examine through additional techniques.
3. Ground-penetrating radar identified changes in soil moisture with rainfall but did not image deeper structures due to clay soil attenuation. Soil moisture sensors and LiDAR also indicated uneven recovery and infiltration across the basin.
Site 28 Update, Moffett RAB, November 14, 2013Steve Williams
This document summarizes a meeting to discuss investigation results at the Former NAS Moffett Field Site 28. Supplemental investigations were conducted in the Building 88 and Traffic Island areas to further delineate contaminants. In the Building 88 area, soil gas and groundwater sampling found PCE concentrations up to 2,900 mg/L in deeper wells. In the Traffic Island area, high PCE concentrations over 10,000 mg/L were found in the lower aquifer and B2 aquifer. Additional monitoring wells will be installed to further define the source areas. The investigations confirmed contaminants have impacted the B-aquifer above cleanup standards. Next steps include more sampling and evaluating treatment options.
The document discusses aquifer mapping projects being conducted in Gujarat, India. It outlines tasks for mapping aquifers in three pilot areas - Ahmedabad, Dasada, and Lodhika - which have different aquifer types. The goals are to identify and map aquifers, quantify groundwater resources, and propose management plans. Methods discussed include compiling existing data, generating new geological and geophysical data, assessing hydrology, and developing aquifer response models and management plans. Village-level groundwater budgets will also be prepared for selected areas.
Floodplain Mapping for Design Professionals_RIFMA2016RI_FMA
This document provides an overview of floodplain mapping processes for riverine and coastal studies. It discusses how FEMA identifies and funds mapping studies, the typical study timeline and products. For riverine studies, it describes the level of detail for different flood zones and the methodology for approximate zone A mapping using hydrology, cross sections and HEC-RAS modeling. For coastal studies, it reviews the history of guidelines and methodology, components of a flood insurance study, and how to interpret risk-based and wave-inclusive special flood hazard areas on flood maps. Contact information is also provided.
This project examines the rate of erosion in Little Harbour, on the south-east coast of the Northumberland Strait. Coastlines were digitized using a series of airphoto mosaics from the 1970s to the present. The rate of change between digitized lines is measured using a script developed at the AGRG. Attributes are added to the data, classifying it by landform, waterbody, and angle. Results are examined to determine the overall rate of erosion, as well as to determine areas of increased vulnerability.
Birr - Identifying Critical Portions of the LandscapeJose A. Hernandez
Terrain attributes derived from digital elevation models can be used to identify critical source areas for water quality protection. A study calculated terrain attributes like slope, curvature, and stream power index for two pilot watersheds in Minnesota. Field surveys showed higher values of attributes like specific catchment area and stream power index corresponded to locations of gullies and other erosion features. The results indicate terrain analysis can efficiently identify priority areas for conservation practices to reduce sediment and nutrient runoff.
This document discusses using the MODFLOW groundwater model to evaluate the impact of artificial groundwater recharge in Abbid Sarbishe, Iran. A conceptual model of the study area was developed using hydrogeological data and discretized into a grid for use in MODFLOW. The model was calibrated and validated before using it to simulate different levels of artificial recharge. The results show that recharge has the greatest impact on piezometers closest to the recharge site, with water levels rising up to 2.25 meters. Western parts of the recharge site had a larger impact due to thinner unsaturated zones in the aquifer in that area.
This project presentation demonstrates the use of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to estimate soil loss due to inter-rill erosion in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, India. The objectives are to analyze rainfall events and demonstrate estimation of average annual precipitation, runoff, soil loss, and sediment yield using WEPP. Input data on slope, soil, climate, and management are used. Results show soil loss and runoff depend on slope and land cover. Soil loss and sediment yield are highest for mountainous slopes with no vegetation and lowest for cultivated slopes. Variations in monthly rainfall are highest in August. WEPP can be used to estimate erosion in any Indian watershed given
This document provides guidance on conducting reduced level surveys to establish accurate elevation references for groundwater monitoring structures like piezometers and observation wells. It discusses the importance of accuracy in elevation data for interpreting groundwater levels and flow. Methods covered include conventional surveying with leveling instruments, total stations, and GPS. The document recommends an accuracy of 10 mm per km in flat coastal areas and 50 mm per km elsewhere for hydrogeological studies. It also discusses establishing elevations relative to mean sea level using benchmarks from the Great Trigonometric Survey network maintained by Survey of India.
Discharge and Sediment Transport Modeling Buck Creek ProposalJames Blumenschein
This document proposes modeling discharge and sediment transport in Buck Creek before modifications to a recreational structure. The purpose is to create a stage-discharge rating curve upstream of the structure. Field data on discharge and cross-sectional surveys will be collected using GPS and acoustic Doppler equipment. The HEC-RAS model will be used to extend the existing post-modification rating curve to higher discharges using a step-backwater method. The objectives are to establish elevations, collect survey and field data, create a stage-discharge curve, and better understand changes from the modified structure.
Objectives:
Develop a replicable integrated model (methodology) for evaluating the extent and development potential of renewable (non-renewable) groundwater resources in arid lands, with the Eastern Desert of Egypt as a pilot site.
The model will be replicable for similar arid areas; North of Sudan, Tibesty, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia.
Building national capacities.
This document provides details of William G. Olsen's professional experience as a geologist and hydrogeologist working for The Chazen Companies in New York State from 2002 to present. It describes his roles and responsibilities in field work and projects related to groundwater resources, environmental site assessments, and remediation investigations. Specific projects discussed include a groundwater resource investigation for a water district expansion, evaluating well performance through specific capacity analysis, and developing a backup groundwater source for a municipality.
This document outlines a project to map groundwater quality and aquifers in Agra, India. The objectives are to:
1. Create groundwater quality maps showing spatial and temporal variation of quality parameters in shallow and deep aquifers, both before and after monsoon seasons.
2. Map the aquifer systems to understand their geometry, thickness, flow directions, and groundwater resources and yields on a micro-level watershed basis.
3. Develop a groundwater model to aid planning and management of resources at the village level.
Field samples will be collected and analyzed, and quality data will be classified and interpolated to create separate element-wise quality maps for each aquifer and season in
High Resolution Site Characterization (#HRSC) of Gasoline LNAPL Plume Migrati...John Fontana
The 3D conceptual site model revealed that LNAPL from the former retail gasoline station had penetrated deep into the source area and migrated hundreds of feet south through semi-confined permeable layers below the water table, despite groundwater flow being predominantly to the north. High resolution site characterization tools, including optical profiling and membrane interface probing, were used to map LNAPL fluorescence and dissolved phase VOCs. When combined with additional site data in a 3D model, it provided insight into LNAPL and plume migration through confined areas not evident from traditional site investigations.
The document describes using ArcGIS and a Trimble GeoXT GPS receiver to map landforms and assess stability in a study area in Arizona. Key tasks included delineating landforms like pediments, fans and plains; identifying stable vs. unstable areas; assessing washes; and delineating erosion hazard setbacks. Field data including waypoints, photos and cross-sections were collected using the Trimble GeoXT and integrated with ArcGIS maps. The analysis identified 16 new active fans and numerous other unstable areas, and field verified over 20 miles of erosion setbacks.
This document aims to validate the Soil Vulnerability Index (SVI) for identifying Critical Source Areas (CSAs) of pollution in two watersheds in the Chesapeake Bay region. The SVI ranks soil vulnerability based on characteristics like drainage and slope. It was applied to the Tuckahoe Creek Watershed and Greensboro Watershed, which have different soil types. Hydrologic modeling outputs from SWAT were used as a reference to validate the accuracy of the SVI classifications in each watershed. The results suggest the SVI performs differently depending on landscape characteristics, so multiple approaches should be used to identify CSAs to inform conservation practices.
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) hydrological model. It begins with an introduction to hydrological modeling and the development and utilities of the SWAT model. It describes the data requirements, model framework, and step-by-step procedure to run the model. A case study applying the SWAT model to the Simly Dam watershed in Pakistan is summarized. The limitations and future developments of the SWAT model are briefly discussed, followed by references.
Esri is a leading GIS software and services company founded in 1969. It develops the ArcGIS software suite used by about 70% of GIS professionals. ArcGIS includes desktop, server, and mobile GIS products. The desktop component allows authoring, analysis, and mapping of geospatial data. Server products enable deployment of GIS functionality across organizations. Mobile products integrate GIS with GPS and location services for field data collection.
Community based software development: The GRASS GIS projectMarkus Neteler
The document summarizes the GRASS GIS open source project. It discusses the project's objectives of developing free GIS software and algorithms. It describes the international development team and communication structures used, including mailing lists, wikis and bug trackers. Legal aspects of code contributions and licensing are also briefly covered.
EPA MEW Study Area TCE Source InvestigationSteve Williams
EPA TCE Source Investigation Findings
Middlefield-Ellis-Whisman (MEW)
Superfund Study Area
Mountain View and Moffett Field, CA
Former NAS Moffett Field
Restoration Advisory Board Meeting
February 12, 2015
1. Members of the Department of Earth and Environmental Science at Temple University monitored an infiltration basin behind the new Science Education and Research Center (SERC) building using wells, soil moisture sensors, ground-penetrating radar, and a LiDAR scan.
2. The data showed uneven recharge and infiltration in the basin, which the study aimed to further examine through additional techniques.
3. Ground-penetrating radar identified changes in soil moisture with rainfall but did not image deeper structures due to clay soil attenuation. Soil moisture sensors and LiDAR also indicated uneven recovery and infiltration across the basin.
Site 28 Update, Moffett RAB, November 14, 2013Steve Williams
This document summarizes a meeting to discuss investigation results at the Former NAS Moffett Field Site 28. Supplemental investigations were conducted in the Building 88 and Traffic Island areas to further delineate contaminants. In the Building 88 area, soil gas and groundwater sampling found PCE concentrations up to 2,900 mg/L in deeper wells. In the Traffic Island area, high PCE concentrations over 10,000 mg/L were found in the lower aquifer and B2 aquifer. Additional monitoring wells will be installed to further define the source areas. The investigations confirmed contaminants have impacted the B-aquifer above cleanup standards. Next steps include more sampling and evaluating treatment options.
The document discusses aquifer mapping projects being conducted in Gujarat, India. It outlines tasks for mapping aquifers in three pilot areas - Ahmedabad, Dasada, and Lodhika - which have different aquifer types. The goals are to identify and map aquifers, quantify groundwater resources, and propose management plans. Methods discussed include compiling existing data, generating new geological and geophysical data, assessing hydrology, and developing aquifer response models and management plans. Village-level groundwater budgets will also be prepared for selected areas.
Floodplain Mapping for Design Professionals_RIFMA2016RI_FMA
This document provides an overview of floodplain mapping processes for riverine and coastal studies. It discusses how FEMA identifies and funds mapping studies, the typical study timeline and products. For riverine studies, it describes the level of detail for different flood zones and the methodology for approximate zone A mapping using hydrology, cross sections and HEC-RAS modeling. For coastal studies, it reviews the history of guidelines and methodology, components of a flood insurance study, and how to interpret risk-based and wave-inclusive special flood hazard areas on flood maps. Contact information is also provided.
This project examines the rate of erosion in Little Harbour, on the south-east coast of the Northumberland Strait. Coastlines were digitized using a series of airphoto mosaics from the 1970s to the present. The rate of change between digitized lines is measured using a script developed at the AGRG. Attributes are added to the data, classifying it by landform, waterbody, and angle. Results are examined to determine the overall rate of erosion, as well as to determine areas of increased vulnerability.
Birr - Identifying Critical Portions of the LandscapeJose A. Hernandez
Terrain attributes derived from digital elevation models can be used to identify critical source areas for water quality protection. A study calculated terrain attributes like slope, curvature, and stream power index for two pilot watersheds in Minnesota. Field surveys showed higher values of attributes like specific catchment area and stream power index corresponded to locations of gullies and other erosion features. The results indicate terrain analysis can efficiently identify priority areas for conservation practices to reduce sediment and nutrient runoff.
This document discusses using the MODFLOW groundwater model to evaluate the impact of artificial groundwater recharge in Abbid Sarbishe, Iran. A conceptual model of the study area was developed using hydrogeological data and discretized into a grid for use in MODFLOW. The model was calibrated and validated before using it to simulate different levels of artificial recharge. The results show that recharge has the greatest impact on piezometers closest to the recharge site, with water levels rising up to 2.25 meters. Western parts of the recharge site had a larger impact due to thinner unsaturated zones in the aquifer in that area.
This project presentation demonstrates the use of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to estimate soil loss due to inter-rill erosion in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, India. The objectives are to analyze rainfall events and demonstrate estimation of average annual precipitation, runoff, soil loss, and sediment yield using WEPP. Input data on slope, soil, climate, and management are used. Results show soil loss and runoff depend on slope and land cover. Soil loss and sediment yield are highest for mountainous slopes with no vegetation and lowest for cultivated slopes. Variations in monthly rainfall are highest in August. WEPP can be used to estimate erosion in any Indian watershed given
This document provides guidance on conducting reduced level surveys to establish accurate elevation references for groundwater monitoring structures like piezometers and observation wells. It discusses the importance of accuracy in elevation data for interpreting groundwater levels and flow. Methods covered include conventional surveying with leveling instruments, total stations, and GPS. The document recommends an accuracy of 10 mm per km in flat coastal areas and 50 mm per km elsewhere for hydrogeological studies. It also discusses establishing elevations relative to mean sea level using benchmarks from the Great Trigonometric Survey network maintained by Survey of India.
Discharge and Sediment Transport Modeling Buck Creek ProposalJames Blumenschein
This document proposes modeling discharge and sediment transport in Buck Creek before modifications to a recreational structure. The purpose is to create a stage-discharge rating curve upstream of the structure. Field data on discharge and cross-sectional surveys will be collected using GPS and acoustic Doppler equipment. The HEC-RAS model will be used to extend the existing post-modification rating curve to higher discharges using a step-backwater method. The objectives are to establish elevations, collect survey and field data, create a stage-discharge curve, and better understand changes from the modified structure.
Objectives:
Develop a replicable integrated model (methodology) for evaluating the extent and development potential of renewable (non-renewable) groundwater resources in arid lands, with the Eastern Desert of Egypt as a pilot site.
The model will be replicable for similar arid areas; North of Sudan, Tibesty, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia.
Building national capacities.
This document provides details of William G. Olsen's professional experience as a geologist and hydrogeologist working for The Chazen Companies in New York State from 2002 to present. It describes his roles and responsibilities in field work and projects related to groundwater resources, environmental site assessments, and remediation investigations. Specific projects discussed include a groundwater resource investigation for a water district expansion, evaluating well performance through specific capacity analysis, and developing a backup groundwater source for a municipality.
This document outlines a project to map groundwater quality and aquifers in Agra, India. The objectives are to:
1. Create groundwater quality maps showing spatial and temporal variation of quality parameters in shallow and deep aquifers, both before and after monsoon seasons.
2. Map the aquifer systems to understand their geometry, thickness, flow directions, and groundwater resources and yields on a micro-level watershed basis.
3. Develop a groundwater model to aid planning and management of resources at the village level.
Field samples will be collected and analyzed, and quality data will be classified and interpolated to create separate element-wise quality maps for each aquifer and season in
High Resolution Site Characterization (#HRSC) of Gasoline LNAPL Plume Migrati...John Fontana
The 3D conceptual site model revealed that LNAPL from the former retail gasoline station had penetrated deep into the source area and migrated hundreds of feet south through semi-confined permeable layers below the water table, despite groundwater flow being predominantly to the north. High resolution site characterization tools, including optical profiling and membrane interface probing, were used to map LNAPL fluorescence and dissolved phase VOCs. When combined with additional site data in a 3D model, it provided insight into LNAPL and plume migration through confined areas not evident from traditional site investigations.
The document describes using ArcGIS and a Trimble GeoXT GPS receiver to map landforms and assess stability in a study area in Arizona. Key tasks included delineating landforms like pediments, fans and plains; identifying stable vs. unstable areas; assessing washes; and delineating erosion hazard setbacks. Field data including waypoints, photos and cross-sections were collected using the Trimble GeoXT and integrated with ArcGIS maps. The analysis identified 16 new active fans and numerous other unstable areas, and field verified over 20 miles of erosion setbacks.
This document aims to validate the Soil Vulnerability Index (SVI) for identifying Critical Source Areas (CSAs) of pollution in two watersheds in the Chesapeake Bay region. The SVI ranks soil vulnerability based on characteristics like drainage and slope. It was applied to the Tuckahoe Creek Watershed and Greensboro Watershed, which have different soil types. Hydrologic modeling outputs from SWAT were used as a reference to validate the accuracy of the SVI classifications in each watershed. The results suggest the SVI performs differently depending on landscape characteristics, so multiple approaches should be used to identify CSAs to inform conservation practices.
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) hydrological model. It begins with an introduction to hydrological modeling and the development and utilities of the SWAT model. It describes the data requirements, model framework, and step-by-step procedure to run the model. A case study applying the SWAT model to the Simly Dam watershed in Pakistan is summarized. The limitations and future developments of the SWAT model are briefly discussed, followed by references.
Esri is a leading GIS software and services company founded in 1969. It develops the ArcGIS software suite used by about 70% of GIS professionals. ArcGIS includes desktop, server, and mobile GIS products. The desktop component allows authoring, analysis, and mapping of geospatial data. Server products enable deployment of GIS functionality across organizations. Mobile products integrate GIS with GPS and location services for field data collection.
Community based software development: The GRASS GIS projectMarkus Neteler
The document summarizes the GRASS GIS open source project. It discusses the project's objectives of developing free GIS software and algorithms. It describes the international development team and communication structures used, including mailing lists, wikis and bug trackers. Legal aspects of code contributions and licensing are also briefly covered.
The document describes the NWGISS (NASA HDF-EOS Web GIS Software Suite), which aims to make HDF-EOS remote sensing data easily accessible to GIS users through open standards. It discusses key components of NWGISS including a map server, coverage server, catalog server, and client that implement Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) specifications. These allow interoperable access and manipulation of HDF-EOS data in different formats. The suite provides on-demand data processing and reformatting to meet users' individual needs.
Geographic Information Systems rely heavily on data from Remote Sensing platforms like satellites, which provide imagery and information on land cover, terrain models, and changes over time. As Remote Sensing technologies advance with higher resolution sensors, more data can be incorporated into GIS maps and analyzed to study various environmental topics. Issues around privacy and data storage may increase as more detailed imagery becomes available.
GIS systems allow users to overlay multiple layers of geographic information on maps and charts. Common types of data layers in a GIS include imagery, maps, and location data. Free GIS software like ArcGIS Explorer enables users to access, organize, and visualize different data layers on digital maps and charts.
Application of RS and GIS in Groundwater Prospects ZonationVishwanath Awati
This document discusses using remote sensing and GIS techniques to map groundwater prospects zones. It presents a case study of applying these methods in Bata Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. The methodology involves developing thematic maps of factors like geology, land use, and water levels. These maps are then overlaid and analyzed in GIS to identify zones of good, moderate, or poor groundwater potential. The study concludes these techniques can effectively map groundwater prospects and inform management plans.
This document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and quantitative methods for assessing groundwater resources using remote sensing and GIS. IWRM is defined as a systematic process for sustainably developing, allocating, and monitoring water resources considering social, economic and environmental objectives. Key aspects of IWRM planning include addressing water scarcity, degradation, policy frameworks, long-term planning, sector coordination, supply and demand assessments, and information systems. Quantitative groundwater assessment methods consider parameters like lithology, aquifer geometry, climate, and remote sensing can provide regional data to complement traditional point-based methods. Modeling involves formulating models, computations, applications and evaluation.
Digital Image Processing and gis software systemsNirmal Kumar
The document provides an overview of digital image processing (DIP) and geographic information systems (GIS) software systems, outlining the key hardware and software components needed for DIP including processors, memory, displays, storage, operating systems, compilers, and image processing software. It also describes important image processing functions such as preprocessing, display and enhancement, information extraction, photogrammetric information extraction, and integration with GIS. Open source DIP and GIS software like ILWIS are also mentioned.
GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing and displaying geographic information. It allows users to integrate digital maps, aerial photos, satellite images and GPS data. The presentation introduces GIS components, data models, how GIS works in a 5 step process, and examples of GIS applications for 3D city modeling, traffic simulation, watershed delineation and political analysis. It also discusses the ArcGIS software suite, including ArcMap for mapping, ArcCatalog for data management and ArcToolbox for geoprocessing tools.
This document presents an overview of air pollution monitoring using remote sensing and GIS technologies. It discusses how satellite remote sensing can provide synoptic views of large areas and monitor multiple pollutants simultaneously. It also describes some common air pollutants and sources. Two case studies are then presented on using these methods to map ambient air pollution zones and monitor air quality in specific regions.
Presentation Slides for my presentation at GIS Ireland, October 14th 2010. The title is "GIS Software for Non-GIS Applications".
The case study is how to use FME to predict the outcome of football matches across Europe each week.
This presentation describes the design of an air quality monitoring system. The system uses sensors to detect the levels of air pollutants like carbon monoxide and air quality. It displays the sensor readings and pollutant percentages on an LCD screen. The system aims to continuously monitor indoor and outdoor air quality levels to provide data on air pollution levels. Future improvements could include adding more sensors, uploading real-time data online with location details, and storing readings on an SD card.
APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENTSriram Chakravarthy
This document discusses watershed management and the role of remote sensing and GIS applications. It begins with defining a watershed and the watershed approach. It then discusses watershed characterization, prioritization, development activities, and monitoring. Remote sensing provides synoptic data to map natural resources within watersheds. GIS is used to integrate spatial data for watershed delineation and analysis. The goal of watershed management is sustainable development through activities like water conservation, afforestation, and improving livelihoods.
GIS is a system for managing and analyzing geographic data. It uses two main data models: vector, representing points, lines and polygons; and raster, representing data as a grid of cells. Common file formats include shapefiles for vector data and GeoTIFF and MrSID for raster. GIS data is referenced using coordinate systems like WGS84 for global latitude/longitude or HK80Grid for Hong Kong. ESRI's ArcGIS software allows viewing, editing, and publishing this geospatial data for mapping and analysis.
This presentation accompanies a workshop on incorporating wikis into classroom settings and professional learning communities. For more information, visit http://jdorman.wikispaces.com/+Wikis.
Watershed delineation and LULC mappingKapil Thakur
Watershed Delineation - a watershed as an enormous bowl. As water falls onto the bowl’s rim, it either flows down the inside of the bowl or down the outside of the bowl. The rim of the bowl or the watershed boundary is sometimes referred to as the ridgeline or watershed divide. This ridge line separates one watershed from
another.
Topographic maps created by the United States Geological Survey can help you to determine a watershed’s boundaries.
Land use and land cover map (LULC Mapping) -
Land cover indicates the physical land type such as forest or open water whereas land use documents how people are using the land. … Land cover maps provide information to help managers best understand the current landscape. To see change over time, land cover maps for several different years are needed.
It is a presentation made on the actual work done on site for the selection of construction site for the dam,it can be used as well for other site suitability.
Watershed management: Role of Geospatial Technologyamritpaldigra30
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed which is done to enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human or other living communities within the watershed boundary.
This PPT dscribes the Role of Geospatial Technology in Watershed Management
Cloud Computing for Drought Monitoring with Google Earth EngineDRIscience
This document discusses using cloud computing with Google Earth Engine to process large remote sensing and climate datasets for drought and vegetation monitoring. Specifically:
1. Google Earth Engine allows researchers to analyze the entire Landsat satellite image archive and other large datasets to better understand long-term vegetation variability and impacts of drought.
2. A web application was developed to process and visualize Landsat and MODIS imagery and climate data to map indicators like NDVI and evapotranspiration over time.
3. Case studies in Nevada show the tool can detect changes in vegetation from climate variations and groundwater pumping at field and regional scales.
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Water resources of India at a glance
Hydrogeological cycle
Exploration of groundwater
Groundwater potential zone
Indicators
Sensors
Rules for selection of imagery
Conclusion
Reference
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2. Playas in Texas
• Dominant hydrological
feature of High Plains
• ~20,000 mapped playas
• Important source of
groundwater recharge
• Stop-over points for
migratory waterfowl
• Used for irrigation, forage,
and grazing
• Over 50 years of studies
3. Playa Features
• Wetland area
defined by soil, Wetland area
plants, and
Water area
hydrology
• Many playas lie
within larger
topographic
depression
• Water area varies Topographic depression
seasonally
4. TWDB Playa Project
Background
Continued drawdown of High Plains Aquifer threatens
agricultural economy of the Texas Panhandle
Project Objectives
1. Determine volume and distribution of playa water
resources
2. Determine timing and magnitude of recharge under
current conditions
3. Assess playa modification strategies to increase
recharge
5. Objective 1: Determine Volume and
Distribution of Playa Water Resource
Two strategies:
• Field monitoring
– Instrument and survey
selected playas
• Remote sensing
– Estimate water
resource region-wide
7. Field Monitoring
PROs CONs
• Tailored to project objectives • Time consuming
• Continuous observations • Expensive
• Access to subsurface • Continual maintenance,
• Ground-truth remote/indirect recalibration
observations • Access agreements
• Extensive QC and data
management
8. Remote Sensing
PROs CONs
• Data available for free • Clouds
• Regional coverage • Limited resolution
• 30-year archive of imagery • Limited frequency of
• Work with desk-top tools observations
10. ESTIMATING WATER VOLUME
A 3-Part Process
1. CLASSIFY WATER AREAS IN PLAYAS USING REMOTE
SENSING METHODS
2. OBTAIN PLAYA WATER SURFACE ELEVATION AND BASIN
TOPOGRAPHY USING GIS METHODS
3. ESTIMATE PLAYA VOLUME USING GIS METHODS
12. CLASSIFY PLAYA WATER AREAS
EVALUATE AVAILABLE RS IMAGERY
• 21 Types of Remotely-Sensed Imagery were evaluated
• 17 were eliminated due to: lack of current data, wrong
scale, or simply not a good fit for the type of mapping
inherent to the project
• 4 selected for further consideration: Landsat-4, with
the Thematic Mapper sensor (TM), Landsat-5 TM, and
Landsat-5 Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS), Landsat-7
13. CLASSIFY PLAYA WATER AREAS
EVALUATE AVAILABLE RS IMAGERY (cont.)
× Landsat-4 TM, decommissioned June 2001. (need current data)
Landsat-5 TM: improved spectral separation and
geometric fidelity, greater radiometric accuracy and
resolution than the MSS sensor. Used to monitor
changes in land surface over periods of months to
years—a near perfect fit for this project!
× Landsat-5 MSS: Landsat-5 TM better fit for this project.
× Landsat -7: The Scan Line Corrector (SLC) in the ETM+ instrument
failed in 2003; good data from 1999 – 2003.
14. CLASSIFY PLAYA WATER AREAS
Obtain Landsat-5 TM Image
Readily available from
landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov OR
glovis.usgs.gov
User friendly GUI allows
obtaining by coordinates,
satellite row/path, or by
interactively selecting an
area of interest. https://glovis.usgs.gov
16. CLASSIFY PLAYAS WATER AREAS
Evaluate TM Spectral Bands
Band Wavelength, µm Characteristics
1 0.45 to 0.52 Blue-green. No MSS equivalent. Maximum penetration of water,
which is useful for bathymetric mapping in shallow water. Useful for
distinguishing soil from vegetation and deciduous from coniferous
plants.
2 0.52 to 0.60 Green. Coincident with MSS band 4. Matches green reflectance peak
of vegetation, which is useful for assessing plant vigor.
3 0.63 to 0.69 Red. Coincident with MSS band 5. Matches a chlorophyll absorption
band that is important for discriminating vegetation types.
4 0.76 to 0.90 Reflected IR. Coincident with portions of MSS bands 6 and 7. Useful
for determining biomass content and for mapping shorelines.
5 1.55 to 1.75 Reflected IR. Indicates moisture content of soil and vegetation.
Penetrates thin clouds. Good contrast between vegetation types.
6 10.40 to 12.50 Thermal IR. Night time images are useful for thermal mapping and for
estimating soil moisture.
7 2.08 to 2.35 Reflected IR. Coincides with an absorption band caused by hydroxyl
ions in minerals. Ratios of bands 5 and 7 are potentially useful for
mapping hydrothermally altered rocks associated with mineral
deposits.
18. Composite and Detail Views of Enlarged Landsat-5 TM Subscene,
SE Quadrant, Floyd County (October 15, 2010)
19. CLASSIFY PLAYA WATER AREAS
Single, Band-5 Selected
• Initial evaluation indicated
single-spectral Band 5
classification provided best
results with minimal
processing
• Grid cells with a value of ≤60
indicate water area
• Field verification scheduled
Landsat-5 TM, Band 5
20. CLASSIFY PLAYA WATER AREAS
Field Verification - 11 May 2011
• Scheduled to coincide with
Landsat-5 image acquisition
• Cloud-free day
• Visual inspection of playas on
transect across study area
• 30 Playas in corridor classified
as wet, wet soil only, or dry
• Attributes overlaid on Landsat
imagery for further review.
Location Map of all
Field-Verified Playas
21. CLASSIFY PLAYA WATER AREAS
Field Verification—Wet Playas
DETAIL AREA
Landsat-5 TM, Spectral Detail of Wet Playa
Band 5 (Wet Playa)
22. CLASSIFY PLAYA WATER AREAS
Field Verification—Wet/Dry Playas
DETAIL AREA
Landsat-5 TM, Spectral Detail of Wet/Dry Playa
Band 5 (Wet/Dry Playa)
23. CLASSIFY PLAYA WATER AREAS
Field Verification--Dry Playas
DETAIL AREA
Landsat-5 TM, Spectral Detail of Dry Playa
Band 5 (Dry Playa)
24. CLASSIFY PLAYA WATER AREAS
Create Final Footprints
• Contour using Spatial
Analyst:
--input raster = Band 5
--contour interval = 60
• Isolines ≠60 removed
and non-playa water
areas clipped
• Remaining feature lines
converted to polygons
using Data Management
Tools in ArcToolBox
Wet Playa Footprints, October 15, 2010
26. PLAYA SURFACE ELEVATION AND
BASIN TOPOGRAPHY
Evaluate Available Elevation Data
• Five data-sets evaluated: National Elevation Dataset
(NED), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM),
Digital Elevation Models (DEM), and Global 30-Arc-
Second Elevation Dataset (GTOP030).
• Major considerations included: seamless coverage,
matching scale, current data, and easily accessible
NED Data selected (http://seamless.usgs.gov)
• regularly updated composite of the latest DEM
• seamless
• 10-meter resolution – best available for study area
28. PLAYA SURFACE ELEVATION AND
BASIN TOPOGRAPHY
Obtain Playa Surface Elevations
• Project elevation data to UTM using ArcINFO Workstation
• Create Raster point file using ArcToolBox conversion tools
• Associate maximum surface elevation with individual
playa footprints using spatial join. However…
• Extremely long processing times (11 hours!) when using
the entire NED data set so an interim step was introduced
• Spatial query used to extract points inside or near playas,
then the spatial join was applied to the refined point data
set (spatial join processing time now <2 hours).
29. PLAYA SURFACE ELEVATION AND
BASIN TOPOGRAPHY
Create Final Elevation Data Set
SUMMARIZE ON PLAYA-ID
TO OBTAIN MIN/MAX
ELEVATION VALUES
30. PLAYA SURFACE ELEVATION AND
BASIN TOPOGRAPHY
Min/Max Elevation Attributes now
Associated with Wet Playa Footprints
32. ESTIMATE PLAYA WATER VOLUME
Work Directly with Raster Data
Top Surface: Generated using Polygon to Raster based
on Max Grid Elevation value
Bottom Surface: Obtained directly from projected NED
raster (no additional processing involved)
Volume Method: Use Spatial Analyst CutFill
35. ESTIMATED WATER VOLUME, FLOYD COUNTY, TEXAS
(OCTOBER 15, 2010)
Final Results
• Water identified in 741 of
the 1,721 mapped playas in
Floyd County
• Water area = 18,395 acres
(2.89% of Floyd County)
• Water volume = 97,216,952
cubic meters or 78,815 acre-
feet in Floyd County playas
on October 15, 2010.
37. Next Steps
Method Validation
• Playa surveys
• Area-volume and depth-
volume relationships
• Water level
observations
• Compare with remote
sensing
Bivins Playa -Elevation - Area
250
200
Area, acres
150
100
50
0
3238 3240 3242 3244 3246 3248
Elevation, ft msl
38. Method Validation
• Accuracy of RS estimates limited by:
– Image pixel size, pixel classification, and contouring
– Local accuracy of NED surface
– Landscape changes over time since underlying
topographic data collected
• Field data accuracy limited by:
– GPS accuracy (~ ½ inch vertical for Trimble R6)
– Number and distribution of grid points
– Access limitations
39. Method Validation
Floyd Crop Playa
• Single Floyd County
playa with field data for 2270500
970.2
10/15/2010 2270450
970.1
970
969.9
969.8
– RS volume estimate of 2270400 969.7
969.6
969.5
43,247 cubic meters 2270350
969.4
969.3
969.2
– Field volume estimate 2270300
969.1
969
968.9
of 51,218 cubic meters 2270250
968.8
968.7
968.6
based on 38 cm water 968.5
968.4
968.3
2270200
depth 968.2
968.1
968
– 16.9 relative percent 2270150
difference 340000 340050 340100 340150 340200 340250 340300 340350 340400 340450
0 50 100 150 200
40. Validation Data Set
• Scale up to area of
one Landsat image tile
• TWDB data
• No TWDB playas in
image area filled in
2011
• No data for 2010
• TTU/ARS data
• 16 playas monitored
in 2010
• Look at images from 9 TTU/ARS Playa
June, 25 June, 12 TWDB Playa
August, and 15 October
2010