The document outlines objectives and criteria for selecting a suitable site for dam construction and catchment area in Lavale, Pune, Maharashtra. The objectives are to study software like Q-GIS and ENVI, find an area fulfilling requirements of soil, rainfall, slope, and generate land use classification from satellite images. Key criteria for the site include gentle slopes, adequate rainfall, permeable soils, away from settlements, and favorable watershed/stream flow. Various maps are analyzed to identify areas meeting these criteria and suitability is rated to determine the optimal location.

1. Objectives
• To find a suitable site for dam construction.
• To study Q-GIS and ENVI softwares.
• To find a perfect area for catchment fulfilling requirements of
soil, rainfall, slope, etc
• To generate land use/cover classification using LANDSAT 8
satellite images.
• To prepare thematic maps of study area.

2. Definition
• DAM- A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground
streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods
but also provide water for such activities as irrigation, human
consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability.
Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to
generate electricity.
• CATCHMENT- The collection of rain water over a natural
drainage area during rainfall.
• RESERVOIR- A reservoir usually means an enlarged natural or
artificial lake, storage pond or impoundment created using a
dam or lock to store water.

3. Reason for dam/catchment construction
• Flood control.
• Agricultural purposes.
• Hydro-electricity.
• Water reservation.
Recently lakhs were affected by severe droughts in Maharashtra.
Due to failure of good monsoon and excessive heat drying up the
rivers resulted in crop failure and subsequently leading to farmer
suicides.
Maharashtra may require more catchment areas which can supply
water in extreme weather or can give relief to affected areas
rather than depending on fresh rains.

4. Dam site requirement criteria
• Area having gentle slope rather than steep slope (slope
stability).
• Area receiving adequate rainfall.
• Area away from settlement and agricultural fields.
• Permeability of soil or type of soil.
• Water table.
• Effects on forest and wildlife.
• Earthquake faults.
• Stream flow/Watershed.

5. Study Area Location
• Location- Lavale, Pune, Maharashtra
• Area is enclosed between these intervals:-
(By GPS)
18°ϯϮ′ϯϯ.ϬϮ͟N ϳϯ°ϰϯ′Ϯϴ.ϳϬ͟E to 18°ϯϮ′Ϯϭ.ϭϵ͟N 73°ϰϯ′ϱϳ.ϵϮ͟E to
18°ϯϭ′ϱϯ.ϴϵ͟N 73°ϰϰ′ϬϮ.ϱϭ͟E to 18°ϯϭ′ϱϮ.ϰϳ͟N 73°ϰϯ′ϯϯ.Ϯϭ͟E .
• Construction of catchment area around Symbiosis valley.

8. Study Area
• Over-view of Study Area-
1. Seasonal Rainfall Pattern.
2. Study of Soil Map ,Land Use Map, HSG Map, Drainage Data
Map and Runoff Coefficient Map.
• Topographically and geographic analysis-
1. Height and depression of the area.
2. Type of Soil.

9. Flow chart of methodology
Satellite Data
(LANDSAT)
Land Use Map
Soil map ASTER
DEM
HSG Map Slope Map
SCS-CN
Topographic Maps
& Collateral data
Rainfall Drainage
data Map
Map
Runoff Coefficient
Map
Decision Rules for
water conservation
measures
Site Suitability Map for different
water conservation measures

10. Important terms
• LANDSAT-
The Landsat program is the longest running enterprise for
acquisition of satellite imagery of Earth.
It has a resolution of 28.5m approx.
Therefore to have precise values we will be using BHUVAN
images having resolution of 0.5-1m.
LANDSAT image of Kolkata.

11. • Soil Map:
It determines the various types of soil in a particular area such as
clayey, desert soil etc.
• Land Use Map:
It shows the type of agriculture, forestry and settlement.

12. • ASTER DEM MAP:
ASTER (Advanced Space borne
Thermal Emission and Reflection
Radiometer) DEM(Digital
Elevation Map)
1. ASTER provides high-
resolution images of the planet
ranging from visible to thermal
infrared light.
2. ASTER data are used to
create detailed maps of surface
temperature of land,
emissivity, reflectance, and
elevation
Mt. ETNA

13. • HSG MAP- HYDROLOGICAL SOIL GROUP
It groups the soil of similar type.
• RUNOFF MAP
The amount of water lost due to turbulent flow.

14. • Land use - Land use involves the management and modification
of natural environment or wilderness into built environment
such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable
fields, pastures, and managed woods.
Land use plans are implemented through land division and use
ordinances and regulations, such as zoning regulations.
͞'LaŶd use' is a key terŵ iŶ the laŶguage of Đity plaŶŶiŶg.͟
• Land cover - Land cover is the physical material at the surface of
the earth. Land covers include grass, asphalt, trees, bare ground,
water, etc. Earth cover is the expression used by ecologist
Frederick Edward Clements that has its closest modern
equivalent being vegetation.
There are two primary methods for capturing information on
land cover: field survey and analysis of remotely sensed imagery.

15. • Spectral Bands- For the true color rendition, band 1 is displayed in the
blue color, band 2 is displayed in the green color, and band 3 is displayed
in the red color. The resulting image is fairly close to realistic - as though
you took the picture with your camera and were riding in the satellite. But
it is also pretty dull - there is little contrast and features in the image are
hard to distinguish.
Blue- Scattered by the atmosphere and illuminates material in shadows
better than longer wavelengths; penetrates clear water better than other
Đolors; aďsorďed ďy Đhlorophyll, so plaŶts doŶ’t shoǁ up ǀery ďrightly iŶ this
band; useful for soil/vegetation discrimination, forest type mapping, and
identifying man-made features.
Green- Penetrates clear water fairly well, gives excellent contrast between
clear and turbid (muddy) water; helps find oil on the surface of water, and
vegetation (plant life); reflects more green light than any other visible color;
man-made features are still visible.
Red- Limited water penetration; reflects well from dead foliage, but not well
from live foliage with chlorophyll; useful for identifying vegetation types, soils,
and urban (city and town) features .

16. • Geo referencing is the process of assigning spatial coordinates
to data that is spatial in nature, but has no explicit geographic
coordinate system. Here, we will take a scanned paper USGS
topographic map and assign spatial coordinates to the image
so that it can be overlaid with modern data.
• Stream order is a method for classifying the relative location
of a reach within the larger river system.

17. Hydrologic Soil Group
• Soils are classified by the Natural Resource Conservation Service into four Hydrologic Soil
Groups based on the soil's runoff potential.
• Group A is sand, loamy sand or sandy loam types of soils. It has low runoff potential and
high infiltration rates even when thoroughly wetted. They consist chiefly of deep, well to
excessively drained sands or gravels and have a high rate of water transmission.
• Group B is silt loam or loam. It has a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wetted
and consists chiefly or moderately deep to deep, moderately well to well drained soils
with moderately fine to moderately coarse textures.
• Group C soils are sandy clay loam. They have low infiltration rates when thoroughly
wetted and consist chiefly of soils with a layer that impedes downward movement of
water and soils with moderately fine to fine structure.
• Group D soils are clay loam, silt clay loam, sandy clay, silt clay or clay. This HSG has the
highest runoff potential. They have very low infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted and
consist chiefly of clay soils with a high swelling potential, soils with a permanent high
water table, soils with a clay pan or clay layer at or near the surface and shallow soils over
nearly impervious material.

18. Classification of digital imagery
Supervised-
• The user selects representative samples for each land cover class in
the digital image. These sample land cover classes are called
͞training sites͟. The image classification software uses the training
sites to identify the land cover classes in the entire image.
• The classification of land cover is based on the spectral signature
defined in the training set. The digital image classification software
determines each class on what it resembles most in the training
set. The common supervised classification algorithms are
maximum likelihood and minimum-distance classification.
Supervised Classification Steps:
• Select training areas
• Generate signature file
• Classify

19. Classification of digital imagery
Unsupervised-
• Pixels are grouped based on the reflectance properties of pixels.
These groupings are called ͞clusters͟. The user identifies the
number of clusters to generate and which bands to use. With this
information, the image classification software generates clusters.
There are different image clustering algorithms such as K-means
and ISODATA.
• The user manually identifies each cluster with land cover classes.
It’s ofteŶ the Đase that ŵultiple Đlusters represeŶt a siŶgle laŶd
cover class. The user merges clusters into a land cover type. The
unsupervised classification image classification technique is
commonly used when no sample sites exist.
Unsupervised Classification Steps:
• Generate clusters
• Assign classes

20. Rainfall Map and Data
Site can be chosen when the rainfall in the area is above average. Since our area is quite
small and has an influence of same amount of rainfall due to presence of one rain gauge
station, the factor is not to the highest importance.

22. Slope Map and Data
• Steep: Steeper the slope, more is the water shed.
• Gentle: In gentle slope the water shed is less.
So a gentle slope is preferred to locate a catchment area.

25. Stream flow/ Watershed Map and Data
• An area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different
rivers, basins, or seas is known as watershed.

26. 2 3
1

27. Suitable site for Dam

28. Land Use/Land Cover
• It is basically how the land is put into use or how has it been
covered by natural resources- agriculture, forest, water body,
settlement, etc.
Unsupervised classification using iso-data

29. Post classification analysis

30. K-Mean classification- The objective of K-Mean is to minimize the within
cluster variability.

31. Soil Type
Ideal soil conditions are as follows-
• Permeable
• Compressible
• Shear strength
• Particle size
• Specific gravity
• Moisture content

32. Permeability Test-
Aim- To determine coefficient of permeability of soil sample.
K= QL/AtH
Observation Table-
Length of sample 12.73cm
C/A of sample 78.5 sq.cm
H1 20cm
H2 27cm
Area of stand pipe 1.6 sq.cm
Test temp. 33 deg C
Time interval - 7min
- 5min
- 5min
Coefficient of permeability 2.0917x10^-2 cm/sec

33. Cone Penetration Test:
Aim- To determine geotechnical properties of soil.
Observation Table-
No. Of Blows Total Blows Penetration(mm.)
0 0 25
10 10 39
10 20 53
10 30 69
10 40 78
10 50 84

34. Density of soil by sand replacement method
Aim- To determine the density of dry soil.
Observation Table-

35. Data Interpretation
% Importance
distribution Requirement criteria Sub types rating Total
20 Slope Gentle 8 160
Steep 6
Land use/ Land cover
30
Agriculture/Forest
Water
7
2709
Settlement 2
20 Rainfall Cyclonic 3 160
Orographic 8
Soil Type
10
Clayey 3
Black 5 70
Loamy 7
Watershed/Stream flow
20
1 9
2 7 180
3 5
Total 840

36. 840

37. Conclusion
All the points that fulfill the criteria of slopes, land use/land cover,
rainfall, soil type, earthquake zone, water shed and water table
are combined to get one single value criteria.
The region getting fulfilled by this criteria is the spot where the
catchment can be built.

38. Future Scope
This work can be carried forward by improvising all the available
data and researching on earthquake zone and water table in the
years to come.

39. THANK YOU!