This study investigated the antimicrobial activity of Cinnamomum iners leaves extract and isolated compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Through bioautography and spectroscopic analysis, the active compound was isolated and identified as xanthorrhizol. Xanthorrhizol exhibited antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens such as MRSA and E. coli. This provides evidence that C. iners leaves and xanthorrhizol could be potential sources of antimicrobial agents.
Synergistic Interaction between Chamomile Flower (Matricaria chamomilla L.) E...sin74
This study investigated the antibacterial activity of chamomile extracts alone and in combination with tetracycline against bacteria that cause wound infections. It found that ethanol and methanol chamomile extracts inhibited Staphylococcus aureus growth but not E. coli, Proteus, or Klebsiella. All combinations of chamomile extracts with tetracycline showed strong inhibitory effects against S. aureus, demonstrating a synergistic interaction between the plant extracts and antibiotic. This synergistic effect could provide new treatment approaches for wound infections and help combat rising antibiotic resistance.
1) The study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of crude culture filtrate and methanol extract of the mushroom Stereum ostrea against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
2) Crude culture filtrate showed higher inhibitory activity compared to methanol extract, as evidenced by larger inhibition zones. The crude filtrate was most effective against Bacillus subtilis and least effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae.
3) The minimal inhibitory concentration of both crude and methanol extracts was 20 μl for Bacillus subtilis and 30 μl for the other bacteria tested, indicating Stereum ostrea was most potent against Bacillus subtilis.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Pyogenic Bacterial Isolates in Sputum.IOSR Journals
Drugs Have Been Used For The Treatment Of Infectious Diseases Since 17th Century , However
Chemotherapy As A Science Has Began With Paul Ehrlich In The First Decade Of 20th Century . Paul Ehrlich
(1854-1915) Was One Of The Earliest Pioneers In The Field Of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy .1Ehrlich
Formulated The Principles Of “Selective Toxicity” ,I.E; Selective Inhibition Of The Growth Of Microorganisms
Without Damage To The Host.2 Resistance Has Been Documented Not Only Against Antibiotics Of
Natural And Semi- Synthetic Origin , But Also Against Purely Synthetic Compounds (Flouroquinolone) Or
Those Which Do Not Even Enter The Cells (Vancomycin) .3 However , The Euphoria Over The Potential
Conquest Of Infectious Diseases Was Short-Lived .Almost As Soon As Antibacterial Drugs Were Deployed ,
Bacteria Responded By Manifesting Various Forms Of Resistance.4 Considered As “Wonder Drugs”
Antibiotics Are Often Prescribed Inappropriately And Inadequately And Have Thus Became One Of The
Highly Abused Agents.5
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various fern species found in Darjeeling, India. Five fern species were found to have antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: Athyrium filix-femina, Dicranopteris linearis, Tectaria impressa, Hypolepis punctata, and Pleopeltis macromarpa. Ethanol extracts of these five species were tested against Bacillus megaterium and E. coli bacteria using the agar cup diffusion method. Dicranopteris linearis and Tectaria impressa showed similar activity against both types of bacteria. Athyrium filix-femina was more effective
Antibacterial activity on leaf extracts of Syzgium jambalonampharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial activity of leaf extracts from Syzgium jambalonam. Acetone and methanol extracts were tested against four pathogenic bacteria: Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escheria coli. The acetone extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 16-18.5 micrograms/ml against the bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the Syzgium jambalonam extracts was comparable to that of a clinically used Neem extract. Overall, the results suggest that extracts from Syzgium jambalonam leaves have significant potential as a therapy for bacterial infections.
Antibacterial activity on leaf extracts of Syzgium jambalonamSriramNagarajan15
The purpose of this investigation was to extract the bioactive agents from the Methanol, Acetone extracts were examined for their activities against pathogenic microorganism (Proteus vulgaris, Staphyloccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and E.coli). The most of the incidence of infections caused by pathogenic microorganism in our routine life and the importance of using novel synergistic drug has become important. In the present study enhanced inhibitory effects were achieved by employing solvent extracts of Syzgium jambalonam. These MIC were compared with well known antibacterial plant of Neem extract (Biological source-Azadirachta indica, Family-Meliaceae).
Synergistic Interaction between Chamomile Flower (Matricaria chamomilla L.) E...sin74
This study investigated the antibacterial activity of chamomile extracts alone and in combination with tetracycline against bacteria that cause wound infections. It found that ethanol and methanol chamomile extracts inhibited Staphylococcus aureus growth but not E. coli, Proteus, or Klebsiella. All combinations of chamomile extracts with tetracycline showed strong inhibitory effects against S. aureus, demonstrating a synergistic interaction between the plant extracts and antibiotic. This synergistic effect could provide new treatment approaches for wound infections and help combat rising antibiotic resistance.
1) The study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of crude culture filtrate and methanol extract of the mushroom Stereum ostrea against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
2) Crude culture filtrate showed higher inhibitory activity compared to methanol extract, as evidenced by larger inhibition zones. The crude filtrate was most effective against Bacillus subtilis and least effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae.
3) The minimal inhibitory concentration of both crude and methanol extracts was 20 μl for Bacillus subtilis and 30 μl for the other bacteria tested, indicating Stereum ostrea was most potent against Bacillus subtilis.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Pyogenic Bacterial Isolates in Sputum.IOSR Journals
Drugs Have Been Used For The Treatment Of Infectious Diseases Since 17th Century , However
Chemotherapy As A Science Has Began With Paul Ehrlich In The First Decade Of 20th Century . Paul Ehrlich
(1854-1915) Was One Of The Earliest Pioneers In The Field Of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy .1Ehrlich
Formulated The Principles Of “Selective Toxicity” ,I.E; Selective Inhibition Of The Growth Of Microorganisms
Without Damage To The Host.2 Resistance Has Been Documented Not Only Against Antibiotics Of
Natural And Semi- Synthetic Origin , But Also Against Purely Synthetic Compounds (Flouroquinolone) Or
Those Which Do Not Even Enter The Cells (Vancomycin) .3 However , The Euphoria Over The Potential
Conquest Of Infectious Diseases Was Short-Lived .Almost As Soon As Antibacterial Drugs Were Deployed ,
Bacteria Responded By Manifesting Various Forms Of Resistance.4 Considered As “Wonder Drugs”
Antibiotics Are Often Prescribed Inappropriately And Inadequately And Have Thus Became One Of The
Highly Abused Agents.5
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various fern species found in Darjeeling, India. Five fern species were found to have antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: Athyrium filix-femina, Dicranopteris linearis, Tectaria impressa, Hypolepis punctata, and Pleopeltis macromarpa. Ethanol extracts of these five species were tested against Bacillus megaterium and E. coli bacteria using the agar cup diffusion method. Dicranopteris linearis and Tectaria impressa showed similar activity against both types of bacteria. Athyrium filix-femina was more effective
Antibacterial activity on leaf extracts of Syzgium jambalonampharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial activity of leaf extracts from Syzgium jambalonam. Acetone and methanol extracts were tested against four pathogenic bacteria: Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escheria coli. The acetone extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 16-18.5 micrograms/ml against the bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the Syzgium jambalonam extracts was comparable to that of a clinically used Neem extract. Overall, the results suggest that extracts from Syzgium jambalonam leaves have significant potential as a therapy for bacterial infections.
Antibacterial activity on leaf extracts of Syzgium jambalonamSriramNagarajan15
The purpose of this investigation was to extract the bioactive agents from the Methanol, Acetone extracts were examined for their activities against pathogenic microorganism (Proteus vulgaris, Staphyloccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and E.coli). The most of the incidence of infections caused by pathogenic microorganism in our routine life and the importance of using novel synergistic drug has become important. In the present study enhanced inhibitory effects were achieved by employing solvent extracts of Syzgium jambalonam. These MIC were compared with well known antibacterial plant of Neem extract (Biological source-Azadirachta indica, Family-Meliaceae).
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Evaluation mutagenic potential of pesticides through bioassays with Allium cepaPremier Publishers
The evaluation mutagenic potential of pesticides most used in southeastern Brazil, through bioassays with Allium cepa, it was an important study to understand harmful action of two classes of pesticides widely used in Brazil. The effects significant of cytotoxic and genotoxic in Allium cepa were evaluated in the following concentrations: 10 μL/mL, 25 μL/mL and 50 μL/mL, for Pyraclostrobin and Iminoctadine being in all cases compared to the negative and positive controls. With the results obtained it was possible to verify that the two pesticides have the ability to promote genetic changes. This study is a consequence of numerous complaints about harmful effects these substance, since small changes in DNA can cause irreversible problems the human health.
— The diseases caused by bipartite Begomoviruses have emerged as overwhelming problem in various cropping systems of Pakistan. The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of induced resistance in mungbean to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease. In this work, resistance to MYMV infection was induced in mungbean plants by activating the Salicylic acid (SA) pathway using SA and Benzothiadiazole (BTH) as treatments. The resistance was characterized by evaluating symptom appearance and virus titter through ELISA. Elicitors i.e., SA and BTH were applied at different concentrations to enhance the innate resistance of mungbean by the induction of defense related compounds. All treatments were helpful in reducing plant infection but the most effective treatment was the combination of SA@5mM and BTH@150mg/L as compared to virus inoculated control. Three weeks analysis showed peak accumulation of defense related enzymatic antioxidants and phenols in the mungbean leaves treated with SA and BTH. Higher enzymatic activity was observed in elicitor treated plants followed by inoculation with MYMV. As the resistance increased due to the application of SA & BTH the enzymatic activities of SOD, POD, and CAT were also increased during second week after application of elicitors. This study revealed that SA and BTH are potential source for management of MYMV by enhancing the level of protection through induction of systemic acquired resistance.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of crude culture filtrate and methanol extract of the mushroom Stereum ostrea against bacteria. Key findings:
- Crude culture filtrate of S. ostrea showed the highest inhibitory activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on zone of inhibition tests, with the strongest effect against Bacillus subtilis. Methanol extract also inhibited bacterial growth but to a lesser degree.
- The minimum inhibitory concentration of both crude extract and methanol extract was 20μl for B. subtilis and 30μl for other tested bacteria.
- Results indicate S. ostrea contains metabolites with potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties that
Study of the antibacterial activities of soursop (annona muricata l.) leavesAstri Xiao Lu
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antibacterial activities of methanol extract and chloroform fraction of soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaves against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The methanol extract showed inhibition zones of 14.1 mm against S. aureus and 13.1 mm against E. coli at a concentration of 150 mg/ml. At 250 mg/ml, the methanol extract inhibited E. coli with a zone of 14.5 mm. The chloroform fraction only inhibited S. aureus with a zone of 9.9 mm at 150 mg/ml. The methanol extract demonstrated higher antibacterial activity compared to the chloroform fraction against both bacterial strains.
Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Methanolic Extract of S. Caryophyllatum (L.) A...iosrjce
S.caryophyllatum (L.) Alston belongs to the family Myrtaceae is an endangered species. It possesses
traditional as well as pharmacological properties. The objective of the present investigation was to find out the
antibacterial activity of S. caryophyllatum leaf methanolic extract against some human pathogenic bacteria. It
was followed by Disc Diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Spp., Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. The result showed that the
inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis (24mm) was high when compared to E. coli (21mm) and Bacillus cereus
(20mm).This effect on the bacterial strains may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in the
leaf methanolic extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum.
This study evaluated the potential of functionalized two-dimensional chemically exfoliated MoS2 (ce-MoS2) as an antibacterial agent. Ce-MoS2 was functionalized with different thiol ligands to impart varying charge and hydrophobicity. The functionalized ce-MoS2 showed inhibitory effects against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa at very low dosages. Mechanistic studies found that the functionalized ce-MoS2 caused oxidative stress and rapid membrane depolarization in bacteria. Compared to other nanomaterials and small molecule antibiotics, the functionalized ce-MoS2 demonstrated better efficacy as a new class of antibiotic with activity against multidrug-
Antibacterial activity of Isolated Phytochemicalsmaninder1991
This document discusses the antibacterial activity of phytochemicals isolated from various plants. It begins by defining phytochemicals as biologically active chemical compounds found naturally in plants. It then describes different types of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenes. The document examines the antibacterial mechanisms and activity of phytochemicals from several plants against pathogens. It finds that phytochemicals inhibit microbes through various mechanisms like disrupting membranes and inhibiting energy metabolism. The phytochemicals from plants like garlic, citrus, peppermint, and moringa show activity against bacteria like MRSA and E. coli. The document concludes that optimizing these compounds
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its synergistic effects in combination ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objectives:
Biofilms are communities of bacteria attached to surfaces through an external polymeric substances matrix. In the meantime, Acinetobacterbaumannii is the predominant species related to nosocomial infections. In the present study, the effect of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with biocides and imipenem against planktonic and biofilms of A. baumannii was assessed.
Materials and Methods:
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 75 planktonic isolates of A. baumannii were determined by using the microdilution method as described via clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI). Among all strains, 10 isolates which formed strong biofilms were selected and exposed to silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with imipenem, bismuth ethandithiol (BisEDT) and bismuth propanedithiol (BisPDT) to determine minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC). Subsequently, minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with imipenem against mature biofilm of the isolates were evaluated.
Results:
Results showed that 29.3% of isolates were susceptible to silver nanoparticles and could inhibit the growth and eradicate biofilms produced by the isolates. For this reason, ∑FIC, ∑FBIC and ∑FBEC ≤ 0.05 were reported which shows synergism between silver nanoparticles and imipenem against not only planktonic cells but also inhibition and eradication of biofilms. The results of ∑FBIC >2 indicated to antagonistic impacts between silver nanoparticles and BisEDT/BisPDT against biofilms.
Conclusion:
It can be concluded that silver nanoparticles alone can inhibit biofilm formation but in combination with imipenem are more effective against A. baumannii in planktonic and biofilm forms.
Antimicrobial Activity of Bauhinia Purpurea (L) by Minimum Inhibitory Concent...IOSRJPBS
MIC methods are widely used in the comparative testing of new agents, or when a more accurate result is required for clinical management. As there are no CLSI (formerly NCCLS) recommendations for the determination of MICs of varies bio-compounds against gram positive and gram negative organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration (in μg/ml) of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria. In Diagnostic laboratories these MIC’S are used to confirm resistance and also most often used to determine antimicrobial invitro activity. In the present MIC method, one can get the information about Antibiotic agent, preparation of stock solutions, media and inoculation, conditions of incubation, ultimately reading and interpretation of results. The present study is focused to evaluate antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract and purified fractions of Bauhinia purpurea using a gram-positive and a gram-negative organisms Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella, E.coli and enterococcus
Allium sativum (garlic) has potential as a biological control agent. The document reviews the biology of garlic and studies on its ability to control pests and pathogens. Garlic extracts have shown to inhibit fungal growth and reduce disease severity in tomatoes and downy mildew of cucumbers. Crude garlic extract provided over 90% control of sorghum ergot under greenhouse and field conditions. Results indicate garlic extracts are promising as natural, effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling agricultural diseases and insects.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS PLANTS EXTRACTSsin74
The document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various plant extracts against common pathogenic microorganisms. The study tested aqueous extracts of myrtle, harmal, henna, thyme, and fenugreek against bacteria (Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, E. coli, Proteus, Staphylococcus) and the yeast Candida. The myrtle extract showed the strongest inhibition of all microbes at 5% concentration. The harmal extract inhibited bacteria at 10% concentration except Candida which was inhibited at 20%. The henna extract inhibited bacteria at 20% except Candida was resistant. Thyme only inhibited 2 bacteria at 20% while others were resistant. Fen
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
This document summarizes a study that isolated three strains of Lactobacillus (L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. casei) from human intestinal samples. It evaluated the antibacterial activity of these strains against five strains of Staphylococcus aureus, including three methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. L. casei showed the highest inhibitory activity. The study aimed to explore the potential of isolated intestinal Lactobacillus strains to control methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections.
This document presents the results of a study analyzing the phytochemical composition and biological activities of extracts from different parts of Rheum ribes L. Qualitative tests showed the presence of phenolics and tannins in all parts tested. Quantitatively, the macerated flowers extract had the highest total phenolic and tannin contents. In antioxidant assays, the macerated flowers extract showed the strongest ABTS radical scavenging and ferric reducing activity, while the macerated leaves and Soxhlet radix extracts exhibited the strongest DPPH scavenging and cupric reducing activity respectively. The Soxhlet young shoots extracts displayed the highest anticholinesterase activity. All extracts showed low anti-urease
This study investigated the effects of parietin, an anthraquinone compound isolated from Rheum ribes L, on an in vitro wound model using human dermal fibroblast cells. Parietin was isolated from Rheum ribes L and its antioxidant properties were determined using the DPPH method. An in vitro wound model was created using human dermal fibroblast cells, and different concentrations of parietin and zinc were added to test their effects on cell proliferation and viability. Parietin showed antioxidant activity and significantly increased cell viability and proliferation at concentrations of 5 to 10 μM, similar to the effects of 50 μM zinc. The results suggest that parietin may promote wound healing at low doses by inducing dermal fibro
This document summarizes an experiment on the evolution of silver resistance in E. coli bacteria when exposed to different forms of silver over multiple generations. Researchers found that E. coli was able to rapidly evolve resistance to ionic silver and spherical silver nanoparticles but not triangular nanoparticles. By generation 442, ionic silver and spherical nanoparticle resistant lines showed increased minimum inhibitory concentrations compared to controls, but triangular nanoparticle resistant lines did not. In a second experiment, triangular nanoparticle resistance did evolve by generation 400, but at a slower rate than the other forms of silver. Genomic analysis was conducted to understand the differences in evolving resistance.
The document discusses the antimicrobial properties of copper and its potential role in healthcare settings to reduce infections. It finds that copper inhibited the growth and killed several pathogenic bacteria and yeast at relatively low concentrations, including MRSA, E. coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. Copper also showed synergistic effects with some antibiotics by increasing their zone of inhibition, but an antagonistic effect was seen with E. coli. Further research is still needed to fully understand the effects of copper on a wider range of pathogens and in clinical settings.
The document summarizes research into the isolation and characterization of diiodocallophycoic acid, a novel antibiotic compound discovered from the red algae Callophycus serratus. Through extraction and purification guided by analytical techniques, the researchers isolated diiodocallophycoic acid and determined its potent antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.6 μg/mL. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to elucidate the compound's 3D structure. The discovery adds to knowledge of natural product antibiotics and demonstrates marine organisms as sources of bioactive secondary metabolites.
In Vitro Anti-MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) Activities o...iosrjce
The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro anti-MRSA activities of the partitions and
fractions of the crude aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata against clinical isolates of MRSA.
Partitioning of the extract with chloroform gave two partitions. The aqueous partition (AP) gave a higher yield
of 59.74% than the chloroform partition (CP) with 2.69%. However, the CP showed a higher anti-MRSA
activity. The mean values of zones of inhibition at concentrations of 3.13-25.0mg/ml for the AP and CP were
9.43±1.33mm and 16.61±0.93mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5mg/ml for AP
and 3.13mg/ml for CP. Column chromatography of CP resulted to fractions with variety of colours. Thin layer
chromatography of these fractions gave ten fractions with the highest retention factor (Rf) value of 0.93 for
fraction F10 and the least Rf value of 0.43 for fraction F8. At a concentration of 2.0mg/ml, fractions F2 and F3
gave the highest zones of inhibition of 22.5±0.05mm and 22.5±2.50mm respectively while F5 had the least
activity of 8.0±8.0mm. This study suggests that C. odorata is a potential and promising plant that should be
exploited for the management of MRSA diseases
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Evaluation mutagenic potential of pesticides through bioassays with Allium cepaPremier Publishers
The evaluation mutagenic potential of pesticides most used in southeastern Brazil, through bioassays with Allium cepa, it was an important study to understand harmful action of two classes of pesticides widely used in Brazil. The effects significant of cytotoxic and genotoxic in Allium cepa were evaluated in the following concentrations: 10 μL/mL, 25 μL/mL and 50 μL/mL, for Pyraclostrobin and Iminoctadine being in all cases compared to the negative and positive controls. With the results obtained it was possible to verify that the two pesticides have the ability to promote genetic changes. This study is a consequence of numerous complaints about harmful effects these substance, since small changes in DNA can cause irreversible problems the human health.
— The diseases caused by bipartite Begomoviruses have emerged as overwhelming problem in various cropping systems of Pakistan. The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of induced resistance in mungbean to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease. In this work, resistance to MYMV infection was induced in mungbean plants by activating the Salicylic acid (SA) pathway using SA and Benzothiadiazole (BTH) as treatments. The resistance was characterized by evaluating symptom appearance and virus titter through ELISA. Elicitors i.e., SA and BTH were applied at different concentrations to enhance the innate resistance of mungbean by the induction of defense related compounds. All treatments were helpful in reducing plant infection but the most effective treatment was the combination of SA@5mM and BTH@150mg/L as compared to virus inoculated control. Three weeks analysis showed peak accumulation of defense related enzymatic antioxidants and phenols in the mungbean leaves treated with SA and BTH. Higher enzymatic activity was observed in elicitor treated plants followed by inoculation with MYMV. As the resistance increased due to the application of SA & BTH the enzymatic activities of SOD, POD, and CAT were also increased during second week after application of elicitors. This study revealed that SA and BTH are potential source for management of MYMV by enhancing the level of protection through induction of systemic acquired resistance.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of crude culture filtrate and methanol extract of the mushroom Stereum ostrea against bacteria. Key findings:
- Crude culture filtrate of S. ostrea showed the highest inhibitory activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on zone of inhibition tests, with the strongest effect against Bacillus subtilis. Methanol extract also inhibited bacterial growth but to a lesser degree.
- The minimum inhibitory concentration of both crude extract and methanol extract was 20μl for B. subtilis and 30μl for other tested bacteria.
- Results indicate S. ostrea contains metabolites with potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties that
Study of the antibacterial activities of soursop (annona muricata l.) leavesAstri Xiao Lu
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antibacterial activities of methanol extract and chloroform fraction of soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaves against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The methanol extract showed inhibition zones of 14.1 mm against S. aureus and 13.1 mm against E. coli at a concentration of 150 mg/ml. At 250 mg/ml, the methanol extract inhibited E. coli with a zone of 14.5 mm. The chloroform fraction only inhibited S. aureus with a zone of 9.9 mm at 150 mg/ml. The methanol extract demonstrated higher antibacterial activity compared to the chloroform fraction against both bacterial strains.
Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Methanolic Extract of S. Caryophyllatum (L.) A...iosrjce
S.caryophyllatum (L.) Alston belongs to the family Myrtaceae is an endangered species. It possesses
traditional as well as pharmacological properties. The objective of the present investigation was to find out the
antibacterial activity of S. caryophyllatum leaf methanolic extract against some human pathogenic bacteria. It
was followed by Disc Diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Spp., Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. The result showed that the
inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis (24mm) was high when compared to E. coli (21mm) and Bacillus cereus
(20mm).This effect on the bacterial strains may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in the
leaf methanolic extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum.
This study evaluated the potential of functionalized two-dimensional chemically exfoliated MoS2 (ce-MoS2) as an antibacterial agent. Ce-MoS2 was functionalized with different thiol ligands to impart varying charge and hydrophobicity. The functionalized ce-MoS2 showed inhibitory effects against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa at very low dosages. Mechanistic studies found that the functionalized ce-MoS2 caused oxidative stress and rapid membrane depolarization in bacteria. Compared to other nanomaterials and small molecule antibiotics, the functionalized ce-MoS2 demonstrated better efficacy as a new class of antibiotic with activity against multidrug-
Antibacterial activity of Isolated Phytochemicalsmaninder1991
This document discusses the antibacterial activity of phytochemicals isolated from various plants. It begins by defining phytochemicals as biologically active chemical compounds found naturally in plants. It then describes different types of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenes. The document examines the antibacterial mechanisms and activity of phytochemicals from several plants against pathogens. It finds that phytochemicals inhibit microbes through various mechanisms like disrupting membranes and inhibiting energy metabolism. The phytochemicals from plants like garlic, citrus, peppermint, and moringa show activity against bacteria like MRSA and E. coli. The document concludes that optimizing these compounds
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its synergistic effects in combination ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objectives:
Biofilms are communities of bacteria attached to surfaces through an external polymeric substances matrix. In the meantime, Acinetobacterbaumannii is the predominant species related to nosocomial infections. In the present study, the effect of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with biocides and imipenem against planktonic and biofilms of A. baumannii was assessed.
Materials and Methods:
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 75 planktonic isolates of A. baumannii were determined by using the microdilution method as described via clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI). Among all strains, 10 isolates which formed strong biofilms were selected and exposed to silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with imipenem, bismuth ethandithiol (BisEDT) and bismuth propanedithiol (BisPDT) to determine minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC). Subsequently, minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with imipenem against mature biofilm of the isolates were evaluated.
Results:
Results showed that 29.3% of isolates were susceptible to silver nanoparticles and could inhibit the growth and eradicate biofilms produced by the isolates. For this reason, ∑FIC, ∑FBIC and ∑FBEC ≤ 0.05 were reported which shows synergism between silver nanoparticles and imipenem against not only planktonic cells but also inhibition and eradication of biofilms. The results of ∑FBIC >2 indicated to antagonistic impacts between silver nanoparticles and BisEDT/BisPDT against biofilms.
Conclusion:
It can be concluded that silver nanoparticles alone can inhibit biofilm formation but in combination with imipenem are more effective against A. baumannii in planktonic and biofilm forms.
Antimicrobial Activity of Bauhinia Purpurea (L) by Minimum Inhibitory Concent...IOSRJPBS
MIC methods are widely used in the comparative testing of new agents, or when a more accurate result is required for clinical management. As there are no CLSI (formerly NCCLS) recommendations for the determination of MICs of varies bio-compounds against gram positive and gram negative organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration (in μg/ml) of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria. In Diagnostic laboratories these MIC’S are used to confirm resistance and also most often used to determine antimicrobial invitro activity. In the present MIC method, one can get the information about Antibiotic agent, preparation of stock solutions, media and inoculation, conditions of incubation, ultimately reading and interpretation of results. The present study is focused to evaluate antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract and purified fractions of Bauhinia purpurea using a gram-positive and a gram-negative organisms Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella, E.coli and enterococcus
Allium sativum (garlic) has potential as a biological control agent. The document reviews the biology of garlic and studies on its ability to control pests and pathogens. Garlic extracts have shown to inhibit fungal growth and reduce disease severity in tomatoes and downy mildew of cucumbers. Crude garlic extract provided over 90% control of sorghum ergot under greenhouse and field conditions. Results indicate garlic extracts are promising as natural, effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling agricultural diseases and insects.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS PLANTS EXTRACTSsin74
The document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various plant extracts against common pathogenic microorganisms. The study tested aqueous extracts of myrtle, harmal, henna, thyme, and fenugreek against bacteria (Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, E. coli, Proteus, Staphylococcus) and the yeast Candida. The myrtle extract showed the strongest inhibition of all microbes at 5% concentration. The harmal extract inhibited bacteria at 10% concentration except Candida which was inhibited at 20%. The henna extract inhibited bacteria at 20% except Candida was resistant. Thyme only inhibited 2 bacteria at 20% while others were resistant. Fen
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali ...researchplantsciences
In the present work an attempt has been made to carry out screening for the preliminary antibacterial activity of different plants used by Sugali tribes of Yerramalis forest. Fifteen plants were selected for preliminary screening for their antibacterial potentiality, The antibacterial activity was done against four bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,.The preliminary screening experiment revealed that methanol extracts were more potent than the aqueous extracts. The most susceptible bacteria were K. pneumoniae and the most resistant bacteria were E. coli. Bauhinia racemosa L. exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity.
Article Citation:
Khaleel Basha S, Sudarsanam G, Hari Babu Rao D, Niaz Parveen.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used by Sugali tribe of Yerramalais forest of Andhra Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 027-031.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0003.pdf
This document summarizes a study that isolated three strains of Lactobacillus (L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. casei) from human intestinal samples. It evaluated the antibacterial activity of these strains against five strains of Staphylococcus aureus, including three methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. L. casei showed the highest inhibitory activity. The study aimed to explore the potential of isolated intestinal Lactobacillus strains to control methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections.
This document presents the results of a study analyzing the phytochemical composition and biological activities of extracts from different parts of Rheum ribes L. Qualitative tests showed the presence of phenolics and tannins in all parts tested. Quantitatively, the macerated flowers extract had the highest total phenolic and tannin contents. In antioxidant assays, the macerated flowers extract showed the strongest ABTS radical scavenging and ferric reducing activity, while the macerated leaves and Soxhlet radix extracts exhibited the strongest DPPH scavenging and cupric reducing activity respectively. The Soxhlet young shoots extracts displayed the highest anticholinesterase activity. All extracts showed low anti-urease
This study investigated the effects of parietin, an anthraquinone compound isolated from Rheum ribes L, on an in vitro wound model using human dermal fibroblast cells. Parietin was isolated from Rheum ribes L and its antioxidant properties were determined using the DPPH method. An in vitro wound model was created using human dermal fibroblast cells, and different concentrations of parietin and zinc were added to test their effects on cell proliferation and viability. Parietin showed antioxidant activity and significantly increased cell viability and proliferation at concentrations of 5 to 10 μM, similar to the effects of 50 μM zinc. The results suggest that parietin may promote wound healing at low doses by inducing dermal fibro
This document summarizes an experiment on the evolution of silver resistance in E. coli bacteria when exposed to different forms of silver over multiple generations. Researchers found that E. coli was able to rapidly evolve resistance to ionic silver and spherical silver nanoparticles but not triangular nanoparticles. By generation 442, ionic silver and spherical nanoparticle resistant lines showed increased minimum inhibitory concentrations compared to controls, but triangular nanoparticle resistant lines did not. In a second experiment, triangular nanoparticle resistance did evolve by generation 400, but at a slower rate than the other forms of silver. Genomic analysis was conducted to understand the differences in evolving resistance.
The document discusses the antimicrobial properties of copper and its potential role in healthcare settings to reduce infections. It finds that copper inhibited the growth and killed several pathogenic bacteria and yeast at relatively low concentrations, including MRSA, E. coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. Copper also showed synergistic effects with some antibiotics by increasing their zone of inhibition, but an antagonistic effect was seen with E. coli. Further research is still needed to fully understand the effects of copper on a wider range of pathogens and in clinical settings.
The document summarizes research into the isolation and characterization of diiodocallophycoic acid, a novel antibiotic compound discovered from the red algae Callophycus serratus. Through extraction and purification guided by analytical techniques, the researchers isolated diiodocallophycoic acid and determined its potent antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.6 μg/mL. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to elucidate the compound's 3D structure. The discovery adds to knowledge of natural product antibiotics and demonstrates marine organisms as sources of bioactive secondary metabolites.
In Vitro Anti-MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) Activities o...iosrjce
The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro anti-MRSA activities of the partitions and
fractions of the crude aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata against clinical isolates of MRSA.
Partitioning of the extract with chloroform gave two partitions. The aqueous partition (AP) gave a higher yield
of 59.74% than the chloroform partition (CP) with 2.69%. However, the CP showed a higher anti-MRSA
activity. The mean values of zones of inhibition at concentrations of 3.13-25.0mg/ml for the AP and CP were
9.43±1.33mm and 16.61±0.93mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5mg/ml for AP
and 3.13mg/ml for CP. Column chromatography of CP resulted to fractions with variety of colours. Thin layer
chromatography of these fractions gave ten fractions with the highest retention factor (Rf) value of 0.93 for
fraction F10 and the least Rf value of 0.43 for fraction F8. At a concentration of 2.0mg/ml, fractions F2 and F3
gave the highest zones of inhibition of 22.5±0.05mm and 22.5±2.50mm respectively while F5 had the least
activity of 8.0±8.0mm. This study suggests that C. odorata is a potential and promising plant that should be
exploited for the management of MRSA diseases
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections have been recognized for decades as hospital acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA). Nowadays, MRSA is also recognized as a worldwide emerging community-associated pathogen. Community associated- MRSA (CA-MRSA) has been shown to be more virulent with a high degree of severity of disease when compared to HA-MRSA.
Development of a Novel Antiseptic to Target MRSA and PseudomonasJanie Kim
This student developed a novel antiseptic combination called C30/P5/E5000 that is more effective at killing multidrug-resistant bacteria like MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa than current solutions. Through a series of tests, the student found that chlorhexidine gluconate, polyaminopropyl biguanide, and EDTA work synergistically against these pathogens at low concentrations. Additionally, C30/P5/E5000 was shown to reduce bacterial levels much faster than existing solutions. This novel combination has potential for use in contact lens solutions and other disinfecting products due to its effectiveness, low cost, and ability to limit bacterial resistance.
This document discusses antibiotic sensitivity testing. It describes various antibiotic classes and the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. It then covers the different methods for performing antibiotic sensitivity testing, including disk diffusion, E test, and broth dilution. It provides details on quality control procedures and interpreting test results. Common resistant bacteria like MRSA, VRE, and ESBL producers are also mentioned.
The document discusses appropriate antibiotic treatment for a patient with deep soft tissue and bone cultures growing methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and Group B Streptococcus. It recommends an anti-staphylococcal and streptococcal antibiotic such as cephalexin. It also cautions monitoring vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations to watch for rising resistance and considers alternatives if the MIC is greater than 1μg/ml.
Citrex612 e-en-presentacion final listeriamonocytogenesCITREX
The document discusses an in vitro evaluation of the Citrex molecule against Listeria monocytogenes. It determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Citrex against two L. monocytogenes strains. The MIC for one strain was 25 ppm and for the other was 100 ppm. It also evaluated Citrex's effectiveness as a disinfectant on food products and surfaces contaminated with high levels of L. monocytogenes. Results showed that Citrex significantly reduced bacterial counts and was able to eliminate L. monocytogenes from contaminated surfaces within 15-30 minutes.
Sensitivity of pseudomonas species expressing extended spectrumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the sensitivity of Pseudomonas species expressing Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) to different solvent fractions of the plant Milletia aboensis.
Key findings:
- 10 isolates of Pseudomonas species expressing ESBL were obtained from animal samples.
- The ethanol, chloroform and methanol fractions of M. aboensis showed antibacterial activity against the ESBL-producing Pseudomonas isolates. The ethanol extract had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration.
- The ethyl acetate fraction did not show significant antibacterial effects.
The results suggest M. aboensis contains anti-pseudomonal agents that could treat infections caused by
Invitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the plant extracts of Elytrar...IJERA Editor
Antimicrobial activity of the aerial parts of the Elytraria acaulis a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has been carried out in the present study. Extracts of the aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were prepared in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate. All the extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Species, and Salmonella Typhi). Amongst all the extracts, methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The crude methanol extracts of leaves showed good inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
This study evaluated the in vitro activity of tigecycline and other antibiotics against Enterobacteriaceae isolates exhibiting common resistance mechanisms in the US from 2006-2009. It found that 12.4% of isolates were multi-drug resistant, and 5-8% exhibited extended-spectrum beta-lactamase or AmpC production. In contrast to other agents, tigecycline maintained high activity against resistant subsets, with consistent MICs and >96% susceptibility regardless of phenotype. Against the rare imipenem-resistant isolates, tigecycline also retained potent activity at 100% susceptibility. The results support tigecycline as an important treatment option for infections involving resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
In vitro assessment of antibacterial activity of Salicornia herbacea L. seed ...Innspub Net
In this study, the antibacterial activities of Salicornia herbacea L. seed extract against two gram-negative and two gram- positive bacteria were evaluated with the agar disc diffusion and MIC methods. Result showed that inhibition zones of 9.5±0.01, 6.2±0.00, 4±0.00 and 3.5±0.10 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, respectively. Among four bacteria the maximum and minimum inhibition seed ethanolic extract were related to S. aureus with inhibition zones of 9.5mm and MIC 189.5 mg/ml and E. coli with inhibition zones of 3.5 mm and MIC 420 mg/ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanol seed extract of S. herbacea is the result of phenolic compounds, fatty acids, osmotic compound (betaine)
or synergic and additive effect of several compounds present in it. Our results suggest the possibility of using S. herbacea seed, which possesses strong antibacterial activity, in the treatment of diseases caused by the microorganisms tested. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-6-march-2014/
Anti-Virulence Potential And In Vivo Toxicity Of Persicaria Maculosa And Bist...Jose Katab
1) The study evaluated the anti-virulence potential and safety of ethanol extracts from Persicaria maculosa and Bistorta officinalis against the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
2) The extracts showed anti-virulence activity by inhibiting biofilm formation by up to 50%, reducing pyocyanin production by up to 59%, and completely halting swarming motility of P. aeruginosa at a subinhibitory concentration of 50 μg/mL.
3) Neither extract was toxic in a zebrafish model, representing an initial step towards integrating P. maculosa and B. officinalis in treating Pseudomonas infections.
Antibacterial Effect of Endophytic Actinomycetes from Marine Algae against Multi Drug Resistant Gram Negative Bacteria by Manoharan N in Examines in Marine Biology & Oceanography
1) The study evaluated the antibacterial and antifungal activity of extracts from different parts of the mangrove plant Avicennia marina against various microbes.
2) The chloroform extract of A. marina roots showed the strongest inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while the ethanolic extract of roots exhibited antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains tested.
3) The ethyl acetate extract of A. marina leaves showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli.
4) The ethanolic extract of A. marina roots and seeds, as well as the ethanolic extract of fruits, demonstrated antifungal activity against As
Invitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Root Extract of Rauvolfia...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this study Methanolic and chloroform leaf and root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina was studied for its antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of leaf and root extracts was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia by disc diffusion method. Methanolic extract of root was showed the maximum zone of inhibition for all test organisms than the leaf extract. According to observations of root extract of 50µl/ml concentration 15.4mm, 16.2mm, 12.3mm,10.1mm and 15.0mm zones of inhibition and for concentration of 100µl/ml 22.5mm, 23.1mm, 15.1mm, 18.0mm, 22.0mm zones of inhibition were formed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. 50µl/ml concentration of leaf and root chloroform extracts showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, maximum zone of inhibition was observed 15.0mm and 15.5mm against E. coli for leaf and root chloroform extract respectively. 100µl/ml concentration showed maximum zone of inhibition against all test organisms for both leaf and root extracts. All the bacteria were more susceptible to methanolic extracts than the chloroform extracts.
In vitro controlling of selected human diarrhea causing bacteria by clove ext...Open Access Research Paper
Antibacterial activity of clove extracts (Syzygium aromaticum L.) was proven against five diarrhea causing bacteria. This was further confirmed when compared with commonly used three commercial antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin) as a positive control. Significant differences (P<0.0001) were observed in the effect of the antimicrobial agents (clove extracts and antibiotics), and in the sensitivities of the bacterial species (P<0.0001) to the antimicrobial agents. Clove extracts had significant (P<0.001) activity with the acetone extract demonstrating highest activity followed by antibiotics and other extracts against tested bacteria. The zone of inhibition of clove extracts was ranged from 7.33 to 12.00 mm whereas in antibiotics, it was 0.00 to 11.67 mm. Of all the bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium was the most susceptible against all of the extracts as well as concentrations of clove, while low MIC (180 mgml-1) and MBC (680 mgml-1) of the extracts were observed against Shigella dysenteriae. Consequently, clove has a significant antidiarrheal activity and it could be used as an effective antibacterial agent, alternative to the use of antibiotics.
This study evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Syzygium jambos. Methanolic extracts and aqueous soluble fractions of S. jambos stem bark exhibited significant antioxidant activity. The chloroform and carbon tetrachloride soluble fractions showed mild antimicrobial activity against several bacteria. The chloroform soluble fraction also demonstrated moderate free radical scavenging activity. Overall, S. jambos extracts displayed antioxidant and limited antimicrobial effects, suggesting potential for further investigation into their bioactive properties.
Antifungal activity of lichen extracts and usnic acid for controlling the sap...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Aquatic oomycetous fungi often cause serious damage to fresh water fishes. Antifungal activity of acetone extracts of three fruticose lichens namely, Cladonia amaurocraea, Cladonia rangiferina and Usnea longissima were investigated against three pathogenic oomycete fungi which can cause serious saprolegniasis: Saprolegnia parasitica, Achlya bisexualis and Pythium sp.. Usnic acid was also examined for antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration of usnic acid and lichen extracts for the tested fungi Saprolegnia parasitica and Achlya bisexualis were 2 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1 respectively. The higher concentration was needed to inhibit mycelial growth of Pythium sp.. The result suggests that the potential of using usnic acid and lichen extracts for controlling the saprolegniasis.
Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of whole plant Impatiens ba...SriramNagarajan16
Impatiens balsamina linn, belonging to the family of Balsaminaceae.It is distributed in tropical and sub tropical parts
of India. It issued in emetic, chathartic, diuretic and cancer. Present study is carried out to determine the anti
microbial properties of the ethanol extract of Impatiens balsamina.
Effect of Diode Laser (805) nm on alpha-toxinsin74
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of diode laser (805 nm) irradiation on alpha-toxin production and antibiotic sensitivity in Staphylococcus aureus. Ten S. aureus isolates collected from patient skin samples were exposed to laser light at different time periods. Results showed that alpha-toxin production decreased after 1, 3, and 5 minutes of laser exposure in a time-dependent manner. Laser exposure also slightly increased the antibiotic sensitivity of the S. aureus isolates. The study suggests that low-level laser irradiation may reduce virulence factors and increase antibiotic effectiveness against S. aureus.
This study investigated the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing gram-negative bacilli at a tertiary care hospital over one year. A total of 6,672 clinical samples were tested, yielding 2,366 gram-negative bacteria isolates. Phenotypic confirmation testing found 141 isolates (5.95%) to be ESBL producers. The most common ESBL-producing organisms were Escherichia coli (6.43% of E. coli isolates) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.97% of K. pneumoniae isolates). The results suggest a high prevalence of ESBL producers in this hospital setting. Improved antibiotic stewardship and infection control practices are needed to
Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Pus Isolates in Ben...Ahmed Elberry
This study analyzed bacterial culture data from pus samples collected from 2008-2014 at Beni-Suef University Hospital in Egypt to identify the prevalent bacteria and their antibiotic resistance patterns. Pseudomonas spp. was the most commonly isolated bacteria (20.9%), followed by MSSA (14.3%). Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas spp., E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. showed high resistance to many antibiotics but lower resistance to imipenem, amikacin, and meropenem. MSSA was resistant to penicillin and erythromycin but sensitive to vancomycin. The results provide guidance for empiric antibiotic treatment of wound infections in the
Synergistic antibacterial effects of three edible plants extract against anti...Open Access Research Paper
In vitro synergistic antibacterial effects among Alocasia macrorrhizos rhizome, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius corm and Colocasia esculenta corm extracts were tested against six resistant bacteria viz., Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone was compared with the commercially available antibiotic (tetracycline). High inhibitory activity was observed against E. coli (12.67±0.33 mm) and S. aureus (12.50±0.29 mm) for methanol extract at 800 mgml-1 of concentration. MIC and MBC of the extracts ranged from 200-580 mgml-1 and 250-650 mgml-1 respectively. The lowest MIC and MBC of the extracts were measured against E. coli.
This document evaluates the antimicrobial activity of extracts from the leaves of Vernonia glabra and roots of Securidaca longepedunculata, which are traditionally used in Malawi to treat bacterial infections. Aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts as well as dichloromethane, hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution methods. Results showed that V. glabra acetone leaf extracts were effective against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, while S. longepedunculata
The study analyzed 100 multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from intensive care unit patients in Tehran, Iran between 2006 and 2011 to evaluate changes in genotypic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Resistance to antimicrobials tested increased between 0-30% within 5 years. By 2011, 6-100% of isolates were resistant to each agent tested. Genotypic changes among isolates were also drastic, with novel international clone variants comprising 36% of isolates in 2011. Resistance is growing for last-resort antimicrobials such as colistin and tigecycline.
Antibacterial Screening of Different Parts Datura alba NeesMusfirah Anjum
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antibacterial activity of different extracts (ethanol, methanol, chloroform, acetone) of leaves, flowers, seeds, and stem of Datura alba plant against four bacterial strains. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of leaves and flowers showed the highest activity against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The seed extracts showed minimal activity compared to other plant parts. In general, the extracts showed higher activity against gram-positive versus gram-negative bacteria. The results indicate that D. alba extracts have potential as sources of antibacterial compounds.
The document discusses the antibacterial activities of nitro olefins derived from Friedel-Crafts reactions on Baylis-Hillman adducts. It finds that all tested nitro olefins showed higher effectiveness at inhibiting the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) than the antibiotic vancomycin. The nitro olefins were most effective against hospital-acquired MRSA and MSSA infections where antibiotics may not be readily available. It also examines the antibacterial mechanisms and minimum inhibitory concentrations of synthesized benzoxepine derivatives, finding that compounds 2f and 2d were most effective at inhibiting
The document provides an overview of NMR spectroscopy techniques. It discusses key topics like nuclear magnetism, nuclear magnetic resonance, relaxation, magnetization vectors, Bloch equations, NMR spectra, chemical shift, spin-spin coupling, and instrumental methods. Specifically, it covers pulse Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy, double resonance techniques, measurement of carbon-carbon relaxation times, and two-dimensional NMR experiments.
This document provides an overview of 2D NMR spectroscopy and COSY NMR experiments. It discusses how 2D NMR addresses limitations of 1D NMR for analyzing complex protein spectra by introducing additional spectral dimensions. COSY NMR specifically correlates hydrogen atoms that are directly bonded to each other, showing their interactions on a grid plot with chemical shifts on both axes. Interpreting COSY spectra involves identifying off-diagonal peaks that indicate correlations between different hydrogen atoms.
This document provides an introduction to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It begins with an overview of NMR and spectroscopy. It then reviews common units used in NMR such as time, temperature, magnetic field strength, energy, and frequency. The document consists of introductory chapters that cover topics like the basics of NMR, mathematics relevant to NMR, spin physics, and energy levels. It provides explanations of fundamental NMR concepts such as spin, magnetic moments, energy states, resonance frequency, and relaxation times T1 and T2. The overall document serves as a comprehensive primer on basic NMR principles.
Brent Yoder isolated and characterized several new cytotoxic natural products from plants collected in Madagascar and Suriname as part of his dissertation research. From a Tambourissa species bark extract, he isolated a new hydroxybutanolide called tambouranolide, which has a unique long hydrocarbon chain. From Macaranga alnifolia fruit, he obtained four new prenylated stilbenes, one new geranylated dihydroflavanol, and five known compounds. Two of the new stilbenes showed high cytotoxicity. From Cerbera manghas bark and leaves, he isolated the known iridoid cerbinal and the known cardiac glycoside neriifolin, both of which exhibited
This document is an academic thesis presented by Marcelo A. Dávila Cabrera at Lund University in Sweden. The thesis presents results from phytochemical studies of four Bolivian plants, including Senecio clivicolus, Prumnopitys exigua, Baccharis polycephala, and Podocarpus parlatorei. Various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques were used to isolate and characterize secondary metabolites from the plants. The isolated compounds are described in four papers that are included in the thesis.
This dissertation describes the isolation and structural elucidation of natural products from various plant materials. Chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques were used to isolate and determine the structures of terpenes, terpenoids, and other secondary metabolites. Several hitherto unknown compounds were characterized, including (+)-axinyssene from Otostegia integrifolia, guaia-1(10),11-diene and guaia-9,11-diene from Peucedanum tauricum, four sesquiterpenoids from Chloranthus spicatus, isoligustilide from Meum athamanticum, and two diterpenes and four sesquiterpenes from Rad
The document summarizes a doctoral dissertation which investigated terpenoid plant metabolites from four medicinal plants. Key findings include:
- Two new sesquiterpenes and a novel triterpene were isolated from Kaunia lasiophthalma and tested for anticancer activity. Several exhibited potent anticancer effects but also cytotoxicity.
- Extracts of Trixis antimenorrhoea and Lantana balansae showed antileishmanial activity. Two new metabolites were isolated from T. antimenorrhoea, while L. balansae yielded several known compounds and some new classes of metabolites.
- Three novel macrocyclic monoterpene glycosides were
Tesis ini meneliti isolasi dan elusidasi struktur senyawa antioksidan dan penghambat xantin oksidase dari buah andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.). Ekstrak n-butanol buah andaliman diisolasi menggunakan kromatografi kolom dan diperoleh dua senyawa yaitu ZAB-1 dan ZAB-2. ZAB-1 dan ZAB-2 diidentifikasi sebagai terpenoid polar berdasarkan hasil spektroskopi. Kedua senyawa tersebut mem
This document provides an overview of pharmacodynamics and molecular targets for drugs. It discusses how drugs act by interacting with receptors, including ligand-gated ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors. Examples of molecular targets are given such as enzymes, transporters, ion channels, and receptor types. The concepts of agonism, antagonism, and partial agonism in relation to drug-receptor binding and activation of receptor conformational states are also summarized.
Gerhana matahari terjadi ketika bulan berada di antara bumi dan matahari sehingga menghalangi sinar matahari, menyebabkan kegelapan sementara di bagian permukaan bumi tertentu. Gerhana total berbentuk lingkaran dengan diameter maksimal 270 km dan yang terpanjang pernah terjadi pada tahun 1955 selama 7,2 menit.
Gerhana bulan terjadi ketika bulan memasuki bayangan bumi (umbra) yang menyebabkan bulan menjadi gelap total atau sebagian, dimulai dari masuknya bagian bulan ke dalam bayangan yang kurang gelap (penumbra) hingga keluarnya bulan dari penumbra dan kembali normal.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"AlexandraDiaz101
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
acne vulgaris -Mpharm (2nd semester) Cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
Molecules 16-03037
1. Molecules 2011, 16, 3037-3047; doi:10.3390/molecules16043037
molecules
ISSN 1420-3049
www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules
Article
An Antimicrobial Compound Isolated from Cinnamomum
Iners Leaves with Activity against Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus Aureus
Fazlina Mustaffa, Jayant Indurkar, Sabariah Ismail *, Marina Shah and Sharif Mahsufi Mansor
Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: sabaris@usm.my;
Tel.: +60 46533269; Fax: +60 46568669.
Received: 18 February 2011; in revised form: 10 March 2011 / Accepted: 10 March 2011 /
Published: 8 April 2011
Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of
Cinnamomum iners standardized leave methanolic extract (CSLE), its fractions and
isolated compounds. CSLE and fractions were subjected to disc diffusion, minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests using
different Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and yeast. Within the series of
fractions tested, the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, particularly against
methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli, with MIC
values of 100 and 200 µg/mL, respectively. The active compound in this fraction was
isolated and identified as xanthorrhizol [5-(1, 5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-2-methylphenol] by
various spectroscopic techniques. The overall results of this study provide evidence that
Cinnamomum iners leaves extract as well as the isolated compound xanthorrhizol exhibit
antimicrobial activity for both Gram negative and Gram positive pathogens, especially
against MRSA strains.
Keywords: Cinnamomum iners; antimicrobial activity; xanthorrhizol
1. Introduction
The development of bacterial strain resistance against several antibiotics due to their uncontrolled
usage has raised concern and interest in screening local medicinal plants as an alternative source of
OPEN ACCESS
2. Molecules 2011, 16 3038
potential antimicrobial agents [1-4]. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and
Escherichia coli are the most common pathogens encountered in clinical specimens from inpatients
and outpatients [5]. MRSA is also an opportunistic pathogen prominent in both hospital and
community settings [6]. Hence, these studies are very important in discovering effective but at low
cost antimicrobial compounds, especially against MRSA.
Cinnamomum iners is an evergreen tree belonging to the family Lauraceae. According to the
Agroforestry Tree Database, C. iners is commonly found in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia,
Indonesia and Southern Philippines. The major bioactive compounds of this plant are saponins,
terpenes, cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol [7]. Ethnobotanical reports offer information on the
medicinal properties of C. iners that include its antiplasmodial, cytotoxicity, amylase inhibitor,
antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity [8-10]. Recently, our research team has reported the
analgesic, antioxidant and toxicity of this plant’s leaves [11,12]. This plant is widely used as a
traditional medicine to relieve headaches, breathing and appetite problems. This plant has also been
used over the centuries on several illnesses with bacterial symptoms such as fevers, digestive ailments
and coughs [13]. This suggests that this plant might contain bioactive compounds that act as
antimicrobial agents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate possible antimicrobial compounds
from C. iners leaves.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Antimicrobial Activity
The antimicrobial activity results for Cinnamomum iners standardized leaves methanolic extract
(CSLE), fractions and standard antibiotics against several pathogens are listed in Table 1. CSLE
exhibited antimicrobial effects towards all the tested bacteria and yeast in the disc diffusion test.
However, various fractions showed inhibitory activity on specific tested microorganisms. This may be
due to synergism of the compounds present in CSLE. The ethyl acetate CSLE fraction showed
potential antibacterial activity towards all the tested Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, but it
failed to inhibit the growth of tested yeast. Both the hexane and aqueous fractions inhibit Gram
negative P. aeruginosa. The aqueous fraction also shows inhibition on B. subtilis and S. sonnei. The
butanol fraction was capable of inhibiting a number of bacteria and yeast such as B. cereus, P.
aeruginosa, E.coli, S. sonnei, C. albicans and S. cerevisiae. The standard antibiotic chloramphenicol
inhibited all the tested bacteria and miconazole nitrate inhibited the tested yeast.
The antimicrobial activity of CSLE and its various fractions were quantitatively assessed by
determining their MIC and MBC, as illustrated in Table 2. The MIC and MBC values of CSLE varied
in the range of 0.78-50.00 mg/mL. The lowest MIC of CSLE (0.78 mg/mL) was recorded against
MRSA and E. coli. In the case of the different solvent fractions, the ethyl acetate one showed
significant antimicrobial activity against MRSA and E. coli, with MIC values of 100 and 200 µg/mL,
respectively. Neither the hexane nor the aqueous fraction possessed effective inhibitory activity against
any of the tested microorganisms, with MIC values more than 800 µg/mL. The butanol fraction
showed excellent activity towards E. coli, compared to other CSLE fractions, MIC and MBC values of
100 µg/mL and 400 µg/mL, respectively, but it showed only moderate antibacterial activity against B.
cereus, with MIC and MBC values of 400 and >800 µg/mL.
3. Molecules 2011, 16 3039
Table 1. Antimicrobial activity of CSLE, fractions and standard antibiotics by the disc
diffusion method.
M/o CSLE
Fractions Standards Solvent
control
(100%
methanol)
Ethyl
acetate
Hexane Aqueous Butanol Chloramphenicol
Miconazole
nitrate
Gram positive bacteria
1 + + - - + + - -
2 + + - + - + - -
3 + + - - - + - -
4 + + - - - + - -
Gram negative bacteria
5 + + - - + + - -
6 + + + + + + - -
7 + + - + + + - -
Yeast -
8 + - - - + - + -
9 + - - - + - + -
M/o: Microorganisms. (+): Susceptibility (inhibition zone ≥7 mm). (-): Absence of susceptibility.
CSLE: Cinnamomum iners standardized leaves methanolic extract. 1: Bacillus cereus. 2: Bacillus
subtilis. 3: Salmonella typhi. 4: methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 5:
Escherichia coli. 6: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 7: Shigella sonnei. 8: Candida albicans. 9:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Table 2. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal
concentration (MBC) of CSLE, fractions and standard antibiotics against microorganisms.
M/o
Fractions (µg/mL) Standards (µg/mL)
CSLE
(mg/mL)
Ethyl
acetate
Hexane Aqueous Butanol Chloramphenicol
Miconazole
nitrate
MIC
MBC
MIC
MBC
MIC
MBC
MIC
MBC
MIC
MBC
MIC MBC MIC
MBC
Gram positive bacteria
1 12.50
25.00
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
400
>800
6.25 12.5 NT
NT
2 3.13
6.25
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
6.25 12.5 NT
NT
3 6.25
12.50
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
6.25 12.5 NT
NT
4 0.78
1.50
100
200
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
6.25 12.5 NT
NT
Gram negative bacteria
5 0.78
1.50
200
400
>800
>800
>800
>800
100
400
6.25 12.5 NT
NT
6 25.00
50.00
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
6.25 12.5 NT
NT
4. Molecules 2011, 16 3040
Table 2. Cont.
7 6.25
12.50
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
6.25 12.5 NT
NT
Yeast
8 3.13
6.25
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
NT NT 6.25
12.5
9 25.00
50.00
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
>800
NT NT 6.25
12.5
M/o: Microorganism. CSLE: Cinnamomum iners standardized leaves methanolic extract. NT: Not
tested. MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration. MBC: Minimum bactericidal concentration. 1:
Bacillus cereus. 2: Bacillus subtilis. 3: Salmonella typhi. 4: methicillin resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA). 5: Escherichia coli. 6: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 7: Shigella sonnei. 8: Candida
albicans. 9: Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The bioautography technique has been used to identify the bioactive constituents present in various
fractions of the CSLE. Inhibition zones of antibacterial components were observed as white spots on a
purple red background. White areas indicate the presence of antibacterial components that inhibited the
growth of bacteria that did not support the reduction of INT to the coloured formazan [14].
The microbial strains for bioautography were selected based on their sensitivity to CSLE and
fractions. The CSLE and ethyl acetate fractions demonstrated the lowest MIC against MRSA, whereas
the CSLE and butanol fractions exhibited promising MIC towards E. coli. Hence, both of these
bacteria (MRSA and E. coli) were selected for the bioautography assay. The bioautography assay
exhibited inhibition zones (Rf value = 0.77) for ethyl acetate fraction against MRSA (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Bioautogram of fractions and antibiotics sprayed with actively growing
methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). White areas indicate zones of growth
inhibition. a: ethyl acetate fraction. b: methicillin. c: vancomycin. d: butanol fraction. e:
hexane fraction.
(1) a b c d e
5. Molecules 2011, 16 3041
Figure 2. Bioautogram of fractions and antibiotics sprayed with actively growing
Escherichia coli. a: ethyl acetate fraction. b: methicillin. c: vancomycin. d: butanol
fraction. e: hexane fraction.
The standard antibiotics methicillin and vancomycin do not show any inhibition zones towards
MRSA. This was in agreement with previous findings that proved vancomycin resistance developed in
patients with MRSA infection [15]. In addition, all beta lactam antibiotics including methicillin are
incapable of inhibiting MRSA [16]. Interestingly, the bioautogram against E. coli showed inhibition
zones at Rf 0.77 (Figure 2) indicating the same compound was responsible for the antimicrobial
activity against both Gram positive MRSA and Gram negative E. coli. E. coli was also inhibited by
another compound (Rf 0.83) of the ethyl acetate fraction and butanol fraction (Rf 0.50) (Figure 2). The
standard antibiotics methicillin and vancomycin showed inhibition zones against E. coli.
Subsequently an experiment was conducted to isolate, identify and determine the inhibitory
concentration of the active compound that was capable of inhibiting both Gram positive MRSA and
Gram negative E. coli. This compound was identified as xanthorrhizol (see Section 2.2) and its MIC
value was found to be 25.0 μg/mL against MRSA and >200 µg/mL against E. coli (Table 3).
Table 3. MIC of CSLE, ethyl acetate fraction, xanthorrhizol and antibiotic against
microorganisms.
M/o
CSLE
(mg/mL)
Ethyl acetate
fraction
(μg/mL)
Xanthorrhizol
(μg/mL)
Vancomycin Methicillin
1 0.78 200 >200 12.5 12.5
2 0.78 100 12.5 12.5 12.5
3 0.78 100 25.0 >50 >50
M/o: Microorganisms. 1: Escherichia coli. 2: Staphylococcus aureus. 3: methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus.
(2) a b c d e
6. Molecules 2011, 16 3042
This value was in agreement with a previous study on the antimicrobial activity of xanthorrhizol
[17]. The MIC value of xanthorrhizol against E. coli was higher than MIC of ethyl acetate fraction (200
μg/mL) on this bacterial sp. (Table 3). This might be due to some synergistic activity of the compound
present in ethyl acetate fraction to inhibit E. coli.
2.2. Isolation and Identification of Antimicrobial Compound
Phytochemical screening of the bioactive compound indicated that this compound was a terpenoid,
since it showed brown colour after being sprayed with vanillin sulphuric reagent [18]. It was isolated
by preparative TLC and identified by GC-MS, UV, FTIR and NMR as xanthorrhizol [phenol 5-(1,5-
dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-2-methyl] (Figure 3). The obtained data was also in agreement with the
spectroscopic results from other published articles on xanthorrhizol [19].
Figure 3. Structure of xanthorrhizol.
There are numerous reports on the presence of xanthorrhizol in the Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome [20-23].
The presence of xanthorrhizol in other plants such as Iostephane heterophylla root has also been
reported [17]. Xanthorrhizol has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial,
antimycotic and anticancer activity [20-24].
3. Experimental
3.1. General
Boiling point was determined on a micro-boiling point apparatus. Optical rotation was measured on
a Perkin-Elmer 241 polarimeter. A UV spectrum was obtained on a UV-1800 series UV Shimadzu
spectrophotometer. The functional group of bioactive compound was identified by Fourier Transform
Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy (Nicolet 6700, USA) using potassium bromide (KBr). NMR spectra
were recorded on a Varian Unity INOVA at 300 MHz (1
H) or 75MHz (13
C). Samples (2.0 mg/mL)
were dissolved in deuterated methanol and spectrometric data recorded at 80 °C, 10,000
accumulations, pulse 15 μs, acquisition time 3 s and relaxation delay 5 s. Agilent Gas Chromatography
(GC 6890N, China), and Agilent Mass Spectrometer (MS 5973I, USA) was equipped with capillary
HP-5MS column, (30 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 µm). The inlet temperature was set at 280 °C and Mass
Selective Detector (MSD) transferline heater at 285 ºC. GC was performed in splitless mode. Flow rate
of carrier gas (helium) was maintained at 1.2 mL/min. Initial temperature of oven was 70 °C and hold
for 2 minute. Then it was increased to 280 °C by 20 °C/min and held for 20 min. Sample (1 µL) was
OH
7. Molecules 2011, 16 3043
injected and the fragmentation pattern of the compound peak was compare using the NIST02 library
for identification.
3.2. Plant Materials
C. iners leaves were collected at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) in March 2009. The
authentication was carried out by a botanist from School of Biological Sciences, USM where the plant
material was deposited. The voucher specimen number is 11014.
3.3. Extraction and Fractionation Procedures
Powdered dried leaves (100 g) of the plant were macerated in methanol (500 mL) for 3 days. The
leaves extract was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 °C in a rotary evaporator.
The concentrated extract obtained was placed in the oven for 3 days at 40 °C to remove the remaining
methanol completely. The dried extract was standardized according to gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) method [11]. Cinnamomum iners standardized leaves extract (CSLE) was
fractionated based on the polarity of the solvents as follows: extracted twice with 100 mL of n-hexane
to obtain the hexane fraction. Then the same procedure was employed for ethyl acetate and butanol
fractions.
3.4. Isolation and Characterization of Xanthorrhizol
The bioactive compound was isolated by preparative TLC using ethyl acetate fraction and the
chromatogram was developed with ethyl acetate/methanol/water (10:1.35:1) (v/v) solvent system and
air-drying. Antibacterial compound that shows inhibition zones was scrapped out and dissolved in
methanol prior to the centrifuge. The supernatant collected was evaporated in the oven followed by
freeze drying. The isolated compound was identified by GC-MS, UV, FTIR and NMR The pure
compound obtained as pale yellow colour oil, boiling point 327 °C. The specific rotation was (R)-(-)-
Xanthorrhizol: [α]24
D -53.7° (c = 0.80, CHC13). The UV spectrum in CHC13 showed absorptions at
γmax 276 nm, 217.5 nm and 245.5 nm which indicate a phenolic group. The IR spectrum of this
compound showed characteristic absorption bands at 3,382.8 cm-1
which indicate an alcoholic
function. The spectrum also had representative bands at 1604.9, 1503.0 and 1375.2 cm-1
The 1
H-NMR
spectra of the compound gave following values: δ 1.21 (3H, d, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.56-1.67 (2H, m), 1.70 (6H,
s), 1.75-1.92 (2H, m), 2.24 (3H, s), 2.58-2.69 (1H, m, J = 7.0 Hz), 5.08-5.14 (1H, t), 6.63 (1H, s), 6.70
(1H, dd, J = 1.3, 7.7 Hz), 7.04 (1H, d, J = 7.6 Hz). 13
C-NMR: δ 15.34, 17.68, 22.38, 25.71, 26.15,
38.38, 39.03, 113.54, 119.41, 120.85, 124.52, 130.76, 131.42, 147.21, 153.64. Xanthorrhizol was
detected at 9.52 min retention time in GC. Mass spectroscopy showed the major characteristic
fragmentations (m/z = 41; m/z = 55; m/z = 91; m/z = 121; m/z = 136; m/z = 148; m/z = 161; M+
= 218)
pattern which is exactly identical to xanthorrhizol [phenol 5-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-2-methyl] mass
fragmentation pattern with molecular weight C15H22O. When pure xanthorrhizol (purchased from
Sigma) was injected in GC, the peak appeared exactly at same retention time (9.52 min) as
bioactive compound.
8. Molecules 2011, 16 3044
3.5. Microbial Strains
The microorganisms used in this study included Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10876), Bacillus subtilis,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus
(ATCC 12600), Shigella sonnei, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were obtained from
Microbiology lab, School of Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia. The methicillin resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Salmonella typhi strains used in this study were clinical isolates
from Penang General Hospital (Penang, Malaysia). Bacterial cultures were maintained on
Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) and yeast cultures were maintained in sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) at
4 °C. Sub-culturing was done weekly. The cells were inoculated in MH broth for bacteria (37 °C, 18 h)
or SD broth for yeast (35 °C, 48 h) prior to the screening procedure.
3.6. Disk Diffusion Assay
The experiment was performed according to the method reported of by Alzoreky et al. [25]. For the
determination of antibacterial and antifungal activity, cultures were adjusted to106
colony-forming
units (CFU)/mL of bacteria or 2 × 105
CFU/mL of yeast cell using 0.5 McFarland standards.
Subsequently, cultures were inoculated into MHA for bacteria or SDA for yeast by spreading. Then
sterile disks were impregnated with CSLE, fractions (50 mg/mL, 25 µL) or standards.
Chloramphenicol (for bacteria) and miconazole nitrate (for yeast) at 30 µg/mL were used as standard
antibiotics. Disc impregnated with methanol alone in the center served as a control. All the plates were
incubated at 37 ºC for 24 h for bacteria and 35 °C for 48 h for yeast. The diameter of inhibitory zones
(including the diameter of the discs) on the agar surface around the discs were measured after the
incubation period and values >7 mm were considered as active against microorganisms. All of the
experiments were performed in triplicate.
3.7. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC)
For the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the broth dilution method as
described by Eloof [26] was employed. CSLE, fractions, isolated compound and antibiotics standard were
serially diluted in microplates wells to acquire concentrations of CSLE (0.78-50.00 mg/mL), fractions
(100-800 µg/mL), isolated compound (6.25-200.00 µg/mL) and antibiotics standards (3.13-50 µg/mL).
Cultures were adjusted to achieve an inoculums size of 106
colony forming unit per mL (CFU/mL) for
bacteria or 2 × 105
CFU/mL yeast cell using 0.5 McFarland standards. 5 µL of culture was added to
each well. Then, the microplates were placed for 24 h incubation at 37 °C for bacteria or 48 h at 35 °C
for yeast. After the overnight incubation, p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet (INT) (0.5 mg/mL, 20 µL) was
added to the microplate wells. The formation of red chromogen indicates the occurrence of
microorganisms. The MIC value was determined as the lowest concentration of the test sample in the
well that did not form red colour.
3.8. Determination of Minimum Bactericidal and Fungicidal Concentration (MBC and MFC)
The minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentration of CSLE was determined according to the
method of Doughari [27]. For the determination of MBC and MFC, a loopful of broth was collected
9. Molecules 2011, 16 3045
from the well with no visible growth of bacteria or yeast and inoculated to sterile MHA (for bacteria)
and SDA (for yeast) by spreading using swab sticks. After the overnight incubation, the concentration
at which no visible growth or fewer than three colonies observed was noted as the minimum
bactericidal concentration (MBC) for bacteria or minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for yeast.
3.9. Bioautography and Identification of Antimicrobial Compound
This test was performed only on selected bacterial cultures that were remarkably inhibited by CSLE
and fractions according to the method of Ishikawa [28]. CSLE and fractions (50 mg/mL) were applied
over a chromatosheet (Merck pre coated silica gel 60 plates, F254; layer thickness 0.20 mm for
analytical TLC) followed by elution with a system of ethyl acetate/methanol/water (10:1.35:1) and
air-drying. The plates were run in duplicate, one set was used as the reference chromatogram and the
other was used for bioautography. The spots in the chromatogram were visualized in the UV chamber
(wavelength 365 and 254 nm) and using vanillin sulphuric reagent. The chromatogram was sprayed
with suspension of MRSA and E. coli bacteria that was adjusted to an inoculums size of 106
CFU/mL
using 0.5 McFarland standards. The plate was incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The inhibition zones were
visualized by spraying with p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet (INT, 2.0 mg/mL) and the Rf values of the
bioactive compounds were determined.
4. Conclusions
The findings of this study have provided an insight into the antibacterial properties of Cinnamomum
iners leaves extracts, especially for MRSA strains. It is also worth noting that this is the first report on
the presence of xanthorrhizol in the Cinnamomum iners leaves.
Acknowledgements
This project was funded by Research University Grant from University Sains Malaysia. We would
like to thank Mr.Hilman for expert technical assistance. We are grateful to Puan Nurul Huda and
Darah Ibrahim, School of Biological Sciences, for providing the bacterial cultures.
References
1. Buzby, J.C.; Roberts,T. Economic costs and trade impacts of microbial foodborne illness. World
Health Stat. Q. 1997, 50, 57-66.
2. Levy, S.B. The challenge of antibiotic resistance. Sci. Am. 1998, 278, 46-53.
3. Cowan, M.M. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1999, 12, 564–582.
4. Holah, J.T.; Taylor, J.H.; Dawson, D.J.; Hall, K.E. Biocide use in the food industry and the
disinfectant resistance of persistent strains of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. J.
Appl. Microbiol. 2002, 92, 111-120.
5. Styers, D.; Sheehan, D.J.; Hogan, P.; Sahm, D.F. Laboratory-based surveillance of current
antimicrobial resistance patterns and trends among Staphylococcus aureus: 2005 status in the
United States. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 2006, 5, 2.
10. Molecules 2011, 16 3046
6. Deresinski, S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An evolutionary, epidemiologic, and
therapeutic odyssey. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005, 40, 562-573.
7. Choi, O.H. Tumbuhan liar, khasiat ubatan dan kegunaan lain, 1st ed.; Utusan Kuala Lumpur
Publications and Distributors Sdn Bhd: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2003; pp. 132-133.
8. Wan, O.A.; Ngah, Z.U.; Zaridah, M.Z.; Noor, R.A. In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial properties
of some Malaysian plants used in traditional medicine. Infect. Dis. J. Pak. 2007, 16, 97-101.
9. Iida, N.; Ishii, R.; Hakamata, J.; Myamoto, S.; Oozeki, H. Amylase inhibitors for food and
pharmaceutical. Japanese Kokai Tokkyo Koho, Patent No. JP 09040572, 1997.
10. Baruah, A.; Nath, S.C.; Hazarika, A.K. Stem bark oil of Cinnamomum iners Reinw. Indian
Perfumer. 2001, 45, 261-263.
11. Mustaffa, F.; Indurkar, J.; Ismail, S.; Mordi, M.N.; Surash, R.; Mansor, S.M. Analgesic activity,
toxicity study and phytochemical screening of Cinnamomum iners standardized leaves methanolic
extract. Pharmacogn. Res. 2010, 2, 76-81.
12. Mustaffa, F.; Indurkar, J.; Ismail, S.; Mordi, M.N.; Surash, R.; Mansor, S.M. Antioxidant capacity
and toxicity screening of Cinnamomum iners standardized leaves methanolic extract. Int. J.
Pharmacol. 2010, 6, 888-895.
13. Pengelly, A. Constituents of Medicinal Plants, 2nd ed.; CABI Publisher: Cambridge,UK, 2004; p. 66.
14. Eloff, J.N.; Masoko, P. The diversity of antifungal compounds of six South African Terminalia
species (Combretaceae) determined by bioautography. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2005, 4, 1425-1431.
15. Sieradzki, K.; Roberts, R.B.; Haber, S.W.; Tomasz, A. The development of vancomycin
resistance in a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. N. Engl. J. Med.
1999, 340, 517-523.
16. Shanab, B.A.; Adwan, G.; Jarrar, N.; Hijleh, A.A.; Adwan, K. Antibacterial activity of four plant
extracts used in Palestine in folkloric medicine against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus. Turk. J. Biol. 2006, 30, 195-198.
17. Mata, R.; Martinez, E.; Bye, R.; Morales, G.; Singh, M.P.; Janso, J.E.; Maiese, W.M.;
Timmermann, B. Biological and mechanistic activities of xanthorrhizol and 4-(1,5-dimethylhex-
4-enyl)-2-methylphenol isolated from Iostephane Heterophylla. J. Nat. Prod. 2001, 64, 911-914.
18. Wagner, H.; Bladt, S. Plant Drug Analysis: A Thin Layer Chromatography Atlas, 2nd ed.;
Springer-Verlag: New York, NY, USA, 2001; p. 124.
19. Ehara, T.; Tanikawa, S.; Ono, M.; Akita, H. Synthesis of (R)-curcumene and (R)-xanthorrhizol
based on 1, 2-aryl migration via phenonium ion. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 55, 1361-1364.
20. Hwang, J.K.; Shim, J.S.; Pyun, Y.R. Antibacterial activity of xanthorrhizol from Curcuma
xanthorriza against oral pathogens. Fitoterapia 2000, 71, 321-323.
21. Rukayadi, Y.; Hwang, J.K. In vitro antimycotic activity of xanthorrhizol isolated from Curcuma
xanthorriza Roxb. against opportunistic filamentous fungi. Phytother. Res. 2007, 21, 434-438.
22. Lim, C.S.; Jin, D.Q.; Mok, H.; Oh, S.J.; Lee, J.U.; Hwang, J.K.; Ha, I.; Han, J.S. Antioxidant and
antiinflammatory activities of xanthorrhizol in Hippocampal neurons and primary cultured
microglia. J. Neurosci. Res. 2005, 82, 831-838.
23. Rukayandi, Y.; Yong, D.; Hwang, J.K. In vitro anticandidal activity of xanthorrhizol isolated
from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2006, 57, 1231-1234.