Nucleic acid and its chemistry, dna as genetic materialdeepa sundari
The nucleic acids are vital biopolymers found in all living organisms, where they function to encode, transfer, and express genes. The nucleic acids are of two types, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA).
EVER WONDERED WHY DNA IS GENETIC MATERIAL INSTEAD OF RNA OR PROTEIN?
Nucleic acid and its chemistry, dna as genetic materialdeepa sundari
The nucleic acids are vital biopolymers found in all living organisms, where they function to encode, transfer, and express genes. The nucleic acids are of two types, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA).
EVER WONDERED WHY DNA IS GENETIC MATERIAL INSTEAD OF RNA OR PROTEIN?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene structurestusharamodugu
Organization of genome in Prokaryotes:
The term prokaryote means “primitive nucleus”. Cell in prokaryotes have no nucleus. The prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed within the cell and is not enclosed by a separate membrane. Much of the information about the structure of DNA comes from studies of prokaryotes, because they are less complex than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are monoploids they have only one set of genes (one copy of the genome). In most viruses and prokaryotes, the single set of genes is stored in a single chromosome (single molecule either RNA or DNA).
Organization of genome in Prokaryotes:
The term prokaryote means “primitive nucleus”. Cell in prokaryotes have no nucleus. The prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed within the cell and is not enclosed by a separate membrane. Much of the information about the structure of DNA comes from studies of prokaryotes, because they are less complex than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are monoploids they have only one set of genes (one copy of the genome). In most viruses and prokaryotes, the single set of genes is stored in a single chromosome (single molecule either RNA or DNA). Organization of genome in Prokaryotes:
The term prokaryote means “primitive nucleus”. Cell in prokaryotes have no nucleus. The prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed within the cell and is not enclosed by a separate membrane. Much of the information about the structure of DNA comes from studies of prokaryotes, because they are less complex than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are monoploids they have only one set of genes (one copy of the genome). In most viruses and prokaryotes, the single set of genes is stored in a single chromosome (single molecule either RNA or DNA).
DNA caries genetic information of organisms. This presentation covers the discovery of DNA as genetic material, structure of DNA, Nucleotides and nucleosides. Watson and crick DNA model.
Exonucleases are enzymes that work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the end (exo) of a polynucleotide chain. A hydrolyzing reaction that breaks phosphodiester bonds at either the 3′ or the 5′ end occurs. Its close relative is the endonuclease, which cleaves phosphodiester bonds in the middle (endo) of a polynucleotide chain. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes have three types of exonucleases involved in the normal turnover of mRNA: 5′ to 3′ exonuclease (Xrn1), which is a dependent decapping protein; 3′ to 5′ exonuclease, an independent protein; and poly(A)-specific 3′ to 5′ exonuclease.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene structurestusharamodugu
Organization of genome in Prokaryotes:
The term prokaryote means “primitive nucleus”. Cell in prokaryotes have no nucleus. The prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed within the cell and is not enclosed by a separate membrane. Much of the information about the structure of DNA comes from studies of prokaryotes, because they are less complex than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are monoploids they have only one set of genes (one copy of the genome). In most viruses and prokaryotes, the single set of genes is stored in a single chromosome (single molecule either RNA or DNA).
Organization of genome in Prokaryotes:
The term prokaryote means “primitive nucleus”. Cell in prokaryotes have no nucleus. The prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed within the cell and is not enclosed by a separate membrane. Much of the information about the structure of DNA comes from studies of prokaryotes, because they are less complex than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are monoploids they have only one set of genes (one copy of the genome). In most viruses and prokaryotes, the single set of genes is stored in a single chromosome (single molecule either RNA or DNA). Organization of genome in Prokaryotes:
The term prokaryote means “primitive nucleus”. Cell in prokaryotes have no nucleus. The prokaryotic chromosome is dispersed within the cell and is not enclosed by a separate membrane. Much of the information about the structure of DNA comes from studies of prokaryotes, because they are less complex than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are monoploids they have only one set of genes (one copy of the genome). In most viruses and prokaryotes, the single set of genes is stored in a single chromosome (single molecule either RNA or DNA).
DNA caries genetic information of organisms. This presentation covers the discovery of DNA as genetic material, structure of DNA, Nucleotides and nucleosides. Watson and crick DNA model.
Exonucleases are enzymes that work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the end (exo) of a polynucleotide chain. A hydrolyzing reaction that breaks phosphodiester bonds at either the 3′ or the 5′ end occurs. Its close relative is the endonuclease, which cleaves phosphodiester bonds in the middle (endo) of a polynucleotide chain. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes have three types of exonucleases involved in the normal turnover of mRNA: 5′ to 3′ exonuclease (Xrn1), which is a dependent decapping protein; 3′ to 5′ exonuclease, an independent protein; and poly(A)-specific 3′ to 5′ exonuclease.
DNA is a double helical structure that transfers the genetic information from one generation to another. it consists of two strands with the four nucleotide basis .The four nucleotides contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine .These four nuclic basis are such arranged and coiled with the help of hydrogen bonds and forms the helical structure of DNA. In RNA the thymine is replaced with uracil. Here you will learn the replication ,transcription and translation process in DNA.
Powerpoint presentation about Division of Integers. Best for demo teaching. Designed for an online class and face-to-face with review, motivation, groupings, quiz, and homework.
This education materials can be used in teaching profession with a topic A closer look to education system in selected countries. Before starting your discussion you can play a game. A game is included in your power point presentation.
This instructional materials can be used in social dimension. it is about social institutions and its characteristics and functions. Also included the five major social institutions.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
3. HEREDITY
– the process of passing traits from one generation to another.
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) – conducted
studies that proved the patterns of
inheritance among living things using
pea plants as subjects of his
experiments.
4. John Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895)
– physician, in 1869 discovered a particular material in the
nuclei of cells from pus. He called it “nuclein”, which eventually
became known as deoxyribonucleic acid or simply DNA.
5. DNA AS BLUEPRINT
DNA – serves as a blueprint. It is a molecule that contains essential
information that instructs how an organisms develops and functions.
A DNA molecule is composed of :
• a sugar
• a phosphate
• a nucleobase.
6. Four unique sequencing of nucleobases in the DNA:
- results in diversity among living things.
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
7.
8. DNA REPLICATION
DNA Replication - is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself
during cell division.
- It begin at specific sites in the DNA double helix
chain. Since the chain is very long, thousands of
sections of the DNA must be replicated at the same
instance to lessen the time of producing complete
DNA copies. The process involves the use of different
enzymes that aid in DNA replication.
10. A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material
of an organism.
DNA PACKAGING
11.
12. All the cells (except sex cells)
forming the body of a living
thing have the same number of
chromosomes.
Furthermore, the number of
chromosomes among different
species may vary.
Human beings have 46
(23pairs) chromosomes.
Pineapples have 50
Tigers have 38
Dogs have 78
Gorillas have 48
15. Ribose – the sugar of rna
Deoxyribose – the sugar of
dna
RNA – nucleobase are
cytosine, guanine,adenine,
uracil
DNA – nuecleubase are
sytosine, guanine, adenine
and thymine
RNA – 1 strand of a double
helix, shorter
DNA – two strand
16. Types or RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – serves as templates for protein
synthesis;
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – is the assembly site for proteins;
Transfer RNA(tRNA) – delivers the building blocks of protein
(amino acids).
Transcription – is the copying of DNA templates into RNA.