Gregor Mendel conducted early experiments on heredity using pea plants that proved traits are passed from parents to offspring. John Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA in the nuclei of cells in 1869 and called it "nuclein", which later became known as deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. DNA serves as a blueprint for organisms, containing information that instructs development and function. It is composed of sugars, phosphates, and nucleobases that provide diversity when sequenced in different orders. DNA replicates through a process that begins at specific sites and uses enzymes to copy the long DNA chains quickly. Chromosomes are long DNA molecules that contain genetic material, and the number of chromosomes varies between species. DNA is packaged into chromosomes and

1. HERIDITY

2. “Like begets like”

3. HEREDITY
– the process of passing traits from one generation to another.
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) – conducted
studies that proved the patterns of
inheritance among living things using
pea plants as subjects of his
experiments.

4. John Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895)
– physician, in 1869 discovered a particular material in the
nuclei of cells from pus. He called it “nuclein”, which eventually
became known as deoxyribonucleic acid or simply DNA.

5. DNA AS BLUEPRINT
DNA – serves as a blueprint. It is a molecule that contains essential
information that instructs how an organisms develops and functions.
A DNA molecule is composed of :
• a sugar
• a phosphate
• a nucleobase.

6. Four unique sequencing of nucleobases in the DNA:
- results in diversity among living things.
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Guanine
• Cytosine

8. DNA REPLICATION
DNA Replication - is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself
during cell division.
- It begin at specific sites in the DNA double helix
chain. Since the chain is very long, thousands of
sections of the DNA must be replicated at the same
instance to lessen the time of producing complete
DNA copies. The process involves the use of different
enzymes that aid in DNA replication.

9. .

10. A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material
of an organism.
DNA PACKAGING

12. All the cells (except sex cells)
forming the body of a living
thing have the same number of
chromosomes.
Furthermore, the number of
chromosomes among different
species may vary.
Human beings have 46
(23pairs) chromosomes.
Pineapples have 50
Tigers have 38
Dogs have 78
Gorillas have 48

14. DNA TO RNA

15. Ribose – the sugar of rna
Deoxyribose – the sugar of
dna
RNA – nucleobase are
cytosine, guanine,adenine,
uracil
DNA – nuecleubase are
sytosine, guanine, adenine
and thymine
RNA – 1 strand of a double
helix, shorter
DNA – two strand

16. Types or RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – serves as templates for protein
synthesis;
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – is the assembly site for proteins;
Transfer RNA(tRNA) – delivers the building blocks of protein
(amino acids).
Transcription – is the copying of DNA templates into RNA.

18. Why do offspring not look exactly like their
parents?

19. Thank you
- Teacher Edar