This document describes a study that assessed the effects of altitude, shade, and fertilizer type on the growth of carica plants (Vasconcellea pubescens) transplanted to slopes of Mount Lawu in Central Java, Indonesia. Carica seedlings were transplanted to three altitudes (1400m, 1600m, and 1800m) and subjected to shade or no shade treatments. Fertilizer treatments included manure, ammonium sulfate, a combination of manure and ammonium sulfate, and a control with no fertilizer. Plant growth parameters like height, leaf number, thickness and weight were measured over 12 weeks. The results showed that higher altitudes slowed growth but shade facilitated better growth. The
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on yield and yield ...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Gode Polytechnic College demonstration farm in 2013 under irrigation to observe the effect of six N rates (0, 46, 69, 92, 115 and 138 kg ha-1) and four intra-row spacing levels (7.5, 10 12.5 and 15 cm) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and intra-row spacing showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield. Thus, according to the result of partial Budget analysis application of 138kg N ha-1 planted at 7.5cm plant to plant distance was found the best treatment than others in relation to yield and yield components of onion under Gode condition.
The HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), is an international-peer reviewed, open access journal that serves as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of R & D advances and innovations in all facets of Horticultural Science (Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture, Post Harvest Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants etc.) and its allied branches on an international level.
HRS is officially published quarterly (March, June, September and December) every year, in English (print & online version), under the keen auspices of Biosciences & Agriculture Advancement Society (BAAS), Meerut (India).
The journal is Indexed/Abstracted in
• Index Copernicus International, Poland with ICV: 27.39 • Ministry of Science & Higher Education, Poland with 02 points • Global Impact Factor with GIF 0.364• Indian Science Abstracts • CAB Abstracts • CABI Full text • CAB direct • ICRISAT-infoSAT • Google Scholar• CiteFactor • InfoBase Index with IBI Factor: 2.8 •New Journal Impact Factor (NJIF): 2.14 • ResearchBib • AgBiotech Net • Horticultural Science Abstracts • Forestry & Agroforestry Abstracts• Agric. Engg. Abstracts • Crop Physiology Abstracts • PGRs Abstracts • ResearchGate.net • getCited.com • Reference Repository • OAJI.net • Journal Index.net• University of Washington Library • University of Ottawa Library • Swedish University of Agric. Sci. Library, Stockholm, Sweden;
Full text PDF are available at: www.hortflorajournal.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
1) The survey identified 38 species of flowers, 11 species of fruits, 13 species of vegetables, 24 species of woody plants, 16 species of ornamental plants, and 11 species of medicinal plants at the Islamic University campus.
2) The most common flower species was Dahlia with an estimated population of 790 plants. The most abundant woody species was Patabahar with 1874 plants.
3) Native species made up most of the plants identified, though some ornamental and flower species were exotic. Proper conservation of exotic species was lacking.
4) The survey provides baseline data on plant diversity at the university that can be used for comparison over time to monitor changes in biodiversity.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Isolation Of Salmonella Gallinarum From Poultry Droppings In Jos Metropolis, ...IOSR Journals
The study evaluated the effects of five different rates of poultry manure (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 tons/hectare) on the growth and yield of watermelon over two growing seasons. Plants that received the highest rate of poultry manure (20 tons/hectare) had significantly greater vine length, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, and fruit weight than plants that received lower rates or no manure. Based on the results, the study recommended that farmers in the area apply 20 tons/hectare of poultry manure to increase watermelon growth and yield.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on yield and yield ...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Gode Polytechnic College demonstration farm in 2013 under irrigation to observe the effect of six N rates (0, 46, 69, 92, 115 and 138 kg ha-1) and four intra-row spacing levels (7.5, 10 12.5 and 15 cm) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and intra-row spacing showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield. Thus, according to the result of partial Budget analysis application of 138kg N ha-1 planted at 7.5cm plant to plant distance was found the best treatment than others in relation to yield and yield components of onion under Gode condition.
The HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), is an international-peer reviewed, open access journal that serves as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of R & D advances and innovations in all facets of Horticultural Science (Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture, Post Harvest Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants etc.) and its allied branches on an international level.
HRS is officially published quarterly (March, June, September and December) every year, in English (print & online version), under the keen auspices of Biosciences & Agriculture Advancement Society (BAAS), Meerut (India).
The journal is Indexed/Abstracted in
• Index Copernicus International, Poland with ICV: 27.39 • Ministry of Science & Higher Education, Poland with 02 points • Global Impact Factor with GIF 0.364• Indian Science Abstracts • CAB Abstracts • CABI Full text • CAB direct • ICRISAT-infoSAT • Google Scholar• CiteFactor • InfoBase Index with IBI Factor: 2.8 •New Journal Impact Factor (NJIF): 2.14 • ResearchBib • AgBiotech Net • Horticultural Science Abstracts • Forestry & Agroforestry Abstracts• Agric. Engg. Abstracts • Crop Physiology Abstracts • PGRs Abstracts • ResearchGate.net • getCited.com • Reference Repository • OAJI.net • Journal Index.net• University of Washington Library • University of Ottawa Library • Swedish University of Agric. Sci. Library, Stockholm, Sweden;
Full text PDF are available at: www.hortflorajournal.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transformation of Sandalwood Leaves (Santalum album) into Nutrient Rich Compo...AI Publications
It is significant to use renewable resources to maximize crop yields and minimize the environmental risks accompanying with chemical residues. Composting is an age old practice for the biological conversion of organic waste into a humus-like substance which can enhance physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Vermicomposting of leaf litter by Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugenia potentially play a substantial role in remediation of organic waste as well as building up of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture. Present study was based on the conversion of Sandal wood leaf waste into nutrient rich best source. Sandal wood leaf were chopped at fine level and later mixed with cattle dung in order to pre composting followed by addition of earthworm.Several factors were also analysed during process. It was found that physical factors viz. pH, temperature moisture content etc. were significantly fluctuating at initial time period but later it was stagnant at constant level. Volume of waste and density were also reduced at the end of process. Colour of waste also turned into black that was good for seed germination but bad for health of earthworm. Final product was found odour less. Present results revealed about favourable condition of addition of earthworm into leaf litter waste and also explore the capability of both earthworm species to degrade leaf litter after semi-digested condition.
1) The survey identified 38 species of flowers, 11 species of fruits, 13 species of vegetables, 24 species of woody plants, 16 species of ornamental plants, and 11 species of medicinal plants at the Islamic University campus.
2) The most common flower species was Dahlia with an estimated population of 790 plants. The most abundant woody species was Patabahar with 1874 plants.
3) Native species made up most of the plants identified, though some ornamental and flower species were exotic. Proper conservation of exotic species was lacking.
4) The survey provides baseline data on plant diversity at the university that can be used for comparison over time to monitor changes in biodiversity.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Isolation Of Salmonella Gallinarum From Poultry Droppings In Jos Metropolis, ...IOSR Journals
The study evaluated the effects of five different rates of poultry manure (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 tons/hectare) on the growth and yield of watermelon over two growing seasons. Plants that received the highest rate of poultry manure (20 tons/hectare) had significantly greater vine length, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, and fruit weight than plants that received lower rates or no manure. Based on the results, the study recommended that farmers in the area apply 20 tons/hectare of poultry manure to increase watermelon growth and yield.
The present study was conducted in altitudinal variable hight and soil pH growing vegetation of Doon valley that the soil type found in Mussoorie is generally medium loamy but its composition, moisture, and pH generally varied from place to place. Higher silt in Mussoorie was due to higher precipitation in the form of winter snow above 1800 m. Soil temperature in Mussoorie ranged from 40C - 160C, while that of Sahastradhara and sudhowala was 15 - 190C. Soil organic matter content tended to be higher in high altitude and increased with increasing altitude. In this study, our finding observed that Soil temperature in Mussoorie ranged from 40C -160C, while that of Sahastradhara was 15 - 190C, Sudhowala 15 - 250C. Soil organic matter content tended to be higher in increase high altitudinal gradient. As per altitudinal variation and soil pH in this region dominant family of angiosperms in Garhwal Himalaya are Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Polygonaceae, Amaranthaceae, Solanaceae, Sexifragaceae, Ranunculaceae Orchidaceae, Apocynaceae, Rutaceae, and Rosaceae.
Key-words: Altitude, Altitudinal Factors Angiosperms, Phytodiversity, Species analysis, Vegetation Pattern, Edaphic
An agro ecological approach for sustainable farming in langge sub-watershed, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on developing sustainable farming in the dry land areas of Langge sub-watershed in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia using an agro-ecological approach. The study involved mapping land units based on geology, geomorphology, topography and land use. Twelve land units were identified. Suitability analysis found that 58 ha of land was highly suitable, 1,957 ha was moderately to marginally suitable, and 4,307 ha was not suitable for food crops and vegetables. The study also performed land optimization analysis using linear programming to identify 740.23 ha that could be optimized for food crops and vegetables. An analysis of farming feasibility based on production, revenue and costs found that rice and
The study examined the vertical and horizontal distribution of roots for soybean and peanut grown with walnut trees in an intercropping system in China. Results showed that over 70% of intercropped soybean roots and over 50% of intercropped peanut roots were located in the top 10 cm of soil. Root length density decreased with increasing depth and proximity to the tree row. While crop roots tended to move deeper farther from trees, their root vertical barycenters remained shallower than sole crops. Greater competition from tree roots near the row constrained intercrop roots higher in the soil profile.
Ethno-ecological importance of plant biodiversity in mountain ecosystems with...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Mountain ecosystems support a high biological diversity and a large number of endangered plant species
many of which are ecological indicators of those specific habitats. The Himalayas are the world’s youngest,
highest and largest mountain range and support a high plant biodiversity. People living in this region
use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilize local natural resources and hence have valuable
understanding about their surroundings. Many areas within this region still remain poorly known for
their floristic diversity, plant species distribution and vegetation ecosystem services, yet the indigenous
people depend heavily upon local plant resources and, through unsustainable use, can cause an
irreversible loss of plant species. The valley used in this study is typical of such areas and occupies
a distinctive geographical location on the edge of the western Himalayan range, close to the Hindu
Kush range to the west and the Karakorum Mountains to the north. It is also located on geological
and climatic divides, which further add to its ecological interest. This paper focuses on (i) identification
of ecological indicators at various elevation zones across an altitudinal range of 2450–4100 m and
(ii) recognition of social perceptions of plant species populations based on the ecosystem services that
they provide. We used robust approaches to identify the plant indicator species of various elevation
zones. Using phytosociological techniques, Importance Values (IVs) for each plant species were calculated.
The statistical package PCORDS was used to evaluate the species area curves and indicator species
for each elevation zone. Data attribute plots derived from Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) using
CANOCO were deployed to illustrate the location of indicator species in each habitat type. Furthermore,
the social perceptions of the local inhabitants as to whether the populations of the recorded species
were increasing or decreasing over the recent past were recorded. We argue that the assessment of
ecological indicators combined with the ecological knowledge of the indigenous population can assist
in developing priorities for local and regional conservation strategies, especially for fragile mountain
ecosystems.
Phyto climatic gradient of vegetation and habitat specificity in the high ele...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Phyto-climatic gradient and ecological indicators can be used to understand the requirements, long term management and conservation strategies of natural habitats and species. For this purpose phytosociological attributes were measured using quadrats along transects on different slope aspects across an elevation range of 2450-4400 m. The 198 recorded plant species were placed in five Raunkiaer life form classes among which the Hemicryptophytes (51%) dominate the flora of the study area followed by Phanerophytes and Cryptophytes (Geophytes) with 15 and 13% dominance respectively. Therophytes and Chamaephytes are represented by smaller numbers (12 & 10% each). The phyto-climatic gradient of the vegetation was evaluated using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Phyto-climatic relationships show that Phanerophytes especially tree species are widely distributed on northern aspect slopes whilst shrubs are more dominant on southern aspect slopes. Woody plants are dominant at lower altitudes (2450-2800 m), with a much smaller proportion occurring at middle elevations (2800-3300 m) whilst higher (3300-3900 m) and highest elevations (3900-4400 m) are dominated mainly by hemi-cryptophytes and cryptophytes. Our findings further elucidate that vegetation changes gradually from moist-cool temperate Phanerophytic and Chamaephytic elements to dry-cold subalpine and alpine herbaceous Cryptophytic and Hemi-cryptophytic vegetation in the upper elevations. Assessment of life forms and ecological gradient provide a basis for more extensive conservation studies on biodiversity in mountain ecosystems. Our findings further advocate that the Naran Valley appears to be at a transitional floristic position bridging the contrasting moist and dry temperate zones of the Sino-Japanese and Irano-Turanian floristic regions.
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT POSSIBILITIES IN CHAMARAJANAGAR TALUK...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
Any unplanned development and utilization of water resources with result in water scarcity. In many parts of the developing world. Such a situation exists. In order to do proper planning and
management of water resources, it is necessary to conduct detailed analyses of the factors, which influence the water availability and its uses. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis have been undertaken for proper utilization of water resources in Chamarajanagar Taluk, which has been identified as one of the drought hit districts of Karnataka, in India. The factors analysed in this work are, surface and groundwater availability, land use, cropping pattern, recharge potential of soils and the rainfall pattern in typical areas of Taluk. It is observed that the problem of water scarcity is mainly due to the lack of irrigation planning and management. Hence, a
modified cropping pattern is suggested by taking into consideration of all available water resources and other conditions.
Floristic Investigation and Soil Analysis of Thirtharampura Reserve Forest, C...YogeshIJTSRD
The present study is on floristic investigation and soil analysis of Thirtharampura reserve forest, Tumkur district, Karnataka, India. It is the dry deciduous type of forest contains a rich diversity of angiosperms, here we found a total of 126 taxa of 99 genera under the 41 families from this forest. Fabaceae 15 genera and 24 species was the dominant family followed by the Rubiaceae 8 genera, 9 species , Asteraceae 7 genera, 7 species , Rutaceae 5 genera, 5 species , Malvaceae 4 genera, 5 species and Moraceae 2 genera, 6 species with the medicinal, timber yielding, ornamental and wild edible plant species. The forest is majorly covered by tree species with 60 come after shrubs 21 , herbs 10 , and climbers 9 . Some important medicinal plant species like Erythroxylummonogynum, Hemidesmus indicus, Rhinacanthusnasutus, Azadirachta indica, croton bonplandianus, Diosporusmontana, Echinopsechinatus, Emblica Officinalis, were often these medicinal plants used for the treatment of pain, wounds, cuts, and fractures, etc. by the native peoples. The forest soil contains low content of nitrogen along with sulphur and copper but it has high content of Iron and Manganese nutrients. The forest was disturbed by firing, mining activities, and human activities. Only the tree species were withstanding against the firing activity, herbaceous species were lost along with new sprouting species due to firing activity in the forest. The Fabaceae species were more survive in this forest, because of nitrogen fixing capacity in their root system. Yatheesharadhya B | Meena H. R | Sushma G. C | Poornima M. C | Shashank A. S "Floristic Investigation and Soil Analysis of Thirtharampura Reserve Forest, Chikkanayakanahalli, Karnataka, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41221.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/botany/41221/floristic-investigation-and-soil-analysis-of-thirtharampura-reserve-forest-chikkanayakanahalli-karnataka-india/yatheesharadhya-b
This document contains 6 abstracts from the journal HortFlora Research Spectrum.
The first abstract examines the effects of native plant species on slope stabilization in road embankments in northern Iran. It found relationships between plant species and variables like land type, soil moisture, and texture.
The second abstract evaluates two models, Stephens-Stewart and Griffith's, for estimating weekly pan evaporation in India based on meteorological data.
The third abstract studies environmental variables in Jamun fruit trees, finding trends in photosynthesis, conductance, and transpiration rates over different months.
The fourth abstract analyzes genetic variability and character interrelationships for yield and quality in tomato genotypes. It identified heritable traits like fruit
Nine groundnut varieties were tested across six environments in western Oromia, Ethiopia during 2013 main cropping season to evaluate the performance of groundnut varieties for kernel yield and their stability across environments. The varieties were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Pooled analysis of variance for kernel yield showed significant (p≤0.01) differences among the varieties, environments and the genotype by environment interaction (GxE). Additive main effect and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis showed highly significant (p≤0.01) differences for varieties, environments and their interaction on kernel yield. Similarly, the first and the second interaction principal component axis (IPCA1 and IPCA 2) were highly significant (p≤0.01) and explained 41.32 and 7.2% of the total GxE sum of squares, respectively. The environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction accounted 14.7, 24.1 and 53.3% variations, respectively. This indicated the existence of considerable amounts of deferential response among the varieties to changes in growing environments and the deferential discriminating ability of the test environments. Shulamith and Bulki varieties showed the smallest genotype selection index (GSI) values and had the highest kernel yield and stability showing that these varieties had general adaptation in the tested environments. In the genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis, IPCA1 and IPCA 2 explained 63.5% and 22.4%, respectively, of genotype by environment interaction and made a total of 85.9%. GGE biplot analysis also confirmed Bulki and Shulamith varieties showed better stability and thus ideal varieties recommended for production in the test environments and similar agro-ecologies.
This document discusses a study that tested whether the endemic palm Phoenix pusilla could act as a nurse plant species in degraded tropical dry evergreen forests in India. The study found that P. pusilla improved soil and microclimate conditions, which enhanced seed germination, seedling emergence, and establishment of other woody species. Specifically, P. pusilla's presence increased soil organic matter and water retention while decreasing temperature and light levels. This nucleated the succession of a more species-rich woody plant community, indicating P. pusilla's potential for use in restoration efforts and its importance for biodiversity conservation in these landscapes. The study highlights how traditional ecological knowledge can help identify effective nurse species.
GIS TECHNIQUES IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN CHAMARAJANAGAR ...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
The over-exploitation and contamination of groundwater continue to threaten the long-term sustainability of our precious water resources, in spite of the best efforts made by various agencies.
This has many serious implications to the economic development of a country like India. Lack of
judicious planning and integration of environmental consideration to ground water development
projects are primarily responsible for such a state of affair in the ground water sector. Geographical Information Systems could be of immense help in planning sustainable ground water management strategies, especially in hard rock areas with limited ground water potential. Data collected from
Satellite Imagery and through field investigations have been integrated, on a GIS platform, for demarcation and prioritization of areas suitable for ground water development and ground water augmentation. An attempt has also been made to assess the vulnerability of the area to ground water
contamination. This paper demonstrates the utility of GIS in planning judicious management of ground water resources in a typical hard rock area of Chamarajanagar Taluk, Karnataka, state India.
Seasonal growth patterns of Arundo donax L. in the United States | IJAAR @sli...Innspub Net
Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) has been extensively evaluated as a dedicated energy crop for biomass and biofuel production in southern Europe and the United States, with very favorable results. Current agronomic and biologic research on giant reed focuses on management practices, development of new cultivars, and determining differences among existing cultivars. Even though detailed information on the growth patterns of giant reed would assist in development of improved management practices, this information is not available in the United States. Therefore, the objective of this 2-year field study was to describe the seasonal growth patterns of giant reed in Alabama, United States. Changes in both plant height and biomass yield of giant reed with time were well described by a Gompertz function. The fastest growing period occurred at approximately 66 d after initiation of regrowth (mid-May), when the absolute maximum growth rate was of 0.045 m d-1 and 0.516mg ha-1 d-1. After mid-May, the rate of growth decreased until maturation at approximately 200 d after initiation of regrowth (mid- to late September). The observed maximum average plant height and biomass yield were 5.28 m and 48.56mg ha-1, respectively. Yield decreased following maturation up to 278 d after initiation (early to mid-December) of growth in spring, partly as a result of leaf loss, and was relatively stable thereafter.
Ecological assessment of plant communities in the peochar valley of the hindu...Shujaul Mulk Khan
This study quantified the effect of environmental variables on plant species composition in the Peochar Valley, located in the Hindu Raj mountains of the Hindu Kush. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. Quadrat sizes were 10 × 10 m, 2 × 5 m, and 1 m2 for trees, shrubs, and herbs, respectively, determined using the minimal area method. Twenty-seven stations were established along 6 elevation transects on slopes with various aspects. Density, cover, and frequency were recorded for all species in each quadrat. Aspect, elevation, rock types, soil nature, and grazing pressure were also considered as edaphic and topographic variables. Preliminary results showed that the Peochar Valley hosts 120 species. Presence/absence data for these species were analyzed with cluster and 2-way cluster techniques to elaborate species composition in the study area; this resulted in 4 plant communities. Species abundance and environmental data matrices were developed to evaluate the ecological gradient of vegetation through canonical correspondence analysis. Of the environmental variables, elevation, aspect, grazing pressure, soil depth, and rock type showed a significant effect on species composition and diversity. We also identified the dominant and rare plant species in each plant community based on their low importance value indexes. Conservation measures are recommended for all flora of this valley and for rare species in particular.
Vegetation analysis of the pasonanca natural park, zamboanga city, philippinesAlexander Decker
This study analyzed the vegetation at three sites within the Pasonanca Natural Park in Zamboanga City, Philippines. A total of 283 individual plants from 45 species, 27 genera and 25 families were recorded across the three sites. Species diversity was found to be high at all three sites based on species composition, distribution, importance values, and diversity indices. While species evenness varied between the sites depending on the measure used, all three sites showed fairly high species evenness overall. Few species were found to be threatened, while many were not threatened or not evaluated. The study provides information that can aid local conservation efforts.
The effect of np fertlizer rates on the yield and yield components of ginger ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the yield and yield components of ginger in Kindo-Koyisha Woreda, Ethiopia. The experiment used five levels of N (0-92 kg/ha) and four levels of P (0-30 kg/ha) in a randomized complete block design. Results showed that increasing the N level significantly increased various yield components. The P level also significantly affected plant height, leaf length, leaf area, and number of tillers and plants per plot. The interaction between N and P significantly impacted leaf area and number of plots per plot. The highest yields were obtained at 92kg/ha N and 30
The document examines the effects of varying moisture content on the frictional properties of Dika nut seeds. Five moisture levels were tested: 8.25%, 10.14%, 13.57%, 14.89%, and 18.98%. The researchers found that as moisture content increased, seed dimensions and sphericity increased while porosity decreased. They also found that the angle of repose increased with moisture content, as did coefficients of static, internal, and external friction. Bulk and true densities were found to decrease with increasing moisture content. Regression models with correlation coefficients were developed relating each physical property to moisture content. The results provide useful information for designing equipment used in handling, processing, storage and other applications involving Dika nuts.
Ecological assessment of plant communities along the edaphic and topographic ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
This document summarizes a study that assessed plant communities along edaphic and topographic gradients in Biha Valley, Pakistan. Researchers surveyed the valley and identified 19 distinct vegetation stands. Using line transects and phytosociological methods, they recorded 203 plant species belonging to 154 genera and 70 families. Multivariate analysis identified 7 plant communities and showed species diversity decreased with altitude. Soil organic matter in top layers was important for plant distribution. Increasing soil nutrients and site conditions, and decreasing bulk density, indicated natural habitat restoration following abandonment.
This study evaluated the effects of foliar feeding micronutrient mixtures on the growth and yield of okra. Three treatments were tested: a control of fresh water spray (M1), one foliar application at 20 days after sowing (M2), and two foliar applications at 20 and 35 days after sowing (M3). The two foliar application treatment (M3) resulted in the tallest plants, most leaves, largest leaf area, highest fresh and dry weights, earliest flowering, most pods, longest pods, and highest yield compared to the other treatments. The results indicate that foliar feeding of micronutrient mixtures, particularly with two applications, can increase the growth and yield of okra by
1) The document discusses inverse trigonometric functions such as arcsin, arccos, and arctan. It reviews special angle identities and defines the inverse trig functions.
2) Examples are provided to demonstrate evaluating inverse trig functions and writing equations in inverse form. The principal values of inverse trig functions are defined as being between -90 and 90 degrees.
3) The document contains examples of using inverse trig functions to find missing side lengths in 30-60-90 and 45-45-90 triangles based on special angle identities, as well as evaluating expressions involving inverse trig functions.
This document discusses different types of equations beyond linear and quadratic equations, including absolute value equations, radical equations, and fractional equations. It provides definitions and examples of how to solve each type, emphasizing the importance of checking solutions to verify they are not extraneous. Types of equations covered are absolute value, radical, and fractional equations.
This document summarizes a study that characterized bacteria isolated from fermented and unfermented coconut. Eight bacterial isolates (3 from fermented, 5 from unfermented coconut) were identified based on biochemical and molecular techniques. Biochemical characterization involved tests for carbohydrate fermentation and other properties. Molecular characterization included PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, BLAST analysis, and multiple sequence alignment. The results identified the isolates as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas spp., Ralstonia pickettii and Burkholderia spp. These species are related to human pathogenicity, indicating the importance of hygiene during food processing and handling of coconut. Proper environmental hygiene is
The present study was conducted in altitudinal variable hight and soil pH growing vegetation of Doon valley that the soil type found in Mussoorie is generally medium loamy but its composition, moisture, and pH generally varied from place to place. Higher silt in Mussoorie was due to higher precipitation in the form of winter snow above 1800 m. Soil temperature in Mussoorie ranged from 40C - 160C, while that of Sahastradhara and sudhowala was 15 - 190C. Soil organic matter content tended to be higher in high altitude and increased with increasing altitude. In this study, our finding observed that Soil temperature in Mussoorie ranged from 40C -160C, while that of Sahastradhara was 15 - 190C, Sudhowala 15 - 250C. Soil organic matter content tended to be higher in increase high altitudinal gradient. As per altitudinal variation and soil pH in this region dominant family of angiosperms in Garhwal Himalaya are Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Polygonaceae, Amaranthaceae, Solanaceae, Sexifragaceae, Ranunculaceae Orchidaceae, Apocynaceae, Rutaceae, and Rosaceae.
Key-words: Altitude, Altitudinal Factors Angiosperms, Phytodiversity, Species analysis, Vegetation Pattern, Edaphic
An agro ecological approach for sustainable farming in langge sub-watershed, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on developing sustainable farming in the dry land areas of Langge sub-watershed in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia using an agro-ecological approach. The study involved mapping land units based on geology, geomorphology, topography and land use. Twelve land units were identified. Suitability analysis found that 58 ha of land was highly suitable, 1,957 ha was moderately to marginally suitable, and 4,307 ha was not suitable for food crops and vegetables. The study also performed land optimization analysis using linear programming to identify 740.23 ha that could be optimized for food crops and vegetables. An analysis of farming feasibility based on production, revenue and costs found that rice and
The study examined the vertical and horizontal distribution of roots for soybean and peanut grown with walnut trees in an intercropping system in China. Results showed that over 70% of intercropped soybean roots and over 50% of intercropped peanut roots were located in the top 10 cm of soil. Root length density decreased with increasing depth and proximity to the tree row. While crop roots tended to move deeper farther from trees, their root vertical barycenters remained shallower than sole crops. Greater competition from tree roots near the row constrained intercrop roots higher in the soil profile.
Ethno-ecological importance of plant biodiversity in mountain ecosystems with...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Mountain ecosystems support a high biological diversity and a large number of endangered plant species
many of which are ecological indicators of those specific habitats. The Himalayas are the world’s youngest,
highest and largest mountain range and support a high plant biodiversity. People living in this region
use their traditional ecological knowledge to utilize local natural resources and hence have valuable
understanding about their surroundings. Many areas within this region still remain poorly known for
their floristic diversity, plant species distribution and vegetation ecosystem services, yet the indigenous
people depend heavily upon local plant resources and, through unsustainable use, can cause an
irreversible loss of plant species. The valley used in this study is typical of such areas and occupies
a distinctive geographical location on the edge of the western Himalayan range, close to the Hindu
Kush range to the west and the Karakorum Mountains to the north. It is also located on geological
and climatic divides, which further add to its ecological interest. This paper focuses on (i) identification
of ecological indicators at various elevation zones across an altitudinal range of 2450–4100 m and
(ii) recognition of social perceptions of plant species populations based on the ecosystem services that
they provide. We used robust approaches to identify the plant indicator species of various elevation
zones. Using phytosociological techniques, Importance Values (IVs) for each plant species were calculated.
The statistical package PCORDS was used to evaluate the species area curves and indicator species
for each elevation zone. Data attribute plots derived from Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) using
CANOCO were deployed to illustrate the location of indicator species in each habitat type. Furthermore,
the social perceptions of the local inhabitants as to whether the populations of the recorded species
were increasing or decreasing over the recent past were recorded. We argue that the assessment of
ecological indicators combined with the ecological knowledge of the indigenous population can assist
in developing priorities for local and regional conservation strategies, especially for fragile mountain
ecosystems.
Phyto climatic gradient of vegetation and habitat specificity in the high ele...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Phyto-climatic gradient and ecological indicators can be used to understand the requirements, long term management and conservation strategies of natural habitats and species. For this purpose phytosociological attributes were measured using quadrats along transects on different slope aspects across an elevation range of 2450-4400 m. The 198 recorded plant species were placed in five Raunkiaer life form classes among which the Hemicryptophytes (51%) dominate the flora of the study area followed by Phanerophytes and Cryptophytes (Geophytes) with 15 and 13% dominance respectively. Therophytes and Chamaephytes are represented by smaller numbers (12 & 10% each). The phyto-climatic gradient of the vegetation was evaluated using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Phyto-climatic relationships show that Phanerophytes especially tree species are widely distributed on northern aspect slopes whilst shrubs are more dominant on southern aspect slopes. Woody plants are dominant at lower altitudes (2450-2800 m), with a much smaller proportion occurring at middle elevations (2800-3300 m) whilst higher (3300-3900 m) and highest elevations (3900-4400 m) are dominated mainly by hemi-cryptophytes and cryptophytes. Our findings further elucidate that vegetation changes gradually from moist-cool temperate Phanerophytic and Chamaephytic elements to dry-cold subalpine and alpine herbaceous Cryptophytic and Hemi-cryptophytic vegetation in the upper elevations. Assessment of life forms and ecological gradient provide a basis for more extensive conservation studies on biodiversity in mountain ecosystems. Our findings further advocate that the Naran Valley appears to be at a transitional floristic position bridging the contrasting moist and dry temperate zones of the Sino-Japanese and Irano-Turanian floristic regions.
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT POSSIBILITIES IN CHAMARAJANAGAR TALUK...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
Any unplanned development and utilization of water resources with result in water scarcity. In many parts of the developing world. Such a situation exists. In order to do proper planning and
management of water resources, it is necessary to conduct detailed analyses of the factors, which influence the water availability and its uses. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis have been undertaken for proper utilization of water resources in Chamarajanagar Taluk, which has been identified as one of the drought hit districts of Karnataka, in India. The factors analysed in this work are, surface and groundwater availability, land use, cropping pattern, recharge potential of soils and the rainfall pattern in typical areas of Taluk. It is observed that the problem of water scarcity is mainly due to the lack of irrigation planning and management. Hence, a
modified cropping pattern is suggested by taking into consideration of all available water resources and other conditions.
Floristic Investigation and Soil Analysis of Thirtharampura Reserve Forest, C...YogeshIJTSRD
The present study is on floristic investigation and soil analysis of Thirtharampura reserve forest, Tumkur district, Karnataka, India. It is the dry deciduous type of forest contains a rich diversity of angiosperms, here we found a total of 126 taxa of 99 genera under the 41 families from this forest. Fabaceae 15 genera and 24 species was the dominant family followed by the Rubiaceae 8 genera, 9 species , Asteraceae 7 genera, 7 species , Rutaceae 5 genera, 5 species , Malvaceae 4 genera, 5 species and Moraceae 2 genera, 6 species with the medicinal, timber yielding, ornamental and wild edible plant species. The forest is majorly covered by tree species with 60 come after shrubs 21 , herbs 10 , and climbers 9 . Some important medicinal plant species like Erythroxylummonogynum, Hemidesmus indicus, Rhinacanthusnasutus, Azadirachta indica, croton bonplandianus, Diosporusmontana, Echinopsechinatus, Emblica Officinalis, were often these medicinal plants used for the treatment of pain, wounds, cuts, and fractures, etc. by the native peoples. The forest soil contains low content of nitrogen along with sulphur and copper but it has high content of Iron and Manganese nutrients. The forest was disturbed by firing, mining activities, and human activities. Only the tree species were withstanding against the firing activity, herbaceous species were lost along with new sprouting species due to firing activity in the forest. The Fabaceae species were more survive in this forest, because of nitrogen fixing capacity in their root system. Yatheesharadhya B | Meena H. R | Sushma G. C | Poornima M. C | Shashank A. S "Floristic Investigation and Soil Analysis of Thirtharampura Reserve Forest, Chikkanayakanahalli, Karnataka, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41221.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/botany/41221/floristic-investigation-and-soil-analysis-of-thirtharampura-reserve-forest-chikkanayakanahalli-karnataka-india/yatheesharadhya-b
This document contains 6 abstracts from the journal HortFlora Research Spectrum.
The first abstract examines the effects of native plant species on slope stabilization in road embankments in northern Iran. It found relationships between plant species and variables like land type, soil moisture, and texture.
The second abstract evaluates two models, Stephens-Stewart and Griffith's, for estimating weekly pan evaporation in India based on meteorological data.
The third abstract studies environmental variables in Jamun fruit trees, finding trends in photosynthesis, conductance, and transpiration rates over different months.
The fourth abstract analyzes genetic variability and character interrelationships for yield and quality in tomato genotypes. It identified heritable traits like fruit
Nine groundnut varieties were tested across six environments in western Oromia, Ethiopia during 2013 main cropping season to evaluate the performance of groundnut varieties for kernel yield and their stability across environments. The varieties were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Pooled analysis of variance for kernel yield showed significant (p≤0.01) differences among the varieties, environments and the genotype by environment interaction (GxE). Additive main effect and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis showed highly significant (p≤0.01) differences for varieties, environments and their interaction on kernel yield. Similarly, the first and the second interaction principal component axis (IPCA1 and IPCA 2) were highly significant (p≤0.01) and explained 41.32 and 7.2% of the total GxE sum of squares, respectively. The environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction accounted 14.7, 24.1 and 53.3% variations, respectively. This indicated the existence of considerable amounts of deferential response among the varieties to changes in growing environments and the deferential discriminating ability of the test environments. Shulamith and Bulki varieties showed the smallest genotype selection index (GSI) values and had the highest kernel yield and stability showing that these varieties had general adaptation in the tested environments. In the genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis, IPCA1 and IPCA 2 explained 63.5% and 22.4%, respectively, of genotype by environment interaction and made a total of 85.9%. GGE biplot analysis also confirmed Bulki and Shulamith varieties showed better stability and thus ideal varieties recommended for production in the test environments and similar agro-ecologies.
This document discusses a study that tested whether the endemic palm Phoenix pusilla could act as a nurse plant species in degraded tropical dry evergreen forests in India. The study found that P. pusilla improved soil and microclimate conditions, which enhanced seed germination, seedling emergence, and establishment of other woody species. Specifically, P. pusilla's presence increased soil organic matter and water retention while decreasing temperature and light levels. This nucleated the succession of a more species-rich woody plant community, indicating P. pusilla's potential for use in restoration efforts and its importance for biodiversity conservation in these landscapes. The study highlights how traditional ecological knowledge can help identify effective nurse species.
GIS TECHNIQUES IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT IN CHAMARAJANAGAR ...Prof. A.Balasubramanian
The over-exploitation and contamination of groundwater continue to threaten the long-term sustainability of our precious water resources, in spite of the best efforts made by various agencies.
This has many serious implications to the economic development of a country like India. Lack of
judicious planning and integration of environmental consideration to ground water development
projects are primarily responsible for such a state of affair in the ground water sector. Geographical Information Systems could be of immense help in planning sustainable ground water management strategies, especially in hard rock areas with limited ground water potential. Data collected from
Satellite Imagery and through field investigations have been integrated, on a GIS platform, for demarcation and prioritization of areas suitable for ground water development and ground water augmentation. An attempt has also been made to assess the vulnerability of the area to ground water
contamination. This paper demonstrates the utility of GIS in planning judicious management of ground water resources in a typical hard rock area of Chamarajanagar Taluk, Karnataka, state India.
Seasonal growth patterns of Arundo donax L. in the United States | IJAAR @sli...Innspub Net
Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) has been extensively evaluated as a dedicated energy crop for biomass and biofuel production in southern Europe and the United States, with very favorable results. Current agronomic and biologic research on giant reed focuses on management practices, development of new cultivars, and determining differences among existing cultivars. Even though detailed information on the growth patterns of giant reed would assist in development of improved management practices, this information is not available in the United States. Therefore, the objective of this 2-year field study was to describe the seasonal growth patterns of giant reed in Alabama, United States. Changes in both plant height and biomass yield of giant reed with time were well described by a Gompertz function. The fastest growing period occurred at approximately 66 d after initiation of regrowth (mid-May), when the absolute maximum growth rate was of 0.045 m d-1 and 0.516mg ha-1 d-1. After mid-May, the rate of growth decreased until maturation at approximately 200 d after initiation of regrowth (mid- to late September). The observed maximum average plant height and biomass yield were 5.28 m and 48.56mg ha-1, respectively. Yield decreased following maturation up to 278 d after initiation (early to mid-December) of growth in spring, partly as a result of leaf loss, and was relatively stable thereafter.
Ecological assessment of plant communities in the peochar valley of the hindu...Shujaul Mulk Khan
This study quantified the effect of environmental variables on plant species composition in the Peochar Valley, located in the Hindu Raj mountains of the Hindu Kush. A mixture of quadrat and transect methods were used. Quadrat sizes were 10 × 10 m, 2 × 5 m, and 1 m2 for trees, shrubs, and herbs, respectively, determined using the minimal area method. Twenty-seven stations were established along 6 elevation transects on slopes with various aspects. Density, cover, and frequency were recorded for all species in each quadrat. Aspect, elevation, rock types, soil nature, and grazing pressure were also considered as edaphic and topographic variables. Preliminary results showed that the Peochar Valley hosts 120 species. Presence/absence data for these species were analyzed with cluster and 2-way cluster techniques to elaborate species composition in the study area; this resulted in 4 plant communities. Species abundance and environmental data matrices were developed to evaluate the ecological gradient of vegetation through canonical correspondence analysis. Of the environmental variables, elevation, aspect, grazing pressure, soil depth, and rock type showed a significant effect on species composition and diversity. We also identified the dominant and rare plant species in each plant community based on their low importance value indexes. Conservation measures are recommended for all flora of this valley and for rare species in particular.
Vegetation analysis of the pasonanca natural park, zamboanga city, philippinesAlexander Decker
This study analyzed the vegetation at three sites within the Pasonanca Natural Park in Zamboanga City, Philippines. A total of 283 individual plants from 45 species, 27 genera and 25 families were recorded across the three sites. Species diversity was found to be high at all three sites based on species composition, distribution, importance values, and diversity indices. While species evenness varied between the sites depending on the measure used, all three sites showed fairly high species evenness overall. Few species were found to be threatened, while many were not threatened or not evaluated. The study provides information that can aid local conservation efforts.
The effect of np fertlizer rates on the yield and yield components of ginger ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the yield and yield components of ginger in Kindo-Koyisha Woreda, Ethiopia. The experiment used five levels of N (0-92 kg/ha) and four levels of P (0-30 kg/ha) in a randomized complete block design. Results showed that increasing the N level significantly increased various yield components. The P level also significantly affected plant height, leaf length, leaf area, and number of tillers and plants per plot. The interaction between N and P significantly impacted leaf area and number of plots per plot. The highest yields were obtained at 92kg/ha N and 30
The document examines the effects of varying moisture content on the frictional properties of Dika nut seeds. Five moisture levels were tested: 8.25%, 10.14%, 13.57%, 14.89%, and 18.98%. The researchers found that as moisture content increased, seed dimensions and sphericity increased while porosity decreased. They also found that the angle of repose increased with moisture content, as did coefficients of static, internal, and external friction. Bulk and true densities were found to decrease with increasing moisture content. Regression models with correlation coefficients were developed relating each physical property to moisture content. The results provide useful information for designing equipment used in handling, processing, storage and other applications involving Dika nuts.
Ecological assessment of plant communities along the edaphic and topographic ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
This document summarizes a study that assessed plant communities along edaphic and topographic gradients in Biha Valley, Pakistan. Researchers surveyed the valley and identified 19 distinct vegetation stands. Using line transects and phytosociological methods, they recorded 203 plant species belonging to 154 genera and 70 families. Multivariate analysis identified 7 plant communities and showed species diversity decreased with altitude. Soil organic matter in top layers was important for plant distribution. Increasing soil nutrients and site conditions, and decreasing bulk density, indicated natural habitat restoration following abandonment.
This study evaluated the effects of foliar feeding micronutrient mixtures on the growth and yield of okra. Three treatments were tested: a control of fresh water spray (M1), one foliar application at 20 days after sowing (M2), and two foliar applications at 20 and 35 days after sowing (M3). The two foliar application treatment (M3) resulted in the tallest plants, most leaves, largest leaf area, highest fresh and dry weights, earliest flowering, most pods, longest pods, and highest yield compared to the other treatments. The results indicate that foliar feeding of micronutrient mixtures, particularly with two applications, can increase the growth and yield of okra by
1) The document discusses inverse trigonometric functions such as arcsin, arccos, and arctan. It reviews special angle identities and defines the inverse trig functions.
2) Examples are provided to demonstrate evaluating inverse trig functions and writing equations in inverse form. The principal values of inverse trig functions are defined as being between -90 and 90 degrees.
3) The document contains examples of using inverse trig functions to find missing side lengths in 30-60-90 and 45-45-90 triangles based on special angle identities, as well as evaluating expressions involving inverse trig functions.
This document discusses different types of equations beyond linear and quadratic equations, including absolute value equations, radical equations, and fractional equations. It provides definitions and examples of how to solve each type, emphasizing the importance of checking solutions to verify they are not extraneous. Types of equations covered are absolute value, radical, and fractional equations.
This document summarizes a study that characterized bacteria isolated from fermented and unfermented coconut. Eight bacterial isolates (3 from fermented, 5 from unfermented coconut) were identified based on biochemical and molecular techniques. Biochemical characterization involved tests for carbohydrate fermentation and other properties. Molecular characterization included PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, BLAST analysis, and multiple sequence alignment. The results identified the isolates as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas spp., Ralstonia pickettii and Burkholderia spp. These species are related to human pathogenicity, indicating the importance of hygiene during food processing and handling of coconut. Proper environmental hygiene is
This document provides an introduction to trigonometry and right triangle trigonometry. It defines the six trigonometric ratios (sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent) and relates them to the sides of a right triangle. It discusses measuring angles in degrees and converting between degree-minute-second and decimal degree formats. It introduces the trigonometric functions of 30°, 45°, and 60° degrees and explains trigonometric identities and properties for 30-60-90 and 45-45-90 right triangles. The document provides examples of evaluating trig functions using right triangles and calculators.
This document discusses graphs of trigonometric functions sine, cosine, and tangent. It contains examples and problems involving graphing these functions using tables of values and graphing calculators. It also discusses key concepts like the domain and range of trig functions as well as asymptotes of the tangent function.
This document discusses trigonometric identities for addition and subtraction of angles. It covers the key identities for sine, cosine, and tangent functions. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the identities to find exact trigonometric values by relating an angle to two other angles whose values are known. Review questions and practice problems are included for readers to test their understanding.
This document discusses exponential functions including:
- The definition and graphs of exponential functions with bases a > 0 and 0 < a < 1, representing exponential growth and decay.
- How exponential functions are used to model real-world situations like investments, population growth, radioactive decay.
- The natural exponential function with base e and its applications.
- Limitations of the exponential growth model and how the logistic model accounts for limited future growth.
This document discusses trigonometric identities for sine, cosine, and tangent functions, including double angle and half angle identities. It provides examples of using these identities to find values of trigonometric functions where the argument is expressed as a double angle or half angle. Key identities presented are the double angle identities for sine, cosine, and tangent, as well as the half angle identities for sine, cosine, and tangent.
This document discusses stretching, shrinking, and reflecting graphs of functions. It defines vertical stretching as multiplying the y-values by a constant factor c greater than 1, vertically shrinking as multiplying by a constant less than 1, and reflecting as changing the sign of either the x- or y-values. Examples are given of reflecting a graph across the x- or y-axis. The order of transformations matters, as applying them in a different sequence results in a different equation. Finding the equation of a transformed graph from its shifts on a calculator graph is also demonstrated.
This document provides an overview of solving inequalities, including:
1) The principles for solving inequalities are similar to equations but the direction of the inequality changes when multiplying or dividing by a negative number.
2) Interval notation is used to represent the solutions of inequalities on the number line.
3) To solve inequalities, determine the zeros of the function and where the graph is above or below the x-axis to identify the intervals of solutions.
This document provides definitions and examples regarding trigonometric functions. It defines the trig functions sine, cosine, and tangent in terms of right triangles and the unit circle. It discusses finding trig functions of angles in any quadrant using reference angles. Examples are provided to find the exact values of trig functions for quadrantal and special angles using the unit circle, as well as approximating values using a calculator for other angles. Important ideas covered include using reference angles, trig functions having exact values for quadrantal and special angles, and approximations for other angles.
This document describes a study that isolated 154 phytate-degrading bacteria from soil samples collected from volcanic areas in Indonesia. Six isolates with high phytase activity were selected for further analysis. The isolates were identified as different species of Bacillus based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The crude extracellular phytase enzymes from the isolates had varying optimal pH and temperature conditions for phytate dephosphorylation. Certain metal ions like Zn2+ and Fe3+ strongly inhibited the phytase activity, while Ca2+ increased activity by 10-15%.
5.6 solving exponential and logarithmic equationsstevenhbills
This document discusses solving exponential and logarithmic equations using properties of functions and logarithms. It provides 7 examples of solving different types of equations:
1) Powers of the same base by creating a common base
2) Powers of different bases by taking logarithms of both sides
3) Powers of different bases by taking logarithms and setting them equal
4) Using substitution to eliminate negative exponents
5) Applying exponential decay to radiocarbon dating
6) Using compound interest formula to solve for time
7) Using population growth formula to solve for time of reaching a population size
It also provides 2 examples of solving logarithmic equations:
8) Equating logarithmic terms and constants by taking exponents
9) Equ
This document discusses piecewise-defined functions and their graphs. It contains the following key points:
1. A piecewise-defined function is a function defined by different rules over different subsets of its domain. An example is given of a piecewise-defined function and evaluating it.
2. The graph of a piecewise-defined function consists of separate pieces joined at the points where the rules change. Examples are given of sketching the graphs.
3. Graphing calculators can be used to graph piecewise-defined functions by using the test feature to determine which rule applies.
4. Piecewise-defined functions can model real-world scenarios like parking rates that change depending on time.
This document provides instruction on solving trigonometric equations algebraically. It begins by presenting examples of solving equations of the form sin(x) + cos(x) = 0 and 2cos(x) = 3 using algebraic methods like factoring. It then discusses the concept of principal values and using inverse trig functions when exact solutions cannot be obtained. Various trigonometric identities are presented that can be used to rewrite equations in terms of a single trig function before solving. Students are guided through additional examples and practice problems involving trig equations with solutions checked.
This document summarizes a study on the floral diversity of pollen collected by honey bee (Apis cerana) colonies in Ir. H. Djuanda Forest Park in West Java, Indonesia. Samples of pollen were collected from the hind legs of 45 individual honey bees across 3 cultivation areas within the forest park. The pollen samples underwent acetolysis processing and identification. A total of 70 pollen species from 36 plant families were identified. The study provides information on the plant diversity that serves as a pollen source for the A. cerana honey bees in the forest park vegetation. Further research is needed to identify which plant species the bees most frequently visit and depend on for food. Understanding the pollen sources will help optimize
This document summarizes a study on standardizing in-situ moisture conservation methods for establishing aonla orchards on sloping degraded wastelands. The study evaluated different conservation methods including circular ring basins mulched with black polythene, staggered contour trenches filled with straw, submerged pitchers for rainwater harvesting, and transplanting seedlings in pit depressions surrounded by ridges and filled with straw and mulch. Results showed that all conservation methods improved survival and growth of aonla plants compared to the control with no conservation. However, transplanting seedlings in pit depressions surrounded by ridges and filled with straw and mulch was the most effective method, producing the tallest seedlings and highest survival rates.
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
A Contribution to the Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal status on twent...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Screening and Selection of Drought-Tolerant Groundnut Varieties Based on Yiel...Premier Publishers
Drought is the most important abiotic limitation to groundnut production in Northern Ghana. Drought, during the pod-filling stages is even more devastating. The current study was conducted to screen groundnut varieties, for drought-tolerance based on yield and other traits. Evaluation of groundnut genotypes was under two environments/water regimes; well-watered and water-stressed. ANOVA was run for Quantitative data. Means were separated by l.s.d. at 95% confidence level. Correlation analyses were performed using SPSS. Combined analysis of variance was computed for the groundnuts across water regimes. Dendrograms were generated using yield data and based on Euclidean distance. Scoring and ranking was used to assess disease incidence on a scale of 1-5. Results indicate that end-of-season drought caused pod yield reduction that varied across genotypes. The Drought Tolerance Index ranged from 0.53 (Kpanieli) to 2.40 (Agric-Manipinta). The highest yielding genotypes under water-stressed condition were Sinkara (582g/plot), Nkatie-sari (512g/plot), Ndogba (470g/plot), Chaco-pag (400g/plot) and Oboshie (381g/plot) and Chinese (local) (340g/plot). Farmers’ selected Sinkara, Ndogba, Chinese, Nkatie-sari, Agric-Manipinta and Chaco-pag based on pod yield and biomass production. Sinkara (0.8798), Sokan-donworor (0.8739), Kpach-Isah (0.8318) and Kpanieli (0.8016) recorded very high mean pod harvest index values, while Ndogba recorded the lowest (0.2252). Combined analysis of variance for pod yield among all the genotypes indicate that the groundnuts performed differently in both water regimes due to the significant interaction effect observed between water regimes and genotypes. Information generated from this study can be used to develop new groundnut varieties that combine higher yield and drought tolerant traits.
Plant species and communities assessment in interaction with edaphic and topo...Shujaul Mulk Khan
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This curriculum vitae summarizes the professional experience and qualifications of Daniel Markos Burra. He has over 21 years of experience working in agricultural research in Ethiopia, holding various roles including extension agent, researcher, research coordinator, and research director. He has a MSC in agronomy and BSC in plant production. His areas of expertise include agronomy, sustainable agriculture, cropping systems modeling, soils, and food security. He has authored over 20 publications in these areas.
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The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
The Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects of Mungbean Extract on Germination and...
Alfatika Journal N070102
1. NUSANT AR A BIOSC IENC E ISSN: 2087-3948
Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 6-14 E-ISSN: 2087-3956
May 2015 DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n070102
Transplantation of carica (Vasconcellea pubescens) at various altitudes
of Mount Lawu, Central Java with treatment of shade and different
types of fertilizers
ALFATIKA PERMATASARI1
, SUGIYARTO2,♥
, MARSUSI2
, HAILU WELDEKIROS HAILU1,3
1
Program of Bioscience, School of Graduates, Sebelas Maret University. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36a, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia.
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University.Jl. Ir. Sutami 36a Surakarta 57126, Central Java,
Indonesia. Tel/Fax.: +92-271-663375. ♥
email: sugiyarto_ys@yahoo.com.
3
Department of Biology, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia.
Manuscript received: 10 October 2014. Revision accepted: 1 November 2014.
Abstract: Permatasari A, Sugiyarto, Marsusi, Hailu WH. 2015. Transplantation of carica (Vasconcellea pubescens) at various altitudes
of Mount Lawu, Central Java with treatment of shade and different types of fertilizers. Nusantara Bioscience 7: 6-14. Ex-situ
conservation efforts to increase crop production can be done by means of transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect
of altitude, shade and type of fertilizer and their interactions to the performance of carica (Vasconcellea pubescens) vegetative plants
transplanted to Mount Lawu, Central Java, Indonesia. The research was conducted in divided plot design at three altitudes (± 1400, 1600
and 1800 m asl.) with shade treatment as main plots and fertilizer (manure, Zwavelzuur ammonium/ZA fertilizer, combination of
manure with Ammonium fertilizer, and control) as subplots. Parameters of vegetative variability were observed. The results of the
performance of carica vegetative plant were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan's test at 5% standard test. It was observed that
an increase in altitude caused slower growth of carica vegetative parts, but better vegetative growth performance in the presence of
shade. For the fertilizers, the best growth parameters were obtained in the treatment of manure with ZA fertilizer. Interaction between
altitude, shade and type of fertilizer significantly influenced the performance of carica vegetative parameters. The best growth
parameters are at an altitude of 1400 m above sea level with shade treatment and manure combined with ZA fertilizer.
Keywords: Altitude, Carica pubescens, fertilizer, Mount Lawu, shade, transplantation.
INTRODUCTION
Ex-situ conservation can be done by transplanting
certain plants to more suitable other areas. It helps to
improve crop production and provide better ex-situ
conservation, especially for endemic and high efficient
plant species (Azkab 1999). Regions for transplantation
purposes must have the agro-climatic suitability of
environmental conditions required by plants as in their
natural habitat. Some important aspects such as climatic
conditions, edaphic, and biotic in the region need to be
considered to support the success of transplantation. Mount
Lawu in Central Java of Indonesia is appropriate
transplantation site due to its relatively suitable agro-
climatic conditions for highland crops (Laily et al. 2012;
Samanhudi et al. 2011; Sugiyarto 2012).
One species of plant that needs to be transplanted is
carica or mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens A.
DC., formerly Carica pubescens (A. DC.) Solms; Family
Caricaceae), which is native to the Andean highlands, of
northwestern South America from Colombia to Bolivia
southward to central Chile, typically growing at altitudes of
1500-3000 m.asl. (Sánchez 1994; Calabrese 1994; Moya-
León et al. 2004). This plant is introduced to Dieng plateau,
Central Java in the colonial era and, now, become the only
economical cultivation place of carica in Indonesia, thus
this plant is mistakenly considered endemic to the Dieng
plateau. In this plateau, carica is only distributed at an
altitude of 1400-2400 m asl. (Budiyanti et al. 2005;
Fitriningrum 2012; Laily et al. 2012; Sumaryono 2012).
Although carica fruit is popular both locally and abroad for
variety of processed food products, production is still
limited to be able to meet the needs of the market as
compared to its big potential.
Shading, altitude difference and fertilizer type can
cause significant effect on the growth performance of
carica plant (Sirait et al. 2005). One common type of
inorganic fertilizer used by farmers in dry land is
Zwavelzuur ammonium fertilizer (ZA) (Prihatini 2012;
Sajimin et al. 2013). The combination of organic and
inorganic fertilizers can increase availability of N and
constant release of nitrate during plant growth. Proper
fertilizer combination increases biomass, chlorophyll
content and leaf nitrogen content (Nyinareza and Snapp
2007; Suharja and Sutarno 2009; Marliah et al. 2013).
This research assessed the effect of altitude, shade and
type of fertilizer and their interaction to the performance of
carica (V. pubescens) vegetative plants transplanted to
Mount Lawu slopes.
2. PERMATASARI et al. – Transplant experiment of Vasconcellea pubescens 7
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Study area
The research was conducted from December 2013 until
March 2014. Cultivation of V. pubescens was done at slope
of Mount Lawu, Central Java, Indonesia at altitudes of
1400, 1600 and 1800 m asl. Observations of plant
vegetative part characteristics (plant height, total leaves,
leaf thickness and wet weight) were conducted at research
sites, whereas analysis of dry weight, leaf width and leaf
width index were done at the Central Biology Laboratory
of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia.
Chemical analysis was performed at Chemistry and Soil
Laboratories of Sebelas Maret University while analysis of
chlorophyll content of leaves was conducted at
Biochemistry and Agriculture Laboratory of Gadjah Mada
University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Plant materials
Carica seedlings (V. pubescens) is obtained from Dieng
plateau, i.e. Dieng Wetan, Kejajar, Wonosobo, Central Java.
The research design
This study used a split plot design. Each treatment is
done with 5 replications. There are two main treatment
categories: (i) Shade treatment: The main shade plots
consists of two levels, namely: S1= no shade S2 = shade.
Sub-plots are the type of fertilizer consisting of 4 levels,
namely: F1 = control, F2 = manure, F3 = Fertilizer
Ammonium sulphate (ZA), P4 = manure: ZA; (ii) The
design is done in three altitudes, namely: A1 = ± 1400 m
asl, A2 = ± 1600 m asl, A3 = ± 1800 m asl.
Figure 1. Research location of carica (V. pubescens) transplantation in Mount Lawu slope. A. Altitude ± 1400 m asl., located in the
village Kalisoro, B. Altitude ± 1600 m asl and C. Altitude ± 1800 m asl., located in the village Gondosuli, Central Java (Google Earth
2014).
A B
C
PERMATASARI et al. – Transplant experiment of Vasconcellea pubescens 7
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Study area
The research was conducted from December 2013 until
March 2014. Cultivation of V. pubescens was done at slope
of Mount Lawu, Central Java, Indonesia at altitudes of
1400, 1600 and 1800 m asl. Observations of plant
vegetative part characteristics (plant height, total leaves,
leaf thickness and wet weight) were conducted at research
sites, whereas analysis of dry weight, leaf width and leaf
width index were done at the Central Biology Laboratory
of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia.
Chemical analysis was performed at Chemistry and Soil
Laboratories of Sebelas Maret University while analysis of
chlorophyll content of leaves was conducted at
Biochemistry and Agriculture Laboratory of Gadjah Mada
University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Plant materials
Carica seedlings (V. pubescens) is obtained from Dieng
plateau, i.e. Dieng Wetan, Kejajar, Wonosobo, Central Java.
The research design
This study used a split plot design. Each treatment is
done with 5 replications. There are two main treatment
categories: (i) Shade treatment: The main shade plots
consists of two levels, namely: S1= no shade S2 = shade.
Sub-plots are the type of fertilizer consisting of 4 levels,
namely: F1 = control, F2 = manure, F3 = Fertilizer
Ammonium sulphate (ZA), P4 = manure: ZA; (ii) The
design is done in three altitudes, namely: A1 = ± 1400 m
asl, A2 = ± 1600 m asl, A3 = ± 1800 m asl.
Figure 1. Research location of carica (V. pubescens) transplantation in Mount Lawu slope. A. Altitude ± 1400 m asl., located in the
village Kalisoro, B. Altitude ± 1600 m asl and C. Altitude ± 1800 m asl., located in the village Gondosuli, Central Java (Google Earth
2014).
A B
C
PERMATASARI et al. – Transplant experiment of Vasconcellea pubescens 7
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Study area
The research was conducted from December 2013 until
March 2014. Cultivation of V. pubescens was done at slope
of Mount Lawu, Central Java, Indonesia at altitudes of
1400, 1600 and 1800 m asl. Observations of plant
vegetative part characteristics (plant height, total leaves,
leaf thickness and wet weight) were conducted at research
sites, whereas analysis of dry weight, leaf width and leaf
width index were done at the Central Biology Laboratory
of Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia.
Chemical analysis was performed at Chemistry and Soil
Laboratories of Sebelas Maret University while analysis of
chlorophyll content of leaves was conducted at
Biochemistry and Agriculture Laboratory of Gadjah Mada
University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Plant materials
Carica seedlings (V. pubescens) is obtained from Dieng
plateau, i.e. Dieng Wetan, Kejajar, Wonosobo, Central Java.
The research design
This study used a split plot design. Each treatment is
done with 5 replications. There are two main treatment
categories: (i) Shade treatment: The main shade plots
consists of two levels, namely: S1= no shade S2 = shade.
Sub-plots are the type of fertilizer consisting of 4 levels,
namely: F1 = control, F2 = manure, F3 = Fertilizer
Ammonium sulphate (ZA), P4 = manure: ZA; (ii) The
design is done in three altitudes, namely: A1 = ± 1400 m
asl, A2 = ± 1600 m asl, A3 = ± 1800 m asl.
Figure 1. Research location of carica (V. pubescens) transplantation in Mount Lawu slope. A. Altitude ± 1400 m asl., located in the
village Kalisoro, B. Altitude ± 1600 m asl and C. Altitude ± 1800 m asl., located in the village Gondosuli, Central Java (Google Earth
2014).
A B
C
3. NUSANT AR A BIOSC IENC E7 (1): 6-14, May 20158
Soil and rabbit manure preparation
The soil used in this study was taken from the village of
Kalisoro, sub-ddistrict of Tawangmangu, Karanganyar,
Central Java (± 1400 m asl). Soil samples were taken using
mattock then filtered using a soil filter. Furthermore, the
soil is put into a plastic bag. Rabbit dung was collected
from a rabbit farm in the Village of Blumbang, sub-
ddistrict of Tawangmangu, Karanganyar, Indonesia (±
1550 m asl). The manure is first dried, smoothed using a
mortar, and filtered using fertilizer filter, finally put into a
plastic bag. Soil and manure which have been screened are
taken as much as ± 20 g each for the initial
characterization, i.e. the chemical content of the soil
analysis before treatment. Initial characterization include:
pH, organic C content, BO, total N, available P2O5,
exchanged K2O, Ca, Mg and C/N ratio.
Preparation of planting room and shading
The layout of the experiment green house is presented
in Figure 2.
Preparation of growth media
In the treatment without fertilizer, one polybag filled
volume of 750 cm3
with 100% soil. For treatment with any
of the fertilizers, soil and fertilizer is put into polybag using
volume ratio of 500 cm3
: 250 cm3
of soils to fertilizer.
Transplantation of Carica papaya, and observation
Two months old of 120 individual V. pubescens plants
with 25± cm height and 5-10 number of leaf strands/plant
were obtained from V. pubescens farmers in the village of
Dieng Wetan, sub-district of Kejajar, District of
Wonosobo, Central Java at ± 2000 m asl.
In each 3 planting rooms, 40 caricaplants were
transplanted into polybags, 1 plant per polybag which has
been previously filled with soil and manure. Distance
between polybags is ± 20 cm, while the distance between
the blocks is ± 40 cm. Cultivation was carried out for 12
weeks by watering (250 ml/polybag every 3 days),
fertilizing manure and ZA (6.7 g/plant, given in stages, i.e.
2 g/ plant at 1st
week, 2 g/ plant at 3rd
week and 2.7 g/ plant
at 5th
week after transplanting) and weeding.
Measurement of environmental factors and observation
of the performance of vegetative plant V. pubescens was
done every 3 weeks for 4 times of observation. Measured
environmental factors include: altitude, light intensity, air
temperature, humidity, wind speed, soil temperature, soil
pH, and soil moisture. The performance parameters of V.
pubescens vegetative parts observed include: Plant height
measurements (at age of 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks), number of
leaves (3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks), thickness of leaves at the age
of 12 weeks after transplanting, wet weight, dry weight and
leaf area index.
Data analysis
Environmental climatic and edaphic measurement data on
leaf color were analyzed descriptively. V. pubescens
vegetative performance parameters (plant height, number of
leaves, leaf thickness, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight,
leaf area index and chlorophyll content) were analyzed
using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANAVA).
Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level test
was done to check if there was a real difference.
Figure 2. The layout of the experiment green house.
Transparent plastic roof
Wood
4. PERMATASARI et al. – Transplant experiment of Vasconcellea pubescens 9
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Geography and climate
Based on the results of measurements of climatic
factors in the study site, the light intensity is highest at an
altitude of ± 1400m above sea level treatment without
shade having light intensity of 220.3 lux, while the lowest
light intensity is at an altitude of ± 1800 m asl with shade
treatment measured light intensity of 87.58 lux (Table 1).
Edaphic
Results of soil chemical analysis showed that the
chemical content of the soil on the slope of Mount Lawu is
lower than the Dieng plateau. The low chemical content of
soil nutrients, especially nitrogen can cause chlorosis and
inhibit plant growth. Nitrogen nutrients are needed by
plants in relatively large amounts at each stage of growth,
especially in the vegetative phase (Britto and Kronzucker
2005). Manure is a biological fertilizer that serves to improve
the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, so
that the soil can provide both macro and micro nutrients in
comparable amounts, which plants need to grow and
develop properly. The uses of appropriate combination of
organic and inorganic fertilizers cause synchronization in
improving plant growth. Inorganic fertilizers contain
nutrients in a readily available form which can be absorbed
and utilized by plants shortly after application. In addition,
the presence of inorganic fertilizers can speed up the
process of decomposition of nutrients contained in organic
fertilizer. If the nutrients contained in the inorganic
fertilizers have been exhausted, then the plants can absorb
and utilize the nutrients contained in organic fertilizer.
Thus, the nutrients that plants need are always available in
sufficient quantities, which enable plants to grow and
develop optimally (Suharja and Sutarno 2009; Ngetic et al.
2010; Oyo 2010, Larijani and Hoseini, 2012; Prihatini
2012; Marliah et al. 2013).
Vegetative performance of V. pubescens
Plant height
Plant height is a very sensitive parameter to climatic
factors and nutrient availability in the soil. In shaded
conditions, shade loving plants exhibit better growth
parameters because the intensity of light received in a
limited number is optimally used by the plants to improve
the capacity of photosynthesis. Organic material of
photosynthesis product can be used to increase plant height
(Marliah et al. 2013). In this research the higher the
altitude, the shorter was the plant height (figure 3).
However, shade treatment resulted in an increase of carica
plant height. For the fertilizer treatment, the average
increase in plant height was highest in the combination of
manure with ZA fertilizer, while it was lowest for the control.
Total leaves
Leaf number is a major determinant of plant growth
speed due to the reason that leaf is a vital organ in the
process of photosynthesis. Too high light intensity affect
the rate of translocation of photosynthetic products, causing
a very rapid rate of CO2 fixation and an increase in photo-
respiration. Excessive increase in photorespiration leads to
less than optimal growth, thus inhibiting the formation of
leaf organs (Marjenah and Panduwinata 2008).
Table 1. Environmental conditions at the Mount Lawu slopes and Dieng plateau.
Environmental Factors
Altitude (masl)
Sopes of Mount Lawu The Dieng Plateau *
± 1400 ± 1600 ± 1800
± 1350-1650 ± 1700-2000
WoS S WoS S WoS S
Light intensity (lux) 220.3 110.4 195.1 97.58 175.3 87.58 - -
Air temperature (o
C) 26.42 24.92 23.92 22.42 21.17 19.67 22 20
Air humidity (%) 64.92 66.92 67.42 69.42 69.42 71.2 80 81
Wind speed (knot) 0.392 0.2 0.592 0.2 3.042 2.775 - -
Soil moisture (%) 41.83 61.83 66.83 88.83 90.25 99.5 - -
Soil temperature (o
C) 26.83 24.83 24.08 21.75 20.17 18.08 - -
Note: WoS = without shade, S = with shade, - = Not measured; * = from Marliah et al. (2013).
Tabel 2. The results of chemical analysis of the soil on the slopes of Lawu, Dieng plateau and rabbit dung manure
Chemical composition Soil at slopes of Mount Lawu site Soil at Dieng Plateau site* Rabbit dung manure
Organic C. (%) 0.92 4.68 17.12
BO (%) 1.59 8.06 29.51
N total (%) 0.16 0.28 1.44
available P2O5 (ppm) 9.41 15.94 5.51
K2O exchanged (%) 0.21 0.29 1.32
Ca (%) 2.14 ** 1.17
Mg (%) 0.62 ** 1.85
pH 5.63 5.84 6.88
C/N ratio 9.94 16.71 11.89
Note: * Marilah et al. (2013) , **: not analyzed.
5. NUSANT AR A BIOSC IENC E7 (1): 6-14, May 201510
An increase in altitude caused fewer number of Carica
leaves. More number of carica leaves were observed in
shade treatment than in the treatment without shade. For
treatment of fertilizer type, combination of manure with
ZA fertilizer yields highest number of leaves, while the
least number of leaves are found in the control. Results of
analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that at 12 weeks
after transplantation, the interaction between altitude and
type of fertilizer significantly (p-value = 0.044) affect the
number of leaves. The interaction between the shade and
the type of fertilizer also significantly (p-value = 0.022)
affected leaf number. In the interaction between altitude
and type of fertilizer, the highest number of leaves were
found on an altitude of ± 1400 m asl and manure with ZA
fertilizer treatment as much as 115 leaf strands, while less
number of leaves were found at an altitude of ± 1800 m asl
control treatment showed as much as 34 strands. On the
interaction of shade and type of fertilizer, the highest
number of leaves was found on treatment without shade
and manure with ZA fertilizer which was 180 leaf strands,
while as low as 50 leaf strands were obtained in the shade
treatment without fertilizer.
Leaf thickness
In general the dicotyledonous plants, leaves under
shaded conditions are larger and thinner than the leaf at full
light intensity. This is one of the mechanisms of adaptation
of plants to acquire more solar radiation that can be passed
down, so that the light distribution on the leaves moves
evenly to the bottom (Musyarofah et al. 2007). Higher
Altitude and fertilization treatment also led to differences
in the leaves thickness of the Carica plant. The average leaf
thickness is highest in the combination of manure with ZA
fertilizer, and lowest for the control. Results of ANOVA
showed that at the age of 12 weeks after transplantation
interaction between altitude, shade and type of fertilizer
significantly (p-value = 0.000) influenced leaf thickness. It
is thickest at an altitude of 1400 ± m asl without shade and
combination treatment of manure: ZA fertilizer by 1.11
mm, while the lowest leaf thickness is at an altitude of ±
1800 m asl with shade and without fertilizer treatment
which was 0.013 mm.
The higher the altitude, the thinner the carica leaves.
Altitude directly affects the environmental conditions
where the plants grow (Malinikova et al. 2013). If light
intensity is too low, metabolic processes such as
photosynthesis and transpiration of plants are reduced.
When photosynthesis is low, little photosynthetic products
are formed, so that the growth of the plant including the
leaves organ formation and leaf thickness are reduced
(Musyarofah et al. 2007; Nurnasari and Djumali 2010).
However, too high temperature causes water shortage in
organs of plants. If there is water shortage, leaves do
Stomatal closure. As a result, photosynthesis is reduced
while transpiration is high. The higher the altitude, the
higher is the wind speed. Wind can directly affect soil
temperature and moisture, supply CO2 for photosynthesis
of plants. However, too tight wind speed can cause high
transpiration, resulting in slow plant growth including the
formation of leaf organs and thin leaves (Setiawan 2009).
Leaf width
Leaf area became one of the main parameters for the
efficiency of photosynthesis. Carica is shade loving plant
which is seen by more optimal leaf area in shaded
conditions. It aims to expand the area of the light-
harvesting so as to obtain more solar radiation that can be
used optimally in the process of photosynthesis
(Prandnyawan et al. 2004). The presence of shade caused
an increase in leaf area. In addition, fertilizater can also
lead to differences in leaf area on the carica plant. An
average leaf area was highest in the combination of
manure: ZA fertilizer, but lowest for the control. Results of
ANOVA showed that interaction between altitude and type
of fertilizer, altitude and shade, significantly influence leaf
area with p-values 0.000 and 0.003, respectively. Leaf area
was large at an altitude of ± 1400m asl with manure: ZA
fertilizer treatment, while the lowest leaf area is at an
altitude of ± 1800 m asl with control treatment. Leaf area
was large at an altitude of ± 1400m asl with shade
treatment, while the lowest leaf area at an altitude of ± 1800
m asl and treatment without a shade.
Environmental conditions such as light intensity, wind
speed and CO2 content in the air directly affect the height
of the growing crop. Increasing the light intensity is
correlated with an increase in air temperature. Metabolic
processes such as photosynthesis and respiration of plants
are affected by air temperature (Fanindi et al. 2011,
Setiawan 2009). As altitude increase, carica leaf width
decrease. The higher the altitude, the lower will be the air
temperature. This caused a decrease in photosynthetic rate,
and metabolic disturbance, so that the growth of the plant
including the leaves, organ formation and leaf area formed
not optimal.
Tabel 3. Interaction between altitude factor and type of fertilizer
as well as the interaction between the factors of shade and type of
fertilizer to the number of V. pubescens leaves at the age of 12
weeks after transplanting.
Treatment Total leaves
(shoots)
Altitude
(asl.)
1400 Fertilizer Control 53bc
M 86d
ZA 61c
M: ZA 115e
1600 Fertilizer Control 46b
M 92d
ZA 57bc
M: ZA 97d
1800 Fertilizer Control 34a
M 84d
ZA 53bc
M: ZA 88d
Shade Without
shading
Fertilizer Control 83c
M 157f
ZA 103d
M: ZA 180g
Shading Fertilizer Control 50a
M 105d
ZA 68b
M: ZA 120e
Note: numbers followed by different letters indicate significant
difference test results of Duncan test at 5% level.
6. PERMATASARI et al. – Transplant experiment of Vasconcellea pubescens 11
Plants in shaded conditions generally have less number
of leaves and larger leaf area than plants in conditions
without shade (Haryanti 2010). The increase in leaf area is
a mechanism of adaptation of plants to shade. Increased
leaf area serves to enlarge the area for light capture.
Adaptation of plants to stress shade can be done in two
ways, by an increase in leaf photosynthetic area and
reducing the amount of light transmitted and reflected
(Sirait et al. 2005). The presence of shade increased leaf
area of carica plant.
In addition to shade, leaf area is also affected by the
presence of fertilizer treatment. In this study, treatment of
manure with ZA fertilizer is the best combination to
increase leaf area for carica plant. The increase in leaf area
is a result of the activity of cell division and elongation,
which in turn is influenced by the availability of nutrients.
The results of this study are consistent with studies of
Adam et al. (1989), Using nitrogen fertilizers on Festuca
arundinacea plant showed an increase in the duration of
the elongation of epidermal cells, mesophyll cell division
and the ratio of mesophyll/epidermis, thus increasing leaf
area.
Figure 3. The influence of altitude on the average V. pubescens
height increase.
Figure 4. The influence of altitude and shade on the leaf thickness
V. pubescens at 12 weeks after transplanting.
Figure 5. Effect of shade and type of fertilizer to leaf thickness of
the plant V. pubescens at the age of 12 weeks.
Figure 6. The influence of altitude and shade to leaf width of V.
pubescens at 12 weeks.
Figure 7. Effect of shade and type of fertilizer to the leaf width of
V. pubescens at 12 weeks.
Figure 8. The influence of altitude and shade to V. pubescens wet
weight at 12 weeks after transplanting.
7. NUSANT AR A BIOSC IENC E7 (1): 6-14, May 201512
Figure 9. Effect of shade and type of fertilizer to V. pubescens
wet weight at 12 weeks after transplanting
Figure 10. Effect of shade and fertilizer on the dry weight of the
plant V. pubescens at 12 weeks after transplanting
Figure 11. Effect of shade and type of fertilizer to the plant V.
pubescens leaf area index at 12 weeks after transplanting.
Figure 12. The influence of altitude and shade on leaf chlorophyll
content V. pubescens at 12 weeks after transplanting.
Figure 13. Effect of shade and type of fertilizer to V. pubescens
leaf chlorophyll content at 12 weeks after transplanting.
Wet weight
Wet weight is a combination growth and development
of of plant tissue, such as plant height, leaf number and leaf
area. It plays a role in determining the quality of a crop
product. The higher the altitude, the lower is the wet weight
of carica plant. This is because of the influence of
environmental conditions where the plants grow such as air
temperature, air humidity, and oxygen content in the air
and soil conditions. At higher altitude, air temperature and
CO2 content get lower which can lead to decreased
photosynthesis and disturbance in metabolism so that the
plant will have low wet weight (Fanindi et al. 2011).
The shade and fertilizer increased wet weight of carica.
Wet weight of the carica plant is higher in shaded
conditions than plants without shade. According to
Wasonowati (2009) this is due to the wet shaded plants
contain more chlorophyll b per unit weight of leaf.
Increasing the amount of leaf chlorophyll may increase the
rate of photosynthesis, so the accumulation of plant
photosynthetic products increases. Thus, the wet weight of
the plants will also increase. In addition to shade, fertilizer
treatment also increases the wet weight of the plant. The
average wet weight was highest on a combination of
manure with ZA fertilizer, and lowest in control. Fertilizers
contain a variety of nutrients needed for plant growth and
development. Nutrients, especially N play an important
role in improving plant growth, increase protein synthesis,
increase the formation of chlorophyll and root shoot ratio.
Therefore, balanced fertilizer can increase the rate of plant
growth (Napitulu and Winarto 2010; Milenkovic et al. 2012).
Results of ANOVA showed that at the age of 12 weeks
after transplanting, interaction between altitude, shade and
type of fertilizer significantly (p-value = 0.041) affect the
wet weight of the carica plant. Wet weight was highest at
an altitude of ± 1400m asl with shade treatment and
combination of manure with ZA fertilizer, whereas the wet
weight was lowest at an altitude of ± 1800 m asl with no
shade and no fertilizer treatments.
Dry weight
Biomass of plants can be used to describe and study the
plant growth. This is because plant biomass is relatively
easy to measure and is the most representative indicator of
growth to get the overall appearance of the plant growth.
Plant biomass can be determined by measuring the dry
8. PERMATASARI et al. – Transplant experiment of Vasconcellea pubescens 13
weight of the plant. The higher the altitude, the lower was
dry weight of the carica plant. The presence of shade and
fertilizer increased carica plant dry weight. The average dry
weight was highest in the combination of manure with ZA
fertilizer, and lowest for the control.
Results of ANOVA showed that interaction between
altitude, shade and type of fertilizer significantly (p-value =
0.013) affected the dry weight of the carica. . Dry weight
was highest at an altitude of ± 1400m asl with a shade
treatment and combination of manure with ZA fertilizer
treatment, and lowest at an altitude of ± 1800 m asl for
treatment without shade and without fertilizer. At higher
altitude, low air temperature, light intensity, humidity and
CO2 content lead to decreased photosynthetic and
metabolic rate, which results in lower dry weight (Fanindi
et al. 2011). Plants in shaded conditions have total leaf area
larger than plants without shade. According Sirait (2008),
the increase in leaf area can optimize the total dry weight
of a plant. If a plant has an optimal total leaf area, the rate
of photosynthesis and photosynthetic product will increase.
Thus the plant dry weight also increased. Application of
fertilizer is also one of the factors that affect plant dry
weight.
Leaf Area Index (LAI)
Leaf area index (LAI) values reflect the potential
level of leaf surfaces enabled for the process of
photosynthesis. Higher altitude and shade caused lower
LAI of carica. Fertilizer treatment improved carica LAI.
Highest LAI value was found in treatment without shade
and manure with ZA fertilizer, while the lowest valueis
found in control treatment. Results of analysis of variance
showed that at the age of 12 weeks after transplantation,
interaction between altitude, shade and type of fertilizer
significantly (p-value = 0.003) affected carica leaf area
index.
Chlorophyll content of leaves
Chlorophyll content can be measured to determine the
genotype of plant adaptability, which can be visualized
from the color of leaves. Treatment of altitude, shade and
type of fertilizer affected plant physiology of carica. The
higher the altitude, the less greener were the carica leaves.
The green color indicates an increase in leaf chlorophyll
content of plants. The higher the altitude, the lower was the
average leaf chlorophyll content, while the shade and
fertilizer treatments increased average leaf chlorophyll
content. In the treatment of fertilizer, the average leaf
chlorophyll content was high in combination of manure
with ZA fertilizer, while the lowest average leaf
chlorophyll content was in control.
Results of analysis of variance showed that at the age of
12 weeks interactions between altitude, shade and type of
fertilizer factors significantly (p-value = 0.000) affected
carica leaf chlorophyll content.. Leaf chlorophyll content
was highest at an altitude of ± 1400m above sea level with
shade and combination manure: ZA fertilizer treatment
which was 308 mg/100 g, while the leaf chlorophyll
content was lowest for the altitude of ± 1800 m above sea
level for the treatment without shade and without fertilizer
which was 112.56 mg/100 g.
Increasing the amount of chlorophyll per unit leaf area
and the ratio of chlorophyll a/b is one way of avoidance to
the shaded conditions. This mechanism helps to improve
the efficiency of light capture per photosynthetic unit area
(Musyarofah et al. 2007). Plants can tolerate the low light
intensity with a lower rate of respiration by avoiding damage
to the enzyme pigment. Nutrients contained in the fertilizer,
such as N, Mg and Fe are major components in the formation
of chlorophyll. N nutrient availability can affect the growth,
production and quality of crops, especially in the vegetative
phase such as the formation and growth of shoots, leaves,
stems and roots. Moreover, in most plants, N is the nutrient
that regulates the absorption and use of nutrients like P, K
and other constituent (Chanseetis et al 2012).
Without
shading
A B C
Shading
A B C
Figure 14. Vasconcellea pubescens leaf chlorosis symptoms in the control treatment, A. ± 1400 m asl, B. ± 1600 m asl, C. ± 1800 m asl.
9. NUSANT AR A BIOSC IENC E7 (1): 6-14, May 201514
In this study, chlorosis occured with the control
treatment at all altitudes for both the treatment with or
without shade. This is because the nutrient content of the
soil, especially N is low. The occurrence of chlorosis
begins with the appearance of yellow spots, with irregular
shape of the leaf blade and leaf color becoming yellowish
green. These symptoms continue, thus showing when the
leaves become more yellowish the entire surface of the
yellow leaf, including the veins and leaves fall.
Effect of altitude on the performance of V. pubescens
vegetative plant until the age of 12 weeks after
transplanting showed slower growth parameters with
increasing altitude. The best V. pubescens growth
parameters are recorded at an altitude of 1400 m above sea
level. Shade treatment affected the vegetative parameter
performance of V. pubescens at the age of 12 weeks after
transplanting. For most parameters, best growth
performances were found in treatment with shade.
Fertilizer type affected the performance of V. pubescens
vegetative plant up to the age of 12 weeks after
transplanting. The plants showed better growth
performance parameters in the presence of fertilizers. The
growth parameters were found in the order of: Manure with
ZA fertilizer > manure > ZA > control. Interaction between
altitude, shade and type of fertilizer significantly affected
the performance of V. pubescens vegetative parameters.
The best growth parameters are at an altitude of 1400 m
above sea level with shade treatment and combination of
manure with ammonium sulphate (ZA) fertilizer.
In order to evaluate the total success of the V.
pubescens transplantation at different altitudes on the
Mount Lawu , it is necessary to conduct further research
that examines the development, quality and quantity of
production, i.e. generative phase of the plant.
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