assessment of drumstick tree (m. deifera) accessionsIJEAB
An experiment was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity among 9 drumstick tree (Moringaoleifera) accessions in the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were recorded on growth and yield characteristics before and after pruning. The result obtained showed that at 18 weeks after transplanting, accession UAM-NI had the tallest plants (3.63m) while UAM-BE had the shortest mean plant height (2.84m) under no pruning. Other parameters that showed significant differences were number of leaves per tree and stem diameter. Although accession UAM-OY recorded highest fresh (220.22g), dry (113.42g) and leaf powder (82.60g) weights, it was not significantly different from other accessions. However, at 18 weeks after pruning, there was a significant difference among the accessions with regard to leaf length. Although accession UAM-NA recorded highest fresh leaf weight (286.60g), dry leaf weight (90.67g) and leaf powder weight (85.60g), it was not statistically different from other accessions. For the pruned accessions, significant differences were recorded in leaf length, number of flowers/tree, days to podding and fifty percent podding, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, number of seeds/pod, number of seeds/tree and 100seed weight. The result also indicated that the pruned accessions recorded higher leaf yield than the unpruned. The result of the cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two clusters and an outlier both for the pruned and unpruned accessions irrespective of area of collection.
Diversity of sorghum (sorghum bicolor l. moench) germplasm from tanzaniaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated 98 sorghum genotypes from Tanzania for morphological diversity. The genotypes showed significant phenotypic variation for traits like days to flowering, plant height, panicle length, grain yield, and 1000 seed weight. Accession MCSR T29 was the earliest to flower at 64 days while MCSR T80 was the latest at 86 days. MCSR T71 had the highest yield of 114.6 g/panicle and MCSR T10 had the lowest at 10.3 g/panicle. Most genotypes had brown grains but MCSR T90 had the heaviest 1000 seeds at 55.2 g. The study found diversity among the Tanzanian sorghum
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in 13 Local Banana (Musa Spp.) Cultivars Usin...paperpublications3
Abstract: A Study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability among 13 local banana cultivars using 3 SSR primers of Mb1-69, Mb1-113 and Mb1-134. All the primer pairs amplified a total of 29 different marker bands with an average of 9.6 bands per primer. Among the 29 bands only 4 bands were monomorphic and the rest 25 bands were polymorphic. The sizes of the amplified DNA bands in 13 local banana cultivars varied from 200 bp to 600 bp. The primer Mb1-113 amplified the highest (14) number of DNA bands and the primer Mb1-69 amplified the lowest (7) number of DNA bands whilst primer Mb1-134 amplified 8 DNA bands. The values of pair-wise genetic distances ranged from 1.00 to 9.00 indicating the presence of wide genetic diversity. The dendogram constructed based on phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that the highest genetic diversity (9.00) found between the cultivars champa and jawayta and also the cultivars champa and jahazy whilst the lowest (1.00) between the cultivars doubled haploid and kathaly, doubled haploid and sorishafruity, doubled haploid and amritsagor and doubled haploid and ganasundory. The UPGMA dendogram has segregated the 13 local banana cultivars into two major clusters. Agnishwar and champa formed in cluster 1 and the rest of the cultivars like sobri jesore, sobri, anazy, kathaly, jawayta, sorishafruity, amritsagor, jahazy, bangle, ganasundory and doubled haploid have constituted the cluster 2.
Genetic Divergence Studies for Quantative and Quality Traits in Tomato (Solan...IJEAB
The present experiment was carried out during spring-summer 2013 and 2014 to study genetic diversity for quantitative and quality traits in tomato at vegetable Experimental Farm, Division of Vegetable Science & Floriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha. The 25 genotypes were grouped into six clusters based on D2 values, which exhibited no association between geographical and genetic diversity. The cluster VI was the largest containing 9 genotypes followed by cluster I, II and IV containing four genotypes each. However, the cluster III (Lehar & US-3383) and cluster V (DVRT-2 & Marglobe) had minimum number of genotypes i.e two in each cluster. The intra-cluster distance was recorded maximum for cluster III (3.69) consisting of 2 genotypes namely Lehar & US-3383. Whereas, cluster IV, V, VI had lowest intra cluster distance i.e 0.00. The maximum distance at inter-cluster level was between cluster II and cluster VI (11.48) followed by clusters III and VI (9.83) indicating that the genotypes in these groups can be used for heterosis and recombinant breeding programme which may serve as potential genotypes for hybridization programme. Cluster mean analysis (Table 4) showed that cluster I was earliest to flowering (29.07 days); days to first marketable fruit picking (70.15) and maximum number of fruits per plant (27.73); cluster II showed maximum performance for number of locules per fruit (3.77); betacarotene (5.13mg) and minimum incidence of fruit borer (18.64%); cluster III showed maximum plant height (123.20 cm) and minimum intensity of early blight (27.27%); cluster IV recorded maximum fruit diameter (5.17cm) and average fruit weight (81.33 g); cluster V recorded maximum marketable fruit yield (3.73 kg/plot) and total fruit yield (5.27 kg/plot), pericarp thickness (6.75 mm), pH (4.43) and minimum number of seeds per fruit (62.45); cluster VI gave maximum fruit length (6.91cm), total soluble solids (4.340B), lycopene (3.85mg) and ascorbic acid (26.07mg).
No 8. response of mukhikachu (colocasia esculenta l.) cv. bilashi to plant sp...PARTNER, BADC, World Bank
The document summarizes a study on the effect of different plant spacing on the growth, yield and storability of mukhikachu (Colocasia esculenta L.) cv. Bilashi. Four spacing treatments were tested: S1 (60 cm × 20 cm), S2 (60 cm × 30 cm), S3 (60 cm × 40 cm), and S4 (60 cm × 50 cm). Maximum individual corm weight, number of suckers per hill, yield of corms and cormels per hectare were obtained from S3 (60 cm × 40 cm) spacing. However, plant spacing did not significantly affect the storability of cormels. The study found that a spacing of
Productivity of cassava sweet potato intercropping system as influenced by va...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the productivity of a cassava-sweet potato intercropping system using different lengths of cassava cuttings in Makurdi, Nigeria over two growing seasons. Cassava cuttings of 20cm, 30cm, and 40cm lengths were intercropped with sweet potato. The highest yields for both crops were obtained when cassava cuttings were 30cm long, with land equivalent ratios of 2.15, indicating 53.5% higher land use efficiency than sole cropping. Intercropping cassava cuttings of 30cm length resulted in the greatest vegetative growth and highest yields for both crops, making it the most suitable combination for intercropping cassava and sweet potato.
This document analyzes the engineering properties of three varieties of groundnut pods and kernels. It finds that the bulk densities of the pods ranged from 0.27 to 0.29 g/cm3, while the true densities ranged from 0.38 to 0.53 g/cm3. The rupture forces for the pods varied between varieties and axes, with values like 1.19 N/mm through length for Manipintar pods. Statistical analysis found no significant difference between the varieties' pod properties but significant differences in their kernel dimensions and shapes. The study characterized the varieties to inform the design of harvesting, processing, and storage equipment for groundnuts.
The document analyzes the effect of moisture content on various physical properties of sunflower seeds. Key findings include:
- Bulk density decreased from 330.7 to 320.88 kg/m3 while true density increased from 688.1 to 725.56 kg/m3 as moisture increased from 10-18%.
- Porosity increased from 51.94 to 55.77% over the same moisture range. Static coefficient of friction increased from 0.51 to 0.61 against different surfaces.
- Angle of repose increased from 18.1 to 24.07 degrees. Hardness and initial cracking force decreased from 98.63 to 35.92 N and 36.18 to 19.34
assessment of drumstick tree (m. deifera) accessionsIJEAB
An experiment was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity among 9 drumstick tree (Moringaoleifera) accessions in the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were recorded on growth and yield characteristics before and after pruning. The result obtained showed that at 18 weeks after transplanting, accession UAM-NI had the tallest plants (3.63m) while UAM-BE had the shortest mean plant height (2.84m) under no pruning. Other parameters that showed significant differences were number of leaves per tree and stem diameter. Although accession UAM-OY recorded highest fresh (220.22g), dry (113.42g) and leaf powder (82.60g) weights, it was not significantly different from other accessions. However, at 18 weeks after pruning, there was a significant difference among the accessions with regard to leaf length. Although accession UAM-NA recorded highest fresh leaf weight (286.60g), dry leaf weight (90.67g) and leaf powder weight (85.60g), it was not statistically different from other accessions. For the pruned accessions, significant differences were recorded in leaf length, number of flowers/tree, days to podding and fifty percent podding, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, number of seeds/pod, number of seeds/tree and 100seed weight. The result also indicated that the pruned accessions recorded higher leaf yield than the unpruned. The result of the cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two clusters and an outlier both for the pruned and unpruned accessions irrespective of area of collection.
Diversity of sorghum (sorghum bicolor l. moench) germplasm from tanzaniaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated 98 sorghum genotypes from Tanzania for morphological diversity. The genotypes showed significant phenotypic variation for traits like days to flowering, plant height, panicle length, grain yield, and 1000 seed weight. Accession MCSR T29 was the earliest to flower at 64 days while MCSR T80 was the latest at 86 days. MCSR T71 had the highest yield of 114.6 g/panicle and MCSR T10 had the lowest at 10.3 g/panicle. Most genotypes had brown grains but MCSR T90 had the heaviest 1000 seeds at 55.2 g. The study found diversity among the Tanzanian sorghum
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in 13 Local Banana (Musa Spp.) Cultivars Usin...paperpublications3
Abstract: A Study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability among 13 local banana cultivars using 3 SSR primers of Mb1-69, Mb1-113 and Mb1-134. All the primer pairs amplified a total of 29 different marker bands with an average of 9.6 bands per primer. Among the 29 bands only 4 bands were monomorphic and the rest 25 bands were polymorphic. The sizes of the amplified DNA bands in 13 local banana cultivars varied from 200 bp to 600 bp. The primer Mb1-113 amplified the highest (14) number of DNA bands and the primer Mb1-69 amplified the lowest (7) number of DNA bands whilst primer Mb1-134 amplified 8 DNA bands. The values of pair-wise genetic distances ranged from 1.00 to 9.00 indicating the presence of wide genetic diversity. The dendogram constructed based on phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that the highest genetic diversity (9.00) found between the cultivars champa and jawayta and also the cultivars champa and jahazy whilst the lowest (1.00) between the cultivars doubled haploid and kathaly, doubled haploid and sorishafruity, doubled haploid and amritsagor and doubled haploid and ganasundory. The UPGMA dendogram has segregated the 13 local banana cultivars into two major clusters. Agnishwar and champa formed in cluster 1 and the rest of the cultivars like sobri jesore, sobri, anazy, kathaly, jawayta, sorishafruity, amritsagor, jahazy, bangle, ganasundory and doubled haploid have constituted the cluster 2.
Genetic Divergence Studies for Quantative and Quality Traits in Tomato (Solan...IJEAB
The present experiment was carried out during spring-summer 2013 and 2014 to study genetic diversity for quantitative and quality traits in tomato at vegetable Experimental Farm, Division of Vegetable Science & Floriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha. The 25 genotypes were grouped into six clusters based on D2 values, which exhibited no association between geographical and genetic diversity. The cluster VI was the largest containing 9 genotypes followed by cluster I, II and IV containing four genotypes each. However, the cluster III (Lehar & US-3383) and cluster V (DVRT-2 & Marglobe) had minimum number of genotypes i.e two in each cluster. The intra-cluster distance was recorded maximum for cluster III (3.69) consisting of 2 genotypes namely Lehar & US-3383. Whereas, cluster IV, V, VI had lowest intra cluster distance i.e 0.00. The maximum distance at inter-cluster level was between cluster II and cluster VI (11.48) followed by clusters III and VI (9.83) indicating that the genotypes in these groups can be used for heterosis and recombinant breeding programme which may serve as potential genotypes for hybridization programme. Cluster mean analysis (Table 4) showed that cluster I was earliest to flowering (29.07 days); days to first marketable fruit picking (70.15) and maximum number of fruits per plant (27.73); cluster II showed maximum performance for number of locules per fruit (3.77); betacarotene (5.13mg) and minimum incidence of fruit borer (18.64%); cluster III showed maximum plant height (123.20 cm) and minimum intensity of early blight (27.27%); cluster IV recorded maximum fruit diameter (5.17cm) and average fruit weight (81.33 g); cluster V recorded maximum marketable fruit yield (3.73 kg/plot) and total fruit yield (5.27 kg/plot), pericarp thickness (6.75 mm), pH (4.43) and minimum number of seeds per fruit (62.45); cluster VI gave maximum fruit length (6.91cm), total soluble solids (4.340B), lycopene (3.85mg) and ascorbic acid (26.07mg).
No 8. response of mukhikachu (colocasia esculenta l.) cv. bilashi to plant sp...PARTNER, BADC, World Bank
The document summarizes a study on the effect of different plant spacing on the growth, yield and storability of mukhikachu (Colocasia esculenta L.) cv. Bilashi. Four spacing treatments were tested: S1 (60 cm × 20 cm), S2 (60 cm × 30 cm), S3 (60 cm × 40 cm), and S4 (60 cm × 50 cm). Maximum individual corm weight, number of suckers per hill, yield of corms and cormels per hectare were obtained from S3 (60 cm × 40 cm) spacing. However, plant spacing did not significantly affect the storability of cormels. The study found that a spacing of
Productivity of cassava sweet potato intercropping system as influenced by va...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the productivity of a cassava-sweet potato intercropping system using different lengths of cassava cuttings in Makurdi, Nigeria over two growing seasons. Cassava cuttings of 20cm, 30cm, and 40cm lengths were intercropped with sweet potato. The highest yields for both crops were obtained when cassava cuttings were 30cm long, with land equivalent ratios of 2.15, indicating 53.5% higher land use efficiency than sole cropping. Intercropping cassava cuttings of 30cm length resulted in the greatest vegetative growth and highest yields for both crops, making it the most suitable combination for intercropping cassava and sweet potato.
This document analyzes the engineering properties of three varieties of groundnut pods and kernels. It finds that the bulk densities of the pods ranged from 0.27 to 0.29 g/cm3, while the true densities ranged from 0.38 to 0.53 g/cm3. The rupture forces for the pods varied between varieties and axes, with values like 1.19 N/mm through length for Manipintar pods. Statistical analysis found no significant difference between the varieties' pod properties but significant differences in their kernel dimensions and shapes. The study characterized the varieties to inform the design of harvesting, processing, and storage equipment for groundnuts.
The document analyzes the effect of moisture content on various physical properties of sunflower seeds. Key findings include:
- Bulk density decreased from 330.7 to 320.88 kg/m3 while true density increased from 688.1 to 725.56 kg/m3 as moisture increased from 10-18%.
- Porosity increased from 51.94 to 55.77% over the same moisture range. Static coefficient of friction increased from 0.51 to 0.61 against different surfaces.
- Angle of repose increased from 18.1 to 24.07 degrees. Hardness and initial cracking force decreased from 98.63 to 35.92 N and 36.18 to 19.34
Studies on molecular diversity among 23 promising progenies of Ulmus villosa revealed Jugahan–T3 to be the most divergent based on RAPD marker analysis. RAPD analysis showed 100% polymorphism and grouped the progenies into 4 clusters, with cluster II containing the most progenies. The study assessed genetic diversity at the molecular level to select best genotypes for breeding programs.
Screening of Maize Genotypes/Hybrids for Identifying Resistant Sources agains...Premier Publishers
The research included field screening of maize genotypes/hybrids for resistance to banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB). The field screening experiment was done in a sick plot maintained at National Maize Research Program (NMRP) of Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Rampur, Chitwan. Fifteen maize genotypes/hybrids were evaluated in the field and replicated three times in randomized complete block design (RCBD). First disease incidence was observed on 60 days after sowing (DAS). Highest disease severity (81.33±1.67) was found in RL-36/RL-197. RML-76/RL-105 and RAMPUR HYBRID-2 had lowest disease severity (66.00±2.00). Also, lowest area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) value (631.67±18.33) was found in RML-76/RL-105, which was at par with P-3533 (660.00±26.67). Cob weight (r = 0.64), cob diameter (r = 0.51) and thousand grain weight (r = 0.50) were negatively correlated with total AUDPC. Total AUDPC value contributed 41.6 percent loss in cob weight, 26.2 percent loss in cob diameter and 25.5 percent loss in thousand grain weight.
Estimation of genetic parameters and selection of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L...Innspub Net
The purpose of this study was to obtain information about genetic parameters of agronomic characters of sorghum lines developed by Single Seed Descent as information for yield improvement through selection. The research was conducted from July to October 2014 in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia with an altitude of ± 240 m above sea level and a temperature of 27°C. The genetic materials used consisted of 201 RILs F5, and Numbu, Samurai-1, and Samurai-2 (national varieties), and a mutant B69 as check varieties. The experimental design used was augmented design. The results showed that the RILs F5 significantly different in the characters of seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight, and grain weight panicle-1. High broad sense heritability values and broad genetic diversity were observed in the character of the seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight and grain weight panicle-1. There were RILs F5 which have higher yield than the two parents and are uniform with lower within line variance. Selection was conducted based on grain weight panicle-1 increased 35.3% yield, but at the same time increased plant height by 5%. Simultaneous selection by grain weight panicle-1 and plant height increased yield by 21% and reduced plant height by -6.9%. This gives the opportunity to obtain shorter high yielding varieties.
Mechanisms of resistance in tropical maize inbred lines to the Spotted Stem B...RUFORUM
This study investigated mechanisms of resistance to the spotted stem borer in 120 tropical maize inbred lines. Trichome density, leaf toughness, stem hardness, and pith sugar content were measured. While trichome density, leaf toughness, and sugar content differed significantly, resistance was found to be germplasm-dependent with no single mechanism conferring resistance. Trichome density best discriminated lines but some lines with high or low values did not correlate with resistance. Multiple mechanisms likely interact to provide resistance in different genotypes. Further study of specific trichome types and sugars is needed.
The document summarizes research analyzing genetic divergence among 20 cauliflower genotypes. Key findings include:
- Genotypes were grouped into 4 clusters based on D2 analysis, with cluster II containing the most genotypes. Intra-cluster distances were smaller than inter-cluster distances.
- Cluster IV had the highest intra-cluster distance, indicating most heterogeneity. The largest inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV.
- Clusters varied in their mean performance for traits like curd depth, yield, and days to maturity. Cluster IV had the highest means for several traits.
- Based on cluster means and divergence, promising parental genotypes for hybridization were identified from different clusters, including EC-68
Basketry is the traditional occupation of Koragas, one of the most primitive tribes, living along the Kerala-Karnataka border. They make use of a number of plants to weave baskets of different name, size and shape. At present both baskets and their creators are facing the threat of extinction owing to changing socio-economic trends. The paper lists out 29 species of plants used by the Koraga for weaving baskets, which may pave the way for conservation of both plants and the traditional craft.
Article Citation:
Subrahmanya Prasad K and Raveendran K.
Plants used for basketry in Kasaragod District, Kerala.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 153-159.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0038.pdf
Effect of Habitat Variability on Phenotypic Characters and Resource Allocatio...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was carried out to determine the impact of habitat variability on morphological features and resource partitioning of the species under study. The species exhibited great variability in its morphological traits under different environmental conditions. The plants were more vigorous and taller at Ferozpur Nallah site followed by Kashmir University Botanical Garden while Aharbal population was shortest. During the present study, it was observed that partitioning of resources is not uniform among different parts of a plant, much resources were allocated toward the root followed by the shoot then by leaves, and least amount of resources was allocated toward inflorescence among the studied populations. Our results present a detailed account of the variation of phenotypic characters and changes in resource allocation patterns in relation to environmental conditions of this medicinal plant species
Production arrowroot depending on the size of the rhizome and substrate in Ca...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arrowroot starch is much appreciated in the preparation of desserts, breads, cookies and cakes. However the production of starch by the commercial varieties is still made in an amateur way without proper management. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in factorial 3 (rhizomes sizes) x 2 (substrates). The three rhizome sizes arrowroot, were classified as small (≤ 15.0 g), medium (≥ 15.01 and ≤ 30.0) and big (≥ 30.01 g) according to their weights. We evaluated: height collect from the region to the apex of the leaf, stem diameter at the collar region survival percentage of rhizomes, shoot dry weight, root dry mass, average number of seedlings per rhizome and calculated the index quality seedlings Dickson. There were no differences in the interaction between plants x substrate. However the size of rhizomes influenced the quality of the seedlings, and the big (≥ 30.01 g) rhizomes was what produced seedlings with the best quality.
Impact of Herder Activities on Rangelands at Semi Arid Zone of North Darfur S...ijtsrd
The research work was conducted over a two years’ period of 2015 and 2016 at three sites of Alfashir locality Ummarahik 25km north of Alfashir, Fashar in eastern part of Alfashir about 5km and Berka 30km west of Alfashir , Western Sudan in semi arid zone. The objectives were to assess the effect of human activities and animal grazing on rangelands, specific objectives were to assess grazing intensity and tree shrub in the study area. In the first season the results showed that the higher number of quadrates subjected to grazing were at level II with the percentage of 55.56 for Ummarahik, and percent of 44.44 and 38.89 at level I grazing for Berka and Fashar. In Berka there was 5.56 for no grazing, and 16.67 in Fashar. Also the result showed there was 16.67 at level IV in Berka and Ummarahik and 11.11 in Fashar. In the second season the result showed that the percent of no grazing were 22.22 and 16.76 in Berka and Fashar respectively, also the result showed there was no grazing at level IV in Berka and Ummarahik. Berka had highest tree shrub density which scored 32 and 23 tree ha at season 2015 and 2016 respectively. Fashar scored lowest density 7 and 5 tree ha.Balaniteaegyptiaca was the dominant tree species in the study area, while other species were less. The study concluded that unwise utilization and exploitation of the rangelands particularly by man causes range deterioration and serious reduction in range production, so, the study suggested that improvement and rehabilitation should be done. Further research work is needed to assess rangelands at different ecological zones in North Darfur State. Mohamed Almontasir A. M. Mohamed | Mohammed Abdelkariem "Impact of Herder Activities on Rangelands at Semi-Arid Zone of North Darfur State, Sudan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38225.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/38225/impact-of-herder-activities-on-rangelands-at-semiarid-zone-of-north-darfur-state-sudan/mohamed-almontasir-a-m-mohamed
No 12. impact of ga3 and naa on horticultural traits of abelmoschus esculentus.PARTNER, BADC, World Bank
This study investigated the effects of gibberellic acid (GA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on growth and yield of okra. GA and NAA were applied at 50 ppm to okra plants. GA treatment resulted in the tallest plants, most leaves, longest petioles, highest fresh and dry weights, earliest flowering, most flower buds and pods, and highest yield compared to NAA and control treatments. Specifically, GA treatment yielded 338.1 g per plant, 2.9 kg per plot, and 16.4 tons per hectare, outperforming the other treatments. The results suggest that GA has potential to increase growth and yield of okra more effectively than N
Indonesian Peanut Cultivar Difference in Yield Performance Based on Source an...Repository Ipb
This document summarizes a study on yield performance differences among 20 Indonesian peanut cultivars based on source and sink characteristics. The study found that cultivar Biawak achieved the highest yield due to relatively higher vegetative growth (source) and pod production (sink). Cultivar Jepara had the lowest yield due to lower pod filling percentage and pod production, despite average vegetative growth. Yield was influenced by the relationship between vegetative growth, pod production, and pod filling percentage. Cultivars differed in how efficiently they utilized available sources and sinks. The study provides insight into yield formation in peanuts to help increase productivity in Indonesia.
Evaluation of viable selection criteria at the seedling stage in corn genotyp...Innspub Net
Drought is the only factor which causes a more drastic effect on crop plant. Corn is a drought-sensitive crop their yield is influenced at every single phase of growth and development by limited water availability. Corn. A total of 90 accessions were screened and evaluated at different water levels 100% (T1), 40% (T2) and 30% (T3) of field capacity (FC). Evaluation of corn genotypes was done against six seedling parameters (root length, shoot length, fresh root weight, fresh shoot weight, dry root weight and dry shoot weight). The analysis of variance indicated that all the traits under all water levels revealed significantly and the principal component analysis depicted diverse results for different treatments. The results showed that the genotypes Lala Musa, Akbar, Sahiwal-2002, Sultan, Pearl, 15005,15077,14972,15110 under 100% FC level performed well and genotypes 14933,15023,14968,15055, 15005, MMRI yellow, Lala Musa, Pearl, Akbar, Akhgoti, 15067 and Sultan under 40% FC and the genotypes Desi Fsd, 15075, Lala Musa, 14930, 14976, 15132, 15048, Sultan and 15005 performed best in 30% FC. Some corn genotypes Akhgoti, Lala Musa, Sultan, and 15005 performed better under all three water levels. The information on seedling parameters is best suited to screen viable genotypes for baseline information for on-ward corn breeding and research programs on water stress tolerance.
The effect of potassium on growth and yield of strawberry (FRAGARIA ANANASSA ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Fragaria ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier (Strawberry) variety chandler of Agriculture Research Station (ARS) Baffa, Mansehra was evaluated for different growth and yield parameters under five treatments. In this experiment Potassium was used in 5 different treatments of 3 replications (T0 = Control, T1 = 200 g/6.75m², T2 = 400 g/6.75m², T3 = 600 g/6.75m², T4 = 800 g/6.75m²). The results showed maximum value under T3 (405g/6.75m²) for characteristics like survival percentage (83.54%), plant height (32.05cm), canopy size (13.62cm), crown diameter (2.73cm), number of branches (35.83), number of leaves (67.00), leaf length (5.87cm), root length (3.51cm), total number of fruits (43.93), days to 50% fruiting (233.67), fruit diameter (3.96cm), fruit weight (411.40g). Moreover, transplanting date (20th Sep, 2013) is suitable to get maximum yield of strawberry variety “Chandler”. The findings of this experiment showed that great variations in morphological, physical and agronomic traits of strawberry variety and can be utilized to develop high yield and better quality of strawberry.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Characterization of wood cellular structures of five lesser used wood species...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized the wood cellular structures of five lesser-used wood species in Nigeria: Butyrospermum paradoxum, Albizia zygia, Lanea acida, Parkia felicoida, and Isoberlina doka. The study found that B. paradoxum had the highest proportion of fiber cells (54%) and highest fiber density (2452 fibers/mm2), indicating it may have high density and strength for structural applications. A. zygia also had a high fiber proportion (36.1%) but higher vessel and parenchyma cells, so it may require preservative treatment for durability. L. acida lacked axial parenchyma and had
This summary provides the key details about a study on the moisture-dependent physical properties of Àbèèrè (Picralima nitida) seeds:
1. The study investigated the geometric, gravimetric, and frictional properties of Àbèèrè seeds at different moisture content levels ranging from 7.98-47.77% wet basis.
2. The results showed that dimensions, densities, surface area, volume, and angle of repose generally increased with increasing moisture content, while porosity decreased.
3. Static coefficient of friction on different surfaces also increased linearly with moisture content, with the lowest values on stainless steel and highest on plywood surfaces.
Identification of Superior Cotton Genotypes for Seed and Fiber Yield based on...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted for evaluation of eleven cotton genotypes for morpho-phenological and fiber characteristics under two different growing environments in rain fed condition at research stations of Finkolo (11°16′5″N 5°30′40″W) and N’Tarla (12°35'N 5°42’W) during 2018. The experiment was laid out RCBD with four replications. The analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences among genotypes and recorded wide range of variations for morpho-phenological traits such as insertion node of the first sympodia, number of monopodia per plant, number of sympodia per plant, days to 50% maturity, number of bolls per plant, boll weight and plant height over environments. The analysis of variance indicated significant variability among the genotypes for days to 50% flower, seed cotton yield, ginning out-turn and seed index, but do not indicated variability between the locations. The genotypes BRS-293 and Y-331-B recorded the best mean seed cotton yield across locations, whereas genotypes NTA-P35 exhibited best lint yield across two environments. For fiber traits, the analysis revealed significant variability among the genotypes, and sites for all observed traits. The genotypes FK-64 and BRS-293 produced suitable fiber length while suitable fiber color grade was produced by NTA-P35 and NTA-P37 at across locations. These results suggest that any improvements of morpho-phenological traits and fiber qualities in cotton germplasm brought about through contributions of genotypes and favorable environmental conditions.
Effects of a Composite Endomycorrhizal Inoculum on Olive Cuttings under the G...IJEAB
This study was carried out in a nursery to evaluate the impact of mycorrhizal fungi on the cutting’s root growth, and root colonization of a Moroccan olive variety ‘Picholine Marocaine’ under greenhouse conditions during 2 years of cultivation. The results revealed that the inoculation with a composite inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) stimulated an early root formation and high development of vegetative shoots in inoculated cuttings respectively, 35 days (50 days in the control plots) and 40 days (60 days in the control plots) after their culture. The progressive establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis in the roots of the inoculated plants showed that the root and vegetative masses were respectively 24 g and 19.5 g two years after inoculation. The average height and the leave’s number of the inoculated plants relative to the control were respectively s 42/ 12 cm and 145/12. The newly formed roots were mycorrhizal and present different structures characteristic of AMF: arbuscules, vesicles, hyphae and spores, whose frequency and intensity reached 90% and 75% two years after cuttings cultivation. The arbuscular and vesicular contents and the number of spores were 67%, 96% and 212 spores/ 100 g of soil respectively. The fourteen species of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from the rhizosphere belong to 4 genera (Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, and Scutellospora) and three families (Glomaceae, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporacea).The Glomus genus was the most dominant (65%) followed by the Gigaspora genus (22%). Glomus intraradices, Gigaspora sp.2, Glomus versiformes are the most abundant species, their frequency of occurrence are respectively 30%, 21% and 16%.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
Studies on molecular diversity among 23 promising progenies of Ulmus villosa revealed Jugahan–T3 to be the most divergent based on RAPD marker analysis. RAPD analysis showed 100% polymorphism and grouped the progenies into 4 clusters, with cluster II containing the most progenies. The study assessed genetic diversity at the molecular level to select best genotypes for breeding programs.
Screening of Maize Genotypes/Hybrids for Identifying Resistant Sources agains...Premier Publishers
The research included field screening of maize genotypes/hybrids for resistance to banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB). The field screening experiment was done in a sick plot maintained at National Maize Research Program (NMRP) of Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Rampur, Chitwan. Fifteen maize genotypes/hybrids were evaluated in the field and replicated three times in randomized complete block design (RCBD). First disease incidence was observed on 60 days after sowing (DAS). Highest disease severity (81.33±1.67) was found in RL-36/RL-197. RML-76/RL-105 and RAMPUR HYBRID-2 had lowest disease severity (66.00±2.00). Also, lowest area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) value (631.67±18.33) was found in RML-76/RL-105, which was at par with P-3533 (660.00±26.67). Cob weight (r = 0.64), cob diameter (r = 0.51) and thousand grain weight (r = 0.50) were negatively correlated with total AUDPC. Total AUDPC value contributed 41.6 percent loss in cob weight, 26.2 percent loss in cob diameter and 25.5 percent loss in thousand grain weight.
Estimation of genetic parameters and selection of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L...Innspub Net
The purpose of this study was to obtain information about genetic parameters of agronomic characters of sorghum lines developed by Single Seed Descent as information for yield improvement through selection. The research was conducted from July to October 2014 in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia with an altitude of ± 240 m above sea level and a temperature of 27°C. The genetic materials used consisted of 201 RILs F5, and Numbu, Samurai-1, and Samurai-2 (national varieties), and a mutant B69 as check varieties. The experimental design used was augmented design. The results showed that the RILs F5 significantly different in the characters of seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight, and grain weight panicle-1. High broad sense heritability values and broad genetic diversity were observed in the character of the seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight and grain weight panicle-1. There were RILs F5 which have higher yield than the two parents and are uniform with lower within line variance. Selection was conducted based on grain weight panicle-1 increased 35.3% yield, but at the same time increased plant height by 5%. Simultaneous selection by grain weight panicle-1 and plant height increased yield by 21% and reduced plant height by -6.9%. This gives the opportunity to obtain shorter high yielding varieties.
Mechanisms of resistance in tropical maize inbred lines to the Spotted Stem B...RUFORUM
This study investigated mechanisms of resistance to the spotted stem borer in 120 tropical maize inbred lines. Trichome density, leaf toughness, stem hardness, and pith sugar content were measured. While trichome density, leaf toughness, and sugar content differed significantly, resistance was found to be germplasm-dependent with no single mechanism conferring resistance. Trichome density best discriminated lines but some lines with high or low values did not correlate with resistance. Multiple mechanisms likely interact to provide resistance in different genotypes. Further study of specific trichome types and sugars is needed.
The document summarizes research analyzing genetic divergence among 20 cauliflower genotypes. Key findings include:
- Genotypes were grouped into 4 clusters based on D2 analysis, with cluster II containing the most genotypes. Intra-cluster distances were smaller than inter-cluster distances.
- Cluster IV had the highest intra-cluster distance, indicating most heterogeneity. The largest inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV.
- Clusters varied in their mean performance for traits like curd depth, yield, and days to maturity. Cluster IV had the highest means for several traits.
- Based on cluster means and divergence, promising parental genotypes for hybridization were identified from different clusters, including EC-68
Basketry is the traditional occupation of Koragas, one of the most primitive tribes, living along the Kerala-Karnataka border. They make use of a number of plants to weave baskets of different name, size and shape. At present both baskets and their creators are facing the threat of extinction owing to changing socio-economic trends. The paper lists out 29 species of plants used by the Koraga for weaving baskets, which may pave the way for conservation of both plants and the traditional craft.
Article Citation:
Subrahmanya Prasad K and Raveendran K.
Plants used for basketry in Kasaragod District, Kerala.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 153-159.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0038.pdf
Effect of Habitat Variability on Phenotypic Characters and Resource Allocatio...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was carried out to determine the impact of habitat variability on morphological features and resource partitioning of the species under study. The species exhibited great variability in its morphological traits under different environmental conditions. The plants were more vigorous and taller at Ferozpur Nallah site followed by Kashmir University Botanical Garden while Aharbal population was shortest. During the present study, it was observed that partitioning of resources is not uniform among different parts of a plant, much resources were allocated toward the root followed by the shoot then by leaves, and least amount of resources was allocated toward inflorescence among the studied populations. Our results present a detailed account of the variation of phenotypic characters and changes in resource allocation patterns in relation to environmental conditions of this medicinal plant species
Production arrowroot depending on the size of the rhizome and substrate in Ca...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arrowroot starch is much appreciated in the preparation of desserts, breads, cookies and cakes. However the production of starch by the commercial varieties is still made in an amateur way without proper management. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in factorial 3 (rhizomes sizes) x 2 (substrates). The three rhizome sizes arrowroot, were classified as small (≤ 15.0 g), medium (≥ 15.01 and ≤ 30.0) and big (≥ 30.01 g) according to their weights. We evaluated: height collect from the region to the apex of the leaf, stem diameter at the collar region survival percentage of rhizomes, shoot dry weight, root dry mass, average number of seedlings per rhizome and calculated the index quality seedlings Dickson. There were no differences in the interaction between plants x substrate. However the size of rhizomes influenced the quality of the seedlings, and the big (≥ 30.01 g) rhizomes was what produced seedlings with the best quality.
Impact of Herder Activities on Rangelands at Semi Arid Zone of North Darfur S...ijtsrd
The research work was conducted over a two years’ period of 2015 and 2016 at three sites of Alfashir locality Ummarahik 25km north of Alfashir, Fashar in eastern part of Alfashir about 5km and Berka 30km west of Alfashir , Western Sudan in semi arid zone. The objectives were to assess the effect of human activities and animal grazing on rangelands, specific objectives were to assess grazing intensity and tree shrub in the study area. In the first season the results showed that the higher number of quadrates subjected to grazing were at level II with the percentage of 55.56 for Ummarahik, and percent of 44.44 and 38.89 at level I grazing for Berka and Fashar. In Berka there was 5.56 for no grazing, and 16.67 in Fashar. Also the result showed there was 16.67 at level IV in Berka and Ummarahik and 11.11 in Fashar. In the second season the result showed that the percent of no grazing were 22.22 and 16.76 in Berka and Fashar respectively, also the result showed there was no grazing at level IV in Berka and Ummarahik. Berka had highest tree shrub density which scored 32 and 23 tree ha at season 2015 and 2016 respectively. Fashar scored lowest density 7 and 5 tree ha.Balaniteaegyptiaca was the dominant tree species in the study area, while other species were less. The study concluded that unwise utilization and exploitation of the rangelands particularly by man causes range deterioration and serious reduction in range production, so, the study suggested that improvement and rehabilitation should be done. Further research work is needed to assess rangelands at different ecological zones in North Darfur State. Mohamed Almontasir A. M. Mohamed | Mohammed Abdelkariem "Impact of Herder Activities on Rangelands at Semi-Arid Zone of North Darfur State, Sudan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38225.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/38225/impact-of-herder-activities-on-rangelands-at-semiarid-zone-of-north-darfur-state-sudan/mohamed-almontasir-a-m-mohamed
No 12. impact of ga3 and naa on horticultural traits of abelmoschus esculentus.PARTNER, BADC, World Bank
This study investigated the effects of gibberellic acid (GA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on growth and yield of okra. GA and NAA were applied at 50 ppm to okra plants. GA treatment resulted in the tallest plants, most leaves, longest petioles, highest fresh and dry weights, earliest flowering, most flower buds and pods, and highest yield compared to NAA and control treatments. Specifically, GA treatment yielded 338.1 g per plant, 2.9 kg per plot, and 16.4 tons per hectare, outperforming the other treatments. The results suggest that GA has potential to increase growth and yield of okra more effectively than N
Indonesian Peanut Cultivar Difference in Yield Performance Based on Source an...Repository Ipb
This document summarizes a study on yield performance differences among 20 Indonesian peanut cultivars based on source and sink characteristics. The study found that cultivar Biawak achieved the highest yield due to relatively higher vegetative growth (source) and pod production (sink). Cultivar Jepara had the lowest yield due to lower pod filling percentage and pod production, despite average vegetative growth. Yield was influenced by the relationship between vegetative growth, pod production, and pod filling percentage. Cultivars differed in how efficiently they utilized available sources and sinks. The study provides insight into yield formation in peanuts to help increase productivity in Indonesia.
Evaluation of viable selection criteria at the seedling stage in corn genotyp...Innspub Net
Drought is the only factor which causes a more drastic effect on crop plant. Corn is a drought-sensitive crop their yield is influenced at every single phase of growth and development by limited water availability. Corn. A total of 90 accessions were screened and evaluated at different water levels 100% (T1), 40% (T2) and 30% (T3) of field capacity (FC). Evaluation of corn genotypes was done against six seedling parameters (root length, shoot length, fresh root weight, fresh shoot weight, dry root weight and dry shoot weight). The analysis of variance indicated that all the traits under all water levels revealed significantly and the principal component analysis depicted diverse results for different treatments. The results showed that the genotypes Lala Musa, Akbar, Sahiwal-2002, Sultan, Pearl, 15005,15077,14972,15110 under 100% FC level performed well and genotypes 14933,15023,14968,15055, 15005, MMRI yellow, Lala Musa, Pearl, Akbar, Akhgoti, 15067 and Sultan under 40% FC and the genotypes Desi Fsd, 15075, Lala Musa, 14930, 14976, 15132, 15048, Sultan and 15005 performed best in 30% FC. Some corn genotypes Akhgoti, Lala Musa, Sultan, and 15005 performed better under all three water levels. The information on seedling parameters is best suited to screen viable genotypes for baseline information for on-ward corn breeding and research programs on water stress tolerance.
The effect of potassium on growth and yield of strawberry (FRAGARIA ANANASSA ...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Fragaria ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier (Strawberry) variety chandler of Agriculture Research Station (ARS) Baffa, Mansehra was evaluated for different growth and yield parameters under five treatments. In this experiment Potassium was used in 5 different treatments of 3 replications (T0 = Control, T1 = 200 g/6.75m², T2 = 400 g/6.75m², T3 = 600 g/6.75m², T4 = 800 g/6.75m²). The results showed maximum value under T3 (405g/6.75m²) for characteristics like survival percentage (83.54%), plant height (32.05cm), canopy size (13.62cm), crown diameter (2.73cm), number of branches (35.83), number of leaves (67.00), leaf length (5.87cm), root length (3.51cm), total number of fruits (43.93), days to 50% fruiting (233.67), fruit diameter (3.96cm), fruit weight (411.40g). Moreover, transplanting date (20th Sep, 2013) is suitable to get maximum yield of strawberry variety “Chandler”. The findings of this experiment showed that great variations in morphological, physical and agronomic traits of strawberry variety and can be utilized to develop high yield and better quality of strawberry.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Characterization of wood cellular structures of five lesser used wood species...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized the wood cellular structures of five lesser-used wood species in Nigeria: Butyrospermum paradoxum, Albizia zygia, Lanea acida, Parkia felicoida, and Isoberlina doka. The study found that B. paradoxum had the highest proportion of fiber cells (54%) and highest fiber density (2452 fibers/mm2), indicating it may have high density and strength for structural applications. A. zygia also had a high fiber proportion (36.1%) but higher vessel and parenchyma cells, so it may require preservative treatment for durability. L. acida lacked axial parenchyma and had
This summary provides the key details about a study on the moisture-dependent physical properties of Àbèèrè (Picralima nitida) seeds:
1. The study investigated the geometric, gravimetric, and frictional properties of Àbèèrè seeds at different moisture content levels ranging from 7.98-47.77% wet basis.
2. The results showed that dimensions, densities, surface area, volume, and angle of repose generally increased with increasing moisture content, while porosity decreased.
3. Static coefficient of friction on different surfaces also increased linearly with moisture content, with the lowest values on stainless steel and highest on plywood surfaces.
Identification of Superior Cotton Genotypes for Seed and Fiber Yield based on...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted for evaluation of eleven cotton genotypes for morpho-phenological and fiber characteristics under two different growing environments in rain fed condition at research stations of Finkolo (11°16′5″N 5°30′40″W) and N’Tarla (12°35'N 5°42’W) during 2018. The experiment was laid out RCBD with four replications. The analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences among genotypes and recorded wide range of variations for morpho-phenological traits such as insertion node of the first sympodia, number of monopodia per plant, number of sympodia per plant, days to 50% maturity, number of bolls per plant, boll weight and plant height over environments. The analysis of variance indicated significant variability among the genotypes for days to 50% flower, seed cotton yield, ginning out-turn and seed index, but do not indicated variability between the locations. The genotypes BRS-293 and Y-331-B recorded the best mean seed cotton yield across locations, whereas genotypes NTA-P35 exhibited best lint yield across two environments. For fiber traits, the analysis revealed significant variability among the genotypes, and sites for all observed traits. The genotypes FK-64 and BRS-293 produced suitable fiber length while suitable fiber color grade was produced by NTA-P35 and NTA-P37 at across locations. These results suggest that any improvements of morpho-phenological traits and fiber qualities in cotton germplasm brought about through contributions of genotypes and favorable environmental conditions.
Effects of a Composite Endomycorrhizal Inoculum on Olive Cuttings under the G...IJEAB
This study was carried out in a nursery to evaluate the impact of mycorrhizal fungi on the cutting’s root growth, and root colonization of a Moroccan olive variety ‘Picholine Marocaine’ under greenhouse conditions during 2 years of cultivation. The results revealed that the inoculation with a composite inoculum of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) stimulated an early root formation and high development of vegetative shoots in inoculated cuttings respectively, 35 days (50 days in the control plots) and 40 days (60 days in the control plots) after their culture. The progressive establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis in the roots of the inoculated plants showed that the root and vegetative masses were respectively 24 g and 19.5 g two years after inoculation. The average height and the leave’s number of the inoculated plants relative to the control were respectively s 42/ 12 cm and 145/12. The newly formed roots were mycorrhizal and present different structures characteristic of AMF: arbuscules, vesicles, hyphae and spores, whose frequency and intensity reached 90% and 75% two years after cuttings cultivation. The arbuscular and vesicular contents and the number of spores were 67%, 96% and 212 spores/ 100 g of soil respectively. The fourteen species of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from the rhizosphere belong to 4 genera (Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, and Scutellospora) and three families (Glomaceae, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporacea).The Glomus genus was the most dominant (65%) followed by the Gigaspora genus (22%). Glomus intraradices, Gigaspora sp.2, Glomus versiformes are the most abundant species, their frequency of occurrence are respectively 30%, 21% and 16%.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
This document describes a DNA marker-based technology developed to identify citrus rootstocks at the seedling stage. Traditionally, Rough lemon and Rangpur lime are preferred rootstocks but are difficult to distinguish from Galgal at an early stage. Galgal is an undesirable rootstock due to susceptibility to diseases. The new technology uses microsatellite markers and PCR to differentiate Rough lemon, Rangpur lime, and Galgal based on presence or absence of DNA fragments. It provides a non-destructive method to ensure nurseries are supplying quality rootstock varieties. The technique has been transferred to agricultural organizations to benefit citrus farmers.
Analysis of genetic diversity among the different wheat (Triticum aestivum L....Jiban Shrestha
This document analyzes the genetic diversity among 41 wheat genotypes through cluster and principal component analysis based on various agronomic traits. The genotypes were clustered into 4 groups. Cluster 4 and 2 had genotypes with desirable traits like high yield, effective tillers, grain size etc. Cluster 3 had genotypes with late maturity and lower yield. Based on the analysis, genotypes HD 1982 and Pitic 62 were identified as high yielding and suitable for the terai region of Nepal. Principal component analysis supported the cluster analysis results.
1) Sugarcane yield is determined by the number of millable stalks produced and their individual weight. However, conventional sugarcane agriculture does not control intra-row spacing well, leading to sub- or supra-optimal tiller populations and poor yields.
2) The author analyzed sugarcane variety trial data from different agroclimatic zones in India and found that tiller mortality averages around 50-60% and is influenced strongly by environmental conditions. Varieties are not consistent in their tiller survival between locations or crops.
3) Experiments showed that earlier planting dates lead to higher maximum tiller numbers but also higher tiller mortality. Wider spacing between plants reduced tiller mortality compared to
The diversity and Conservation strategies of Banana and Coconut.Dheeraj Sharma
The document discusses diversity and conservation strategies for banana and coconut. For banana, it describes important varieties grown in India like Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, and Rasthali. It also outlines conservation methods like field collections, in vitro collections, and cryopreservation. The National Research Centre on Banana maintains over 4500 accessions of banana germplasm. For coconut, it provides an overview of major coconut producing countries and describes coconut genetic resources and collections in India maintained by the Coconut Research Institute.
This document summarizes 10 articles published in the journal HortFlora Research Spectrum, Vol. 2(2) from April-June 2013. The articles cover a range of topics related to horticulture and agriculture, including disease management strategies for faba beans and gerbera, the effect of planting material and density on turmeric and carnation growth, and powdery mildew incidence on bottle gourd and strawberry. The document provides abstracts of the individual articles, which analyzed factors like dry matter content, fruit quality, disease severity, and vegetative growth under different treatments and conditions.
Comparison of the effectiveness of zero tillage andAlexander Decker
1) A study compared the effectiveness of zero tillage using glyphosate and intercropping maize with Dolicos lablab for weed management and maize yield.
2) The results found no significant differences between glyphosate and intercropping in terms of weed counts, biomass, or maize yield, indicating that intercropping can be as effective as herbicide use for weed control.
3) Intercropping has the added benefit of obtaining yields from two crops and reducing labor needs for weeding, making it a useful alternative weed management strategy for small-scale farmers.
Dioscorea rotundata is a staple food crop for millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions. In vitro germplasm conservation is a very useful tool in yam improvement strategies but very little is known about the genetic integrity and stability of in-vitro conserved yam plants. In this study, 42 accessions from in vitro and field populations were genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers and 23 morphological descriptors to assess variability within and between accessions. Out of the 23 morphological variables used, 13 were identified as most discriminate and were used to cluster the accessions into 4 clusters using the unweighted pair group arithmetic mean average (UPGMA). Accession maintained in field as well as in in-vitro showed high genetic similarity (R2 = 0.91, p-value: 1e-04). Out of the 42 accessions analyzed, nine accessions maintained in the field and in-vitro displayed different genetic profiles. This study provided basic information on the possible somaclonal variation of yam accessions maintained through in-vitro. Further study with advanced tools such as next-generation sequencing is required to elucidate the nature of the observed variation within clones.
This document summarizes a study on the mechanisms of resistance to the sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, in sorghum. The study evaluated different components of resistance (antixenosis, antibiosis, tolerance) in resistant and susceptible sorghum genotypes under field and greenhouse conditions. Key findings include: 1) Resistant genotypes experienced lower deadheart formation, produced more productive tillers, and insects fed on resistant genotypes had longer larval periods and lower survival rates. 2) Physico-chemical traits like leaf glossiness and trichome density were associated with resistance while chlorophyll content and leaf wetness were associated with susceptibility. 3) Deadheart formation, eggs on leaves, leaf gloss
Activity of callosobruchus maculatus (f.) (coleopteraAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the susceptibility of 3 bambara groundnut landraces and 3 breeding lines to infestation by the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). Seeds were exposed to C. maculatus adults and the number of eggs laid, adult emergence, damage levels, and germination success were measured. The breeding lines tended to have larger seeds than the landraces. SSD5 and SSD9 had the lowest egg counts and adult emergence, indicating greater resistance. Germination of damaged seeds was significantly lower than undamaged seeds and was higher for landraces than breeding lines. The study identified varietal resistance that could help reduce post-harvest losses from C. mac
Influence of Various Intercrops on Pod Borers in Black Gramijtsrd
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Screening of selected mulberry (morus) germplasm varieties
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2012
Screening of Selected Mulberry (Morus) Germplasm Varieties
Through Propagation Parameters.
٭
V. N. Yogananda Murthy1 H. L.Ramesh2 Munirajappa3 B. R. Dayakar Yadav4
1
Department of Life Sciences, Ganga Kaveri Institute of Science and Management, Dr. Rajkumar Road,
Rajajinagar, Bangalore – 560 021, Karnataka, INDIA.
2
Department of Sericulture, V.V.Pura College of Science, K. R. Road, Bangalore – 560 004, Karnataka, INDIA.
3
Department of Sericulture/Life Sciences, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore – 560 056,
Karnataka, INDIA.
4
Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Mysore - 570 008, Karnataka, INDIA.
٭
E-mail of the Corresponding Author: yoga16@rediffmail.com
Abstract
Nine mulberry varieties along with one check variety M5 were field tested at Bethamangala village of Kolar
district, Karnataka. These mulberry varieties were evaluated for the propagation parameters, like sprouting,
survival, shoot growth and rooting behaviour. Results showed that, sprouting percentage was above 95% inTR8,
TR12 and S1708 mulberry varieties, while survival rate was as high as 93% in S1708. Mulberry variety S1708
recorded highest shoot length of 62.63cm and shorter shoot length was recorded in C6(35.55cm). Mulberry
varieties studied exhibited considerable variations in fresh shoot and dry shoot weight. Among the mulberry
varieties studied, Matigara black showed the longest root length (25.99cm) followed by TR12 (23.57cm) and TR8
(21.98cm). Numbers of roots / sapling were recorded more in Matigara black (42) and less in TR8 (14). Root
volume was significantly high in Matigara black (16.27ml) and Tr20 (14.21ml) when compared to other
varieties. Overall the mulberry variety S1708 showed better results in many propagation characters followed by
TR8 and TR20 mulberry varieties.
Key Words: Growth, mulberry germplasm; sprouting; survival; rooting; root length, root volume.
1. Introduction.
It is a well-established fact that, in commercial sericulture, more than 60% of the total cost of cocoon production
goes towards mulberry production alone. Hence, in recent years maximum attention has been given for the
improvement of mulberry both in terms of quality and quantity. The major objective of mulberry crop
improvement is to evolve new elite mulberry varieties for high leaf yield, resistance to pests, drought and their
adoptability to different agroclimatic conditions. The genus Morus L. is highly heterozygous with a lot of
variations in the off springs. Propagation of mulberry is done through vegetative means such as planting of
cuttings or by grafting so as to preserve the phenotypical characters. Most of the mulberry species in the tropical
conditions display tremendous rooting ability because of this mulberry propagation is invariably carried out
through planting of cuttings (Doss, 2000). Survival rate is considered as one of the important criteria as mulberry
varieties are propagated through vegetative means (Tikader and Kamble, 2009). Kolar district is the traditional
sericulture belt in Karnataka. It enjoys a moderate climatic condition with an annual rainfall of 600mm-700mm,
mean temperature of 32oC and low humidity of 40%. Sericulture is one of the main occupations covering all 11
96
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2012
taluks in Kolar. Many farmers are depending upon sericulture for their livelihood. The total area under mulberry
is around 29,136 ha. and the industry provides employment to about 68,700 persons. Two popular mulberry
varieties namely M5 and Mysore local are used for cultivation both under irrigated and rainfed condition. With
the development of sericulture industry and the recent increase in the technical know-how, it has become very
essential to evolve better performing mulberry varieties to fulfill the demand of Sericulturists. Hence, it becomes
obligatory to examine the agrobotanical parameters while evaluating mulberry germplasm. Therefore, the
present investigation was initiated to identify and record suitable mulberry variety for the Kolar agroclimatic
region.
2. Materials and Methods.
2.1 . Study Area
The experiment was conducted at Bethamangala village of Bangarpet taluk in Kolar district, Karnataka
during 2007-2011. This village is located at 12º37I north of the equator and 78º28I east longitudes and 793m
altitude above MSL, with an annual rainfall of 650mm. Soil of the experimental plot was red loamy with slightly
acidic condition.
2.2 . Collection and Preparation of Sampling
Mulberry varieties TR8, TR12, TR20, S1708, MS5, Matigara black, Morus nigra, C6 and C10 were selected from the
germplasm bank maintained at CSGRC, CSB, Hosur, Tamil Nadu based on the morpho-anatomical parameters
were used in the investigation. The variety M5 is used as a check variety for the purpose of comparison. The hard
wood stem cuttings of all the taxa were prepared choosing the middle part of the Juvenile twigs in order to
maintain the optimum moisture and desired level of carbon-nitrogen ratio (Starting, 1923). Each cutting
measured about ½" in diameter and 12" in length possessing 3-4 active vegetative buds. Cuttings free from
pathogen and pests were chosen for multiplication. Due care was taken to avoid damages to the buds and cut
ends while preparing the cuttings (Hartman and Kester, 1978; Bindroo et al., 1988).
2.3 . Experimental Analysis
Cuttings were planted in the freshly prepared nursery containing well-dried pulverized garden soil, sand and
well-decomposed farmyard manure in the proportion 1:1:1 and maintained with consistent care (Jolly and
Dandin, 1986; Krishnaswami, 1986a). The experiment was carried out in RBD method with 5replications /
variety. During the course of investigation, growing saplings were used to score the various propagation
parameters viz., sprouting percentage, survivability, shoot length, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, number
of roots/sapling, root length, fresh root weight, root volume were recorded (Dandin and Jolly, 1986; Das et al.,
1987; Shamachry and Jolly, 1988; Dandin and Kumar, 1989; Bhat and Shilaja Hittalamani, 1992) from time to
time in the different season’s viz., summer, rainy and winter.
2.4 . Statistical Analysis
The data collected on various parameters subjected to statistical analysis by adopting “Method of Analysis
of Variance” appropriate to the design of the experiment (Sundarraj et.al., 1972; Singh and Choudhary, 1979).
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3. Results
The data on the propagation parameters of the selected nine mulberry varieties were compared with the
check variety M5. The values are presented in table. Significant variations were observed in respect of sprouting,
survivability and root proliferation characters among the varieties.
3.1 . Sprouting
The capacity and quickness of sprouting determine the subsequent growth and yield in fodder crops like
mulberry (Hartman and Kester, 1978). Success of the establishment of a new mulberry garden mainly depends
on sprouting ability of the mulberry variety. It is an established fact that, sprouting is an inherent capacity of the
varieties to unfold buds and produce new shoots. However, the role of moisture and other agro climatic features
cannot be ruled out in favouring sprouting of mulberry genotypes (Dandin and Kumar, 1989). In the present
investigation, the taxa studied showed variation in sprouting. Mulberry varieties Tr8 (97%), S1708 (96%) and Tr12
(95.5%) exhibited good sprouting ability followed by TR20 (91%), Matigara black (87%), C10 (83%), MS5
(83%), Morus nigra (80%). Lowest sprouting was recorded in C6 (79.5%). However, the check variety M5
revealed higher sprouting percentage (98%) over other varieties is attributable to the fact that, the variety being a
local cultivar that can easily acclimatized to the existing climate (Table-1).
3.2 . Survivability
Survivability is the capacity of a plant to with stand and survives under varied agro climatic conditions.
Survivability rate depends on genetic constitution as well as the influence of ambient environmental conditions
(Honda, 1970). Higher the survival percentage better will be the performance of the mulberry variety. In the
present findings, mulberry varieties studied revealed significant variations in survivability ranging from 93.25%
to 67.75%. Mulberry variety S1708 showed highest survival percentage (93.25%) followed by M5 (90.75%) and
TR8 (82.00%). On the other hand varieties C10 (75%) C6 (71.5%), TR12 (70%), Morus nigra (69%), Matigara
black (68.75%), MS5 (68.5%) and TR20 (67.75%) recorded significant decrease in survivability when compared
to S1708 mulberry variety (Table-1).
3.3 . Root proliferation parameters
The important criterias considered in vegetatively propagated crop plants are the rooting ability and root
initiation, since a well-developed root system determines the maximum utilization of nutrients from the soil for
growth and development (Hartman and Kester, 1978). Studies on rootability are extremely important for
characterisizing different plant genotypes and their general growth pattern in response to various edaphic and
agro climatic conditions as well as their efficiencies in nutrient and water uptake. Root proliferation parameters
like shoot length, fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, number of roots/sapling, root length, fresh root weight
and root volume are variable according to mulberry varieties and also influenced by existing agro climatic
factors (Fotadar et al., 1989). Present results revealed that, shoot length was longer in S1708 (62.63cm) followed
by TR8 (57.50cm), TR20 (55.87cm), Matigara black (54.43cm), M5 (54.12cm), TR12 (51.48cm), MS5 (48.56cm),
C10 (45.50cm), Morus nigra (40.15cm) and C6 (35.55cm). Fresh shoot weight in the varieties studied also varied
significantly. Highest fresh shoot weight was found in the variety S1708 (78.89 gm) and lowest was found in
Morus nigra (24.00 gm). The varieties TR20, TR8, Matigara black, M5, C10, TR12, MS5 and C6 showed the fresh
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shoot weight of 57.25gm, 40.52gm, 32.39gm, 32.11gm, 30.16gm, 27.02gm, 26.63gm and 26.14gm respectively.
A considerable variation among the varieties screened with respect to dry shoot weight was also observed.
Highest dry shoot weight was recorded in S1708 (26.75gm) followed by TR20 (13.98gm), TR8 (10.92gm) and
Matigara Black (8.92gm). Lowest dry shoot weight was found in variety Morus nigra (6.86gm). The varieties
M5, C10, TR12, C6 and MS5 showed 8.78gm, 8.63gm, 8.28gm, 7.54gm and 7.15gm of dry shoot weight
respectively. With respect to number of roots / sapling, the mulberry varieties studied showed considerable
variations. Roots were more in Matigara black (42), TR12 (31), Morus nigra (27), MS5 (26) and C10 (24)
varieties. All other varieties viz., S1708 (18), M5 (18), TR20 (16), C6 (16) and TR8 (14) recorded less number of
roots. Root Length was longer in Matigara black (25.99cm), TR12 (23.57cm), TR8 (21.98cm) and Morus nigra
(21.83cm) compared to other varieties. M5 variety revealed shorter root length (16.06cm). Fresh root weight was
highest in Matigara black (16.67gm) followed by TR20 (13.86gm) and lowest fresh root weight was recorded in
M5 (2.57gm). Mulberry varieties TR8, S1708, Morus nigra, TR12, MS5, C10 and C6 recorded (7.51gm), (5.39gm),
(5.18gm), (4.81gm), (4.51gm), (3.95gm) and (2.57gm) fresh root weight respectively. The root weight has a
relation to root volume of the plant. The root volume also significantly varied among the varieties. Matigara
black recorded highest root volume (16.27ml) followed by TR20 (14.21ml). Overall, the variety M5 recorded
least root volume (4.17ml) in the field trial (Table-1).
4. Discussion
4.1 . Sprouting
A few workers carried out similar work in the earlier years. Jolly and Dandin (1986) in the mulberry varieties
Kaliakutahi, China white, Assambola, Sujanpur1, local male, S41, ACC112, AB x Phil.P9, Miz x BCP12 and AB x
Phil.P6 with 92% sprouting and reported that tropical mulberry varieties are good in sprouting. They are also of
the opinion that, though sprouting is a genetic feature of the strain, soil moisture and temperature also contribute
equally for the cause. Susheelamma et al., (1990) enlisted Sujanpur-1 is the best sprouting one among the
varieties studied. Susheelamma et al., (1992) observed highest sprouting in mulberry variety S1 (89.4%)
followed by Local (87%). Agastian et al., (1995) reported that, mulberry varieties S36, S30 and BC259 registered
good sprouting ability when compared to other varieties studied. Hardhan Sahu et al., (1995) studied 36
mulberry accessions for their sprouting ability. They enlisted the variety Himachal local is best in sprouting
(95.1%) followed by ACC165, MS5, MR2, MS6, Surat, ACC121 and S13 varieties screened. Sujathamma and
Dandin (1998a) observed highest sprouting (97.17%) in Sujanpur5 mulberry variety followed by Tr4 (88.42%)
and OPH3 (41.04%). Baksh et al., (2000) reported that, mulberry genotype ACC48 registered highest sprouting
(97.92%) followed by C4 (97.22%), S1301 (95.83%) and Tr8 (95.14%). Doss et al., (2000); Eswar Rao et al.,
(2000); Vijayan et al., (1998) have studied the propagation characteristic features of diploid, triploid and
tetraploid mulberry genotypes in nursery conditions. They found that, triploids saplings possess larger leaves and
grow more quickly than those of diploid and tetraploid genotypes. Eswar Rao et al., (2000) were opined that,
highest sprouting percentage of mulberry cuttings was recorded in diploid varieties (93.33%) followed by
triploids (91.35%) and tetraploids (80.98%). Similar observations were also confirmed from the present findings.
Chandrashekar et al., (2001) noticed good sprouting in mulberry varieties V1, M5, DD and S30. Santosha Gowda
V. Patil (2002) reported that, mulberry variety S1635 cultivated under 60cm x 60cm recorded 98% of sprouting.
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4.2 . Survivability
Sujathamma and Dandin (1998a) recorded highest survival rate in Sujanpur5 (96.17%) followed by Tr10
(93.75%) and MS8 (30.08%). Vijayan et al., (1998) stated that, triploid mulberry varieties usually reveal 96.67%
of survivability rate. Sharma (1993) observed 79%-90% survival rate in Mandalay, K2, TR10 and S146 mulberry
varieties when cultivated in Uttar Pradesh. Similar observations were made by Hardhan Sau et al., (1995) in the
mulberry variety Surat which showed highest survival rate (97.1%) followed by K2, ACC115, ACC121, MR1,
ACC120, ACC153, Punjab local, Sujanpur5 and Shrim8. Chandrashekar et al., (2001) reported that, mulberry
genotypes V1, M5, DD and S30 were best in survivability rate compared to other genotypes studied. Darshan
Singh et al., (2001) were of the opinion that, triploid mulberry varieties are good in survivability when compared
to temperate varieties.
4.3 . Root proliferation parameters
Since mulberry is chiefly propagated through cuttings, rooting behaviour assumes paramount importance in
choosing a promising mulberry variety for cultivation. Rooting behaviour of a variety is purely genetic character
and plays a prominent role in the cultivation of vegetatively propagated crops (Honda, 1970; Susheelamma and
Jolly, 1986; Goel et al., 1998). Lin (1981) opined that lower rooting mulberry varieties have 2-3 layers of
overlapping sclerenchyma tissues whereas in high rooting varieties they were scattered over the primary cortex.
Profusely rooting varieties showed higher activity of growth substances. There are positive correlations between
carbohydrate, total sugar and rootability. High C/N ratio and more aspartic acid and cystine were found in good
rooting mulberry varieties. The development of root system in terms of spread, depth and density control the
utilization of soil resources for plant nutrient supply and also rooting in mulberry varied greatly between
genotypes and various edaphic conditions (Bhatt and Hittalamani, 1992). The present observations are more or
less similar to the findings of Susheelamma and Jolly (1986). They suggested the existence of high variability
among the mulberry varieties in root growth characters and better scope for the selection. Regeneration capacity,
growth and root induction varies greatly among the genotypes. Jolly and Dandin (1986) enlisted ACC117,
ACC165, Miz x BCP9, English black, RFS135, ACC121, Kaliakutahi, Kokuso21, Local male and Sujanpur5 are the
best ten in rooting ability (90%-100%) among the mulberry varieties studied. Fotadar et al., (1989) studied some
temperate mulberry varieties and they reported that, among the varieties observed, china white showed the best
rooting (62.7%). Susheelamma et al., (1990) enlisted LS1 and English black are best in rooting ability among the
varieties examined. Further, they have also reported that tropical mulberry varieties are good in rooting.
Mala et al., (1992) reported that, mulberry varieties Kokuso21 a hybrid of Morus multicaulis and Kokuso13 and a
hybrid of Morus bombycis and Morus latifolia produce highest rooting percentages (76.67%-90.00%).
Susheelamma et al., (1992) observed highest rooting in local mulberry variety (95.5 %) followed by ACC203
(94.2%). Hardhan Sau et al., (1995) observed the best rooting performance in the mulberry varieties ACC165,
ACC118, S36 and Punjab local. Agastian and Vivekanandan (1997) reported highest rooting potential in BC259,
S30, S36 and ACC235 mulberry genotypes. Sujathamma and Dandin (1998a) reported that, mulberry variety
Sujanpur5 was superior among all the genotypes tested with 96.17% rooting ability. Eswar Rao et al., (2000)
observed that cutting from 1-3 year old plants had 82.6% to 94.66% rooting. Triploid forms rooted better than
diploids and tetraploids. Similar results were also observed in the present findings. Masilamani et al., (2000)
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studied 18mulberry genotypes for their growth parameters and related traits. They reported that, high phenotypic
and genotypic coefficient of variation were recorded for shoot to root ratio by dry weight per plant (38.42% and
37.09%) and volume of roots per plant (37.91% and 34.62%), indicating wide range of variability (93.24% and
83.29%) coupled with high genetic advance over mean (73.55% and 65.13%) recorded by these traits. Shoot
length and number of roots per plant had moderate values of heritability (72.67% and 68.05%) and genetic
advance over percentage of the mean (46.51% and 50.70%). Baksh et al., (2001) screened twenty-seven
mulberry genotypes comprising 18 tropical and 9 sub-tropical cultivars for their rooting and leaf yield. They
reported that S36 and Mandalay exhibited more stable in rooting and they opined that there is no correlation
between rooting ability and leaf yield. Sinha et al., (2001) evaluated four elite mulberry varieties viz. S1, K2, C763
and C776 under partially irrigated conditions on the basis of growth parameters like extension growth, branching,
no. of leaves, leaf area, 100 leaf weight, weight of 100 sq cm laminar area, total photosynthetic area, fresh leaf
yield and moisture content of leaf and reported that, mulberry variety S1 was found to be the best from
sericulture point of view and NPK @ 150:50:50 kg/ha/yr. in combination of FYM @ 10 MT/ha/yr. was found to
be the most cost· effective fertilizer level under partially irrigated conditions. Santosha Gowda V. Patil (2002)
noticed that, mulberry genotype S1635 grown under 60cm x 60 cm plants spacing revealed good rooting (87%)
compared to M5 (81%). Adolkar et al., (2007) evaluated six mulberry varieties K2,Thailand, Thika, S1, S2 and S36
for growth and yield parameters and reported that, all the varieties differ significantly in results and mulberry
variety S36 exhibited superiority in characters over other cultivars tested. Paul and Quiyyum (2010) reported that,
irrigation has significant effect on leaf yield and some of its components. Twice irrigation in a month with
mulberry variety BM4 gives higher leaf yield. Gnanaraj et al., (2011) reported that, among the four saline
tolerant mulberry genotypes S1635, S36, S13 and MR2 studied, S1635 gives good results in growth and yield
parameters compared to other 3 genotypes.
Conclusion.
Nine indigenous mulberry varieties were evaluated in the field condition for growth and propagation parameters.
Clonal population is popular in mulberry cultivation since mulberry is a cross pollinated and heterozygous
plant. In the present investigation observations revealed that, two mulberry varieties namely S1708 and Tr8
performed notably well when compared to other varieties selected for investigation. Further, these two mulberry
varieties require detailed bio-chemical, bio-assay studies and multilocational tests to qualify to become
authorised cultivars for commercial exploitation. Experiments are underway to confirm the superiority of these
varieties.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank the authorities of CSGRC, Central Silk Board, Govt. Of India, Hosur, Tamil Nadu for providing
the germplasm mulberry varieties. Special thanks to Mr. B. R. Vasudev, Rtd. Deputy Director, Department of
Fisheries, Govt. of Karnataka and family, Bethamangala, Kolar district, Karnataka for providing necessary
requirements for carrying out the present research work.
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First Author: Dr. V. N. Yogananda Murthy born on 22.06.1967 at Gubbi in Tumkur district, Karnataka,
INDIA. He completed his Masters in Sericulture (M.Sc.) with First class in 1993 and Master of Philosophy
(M.Phil.) in Sericulture with Distinction in 1996 from Dept. of Sericulture, Bangalore University, Karnataka,
INDIA. He further pursued his Doctoral degree in Sericulture from Dept. of Sericulture, Bangalore University,
and awarded Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in 2003. His major areas of research interest are Plant Breeding &
Genetics, Evaluation, Biochemistry & Plant and Agricultural Biotechnology. Author is a LIFE MEMBER
[L 16335] for the Indian Science Congress Association, KOLKATA, West Bengal, India and LIFE MEMBER
[L 1005] for the Applied and Natural Science Foundation (ANSF), Journal of Applied and Natural Science,
Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. Author has presented 13 research papers at National
Conferences and 8 at International Conferences. He has to his credit 8 Research Papers published in National
and International peer reviewed journals. Author is a Resource Person for preparing Course Curricula (E-
Content) in Sericulture for Ministry of Human Resources Development, Government of India, NEW DELHI. In
2009, he was a Board Member for framing syllabus to Sericulture Sector for Modular Employable Skills (MES)
under Directorate General of Employment and Training, Ministry of Labor and Employment, Government of
India, NEW DELHI. He Chaired a technical session in the International Conference on Bioremediation &
Environmental Management and Polar Science & Technology (24th Annual Conference on National
Environmental Science Academy, NEW DELHI) held at Bangalore in 2011, Karnataka, INDIA. Author is
recognised as a Research Guide for M.Phil. Research programme from Periyar University, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
and guided for 4 M.Phil. students. He has completed one UGC sponsored Research project in Sericulture as a co-
investigator. Author has organized One Day Seminar on Recent Trends in Biotechnology, Three Days National
Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Workshop on PCR, Workshop on Agro Bacterium Mediated
Transformation. He is a B.O.E Member for Under Graduate and Post Graduate in Biotechnology in Bangalore
University. Author worked as LECTURER in the Dept. of Sericulture, K.G.F First Grade College, Oorgaum, K.
G. F.- 20 from 1994 – 2000 and presently working as Principal and Professor in the Department of Life
Sciences, Ganga Kaveri Institute of Science and Management, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA.
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10. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2012
Second Author: Dr. H. L. Ramesh born on 05.01.1964 at Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA. He completed his
Masters in Sericulture (M.Sc.) with First class in 1987 and Doctoral degree (Ph.D.) in Sericulture from Dept. of
Sericulture, Bangalore University, Karnataka, INDIA in 1997. His major areas of research interest are Plant
Breeding & Genetics. He published 10 Research Papers in National and International peer reviewed journals. He
served as Research Advisory Committee (RAC) member in Karnataka State Sericulture Research and
Development Institute (KSSR&DI), Govt. of Karnataka, Bangalore, India. He is a resource person for preparing
E-Content in sericulture, MHRD, Govt. of India. In 2009, he was a board member for framing syllabus for
Modular Employable Skills (MES), Govt. of India. He has completed 2 projects sponsored by VISION Group on
Science and Technology, Govt. of Karnataka, Bangalore. He worked as organizing secretary and has organized 3
National and 1 International Conferences. He is a B.O.E and B.O.S Member in Bangalore University, University
of Mysore and Kuvempu University in Karnataka and Yuvarajas College in Mysore.
Third Author: Dr. Munirajappa born on 11.11.1950 in Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA. He completed his
Masters in Botany (M.Sc.) in 1975 and Doctoral degree (Ph.D.) in Botany from Dept. of Botany, Bangalore
University, Karnataka, INDIA in 1980. His major areas of research interest are Plant Breeding & Cytogenetics.
He has presented 20 research papers at National and International Conferences and Published 30 Research
Papers in National and International peer reviewed journals. In 2009, he was a Vice-chairman for Modular
Employable Skills (MES), Govt. of India for framing syllabus in Sericulture Sector. He has organized several
National Conferences. He is a Member, Board of Appointment, Board of Studies and Board of Examination for
Under Graduate and Post Graduate courses in various Universities in INDIA. He has guided 6 M.Phil and 10
Ph.D students. Presently working as Senior Professor in Department of Sericulture and Coordinator, Department
of Applied Genetics, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA.
Fourth Author: Dr. B. R. Dayakar Yadav born on 26.12.1952 in Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA. He completed
his Masters in Botany (M.Sc.) in 1975 from Dept. of Botany, Bangalore University, Karnataka, INDIA. He
pursued his doctoral degree in Botany from Agarkar Research Institute (MACS) Pune, University of Poona,
INDIA and awarded Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in 1980. His major areas of research interest are Mycology
and Plant Pathology, Evaluation, Plant Breeding & Genetics. He has Overseas Advance Training in Sericulture
(Mulberry Protection) at JAPAN from Aug – Dec. 1986, Short-term Overseas Training in Mulberry Disease &
Pests at Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ZHENJIANG, P. R. OF
CHINA from Sept - Nov. 1993. Author has presented around 8 research articles at and National Conferences and
5 at International Conferences. He has to his credit 57 Research Papers published at National and International
peer reviewed journals. Presently author is having 2 projects. 1. “Disease Forecasting and Forewarning system”
funded by Central Sponsored Scheme and 2. “Use of bio-control agents - Burkholderia cepacia and Bacillus
subtilis against root rot soil borne fungal pathogens” funded by Central Silk Board, Bangalore. Presently he is
working as Scientist – D in Mulberry Pathology Division at Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute,
Srirampura, Mysore – 570 008, Karnataka, India.
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